MindMap Gallery Adaptation, damage and repair of cells and tissues
This is a mind map about the adaptation, damage and repair of cells and tissues. The main contents include: adaptation, repair of damage, cell aging, and damage.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Adaptation, damage and repair of cells and tissues
adapt
definition
Purpose
mechanism
Classification
shrink
Fat
hyperplasia
Metaplasia
damage
Definition: When the changes in the internal and external environment of the body exceed the adaptability of tissues and cells, it can lead to It causes material metabolism, histochemistry, ultrastructure and other changes in damaged cells and intercellular matrix. Abnormal changes visible to the light microscope and the naked eye are called injuries
Classification
Reversible damage (morphology: degeneration)
Definition: refers to abnormal substances or abnormal accumulation of normal substances in cells or intercellular substance due to metabolic disorders after damage to cells or intercellular substance, usually accompanied by low cell function.
Classification
Cellular edema (earliest occurrence)
Mechanism: Decreased function of cell volume and ion regulation mechanisms
Susceptibility: ischemia, hypoxia, infection, liver, heart, kidney during poisoning
Pathological changes: Macroscopic view: organ size increases, edges are blunt, capsule is tight, cut surface is everted, color becomes lighter/Microscopic view: red-stained fine granules in the cytoplasm, in severe cases, balloon-like deformation, cytoplasmic height Loose and vacuolated, with swollen nuclei
fatty change
Definition: Triglycerides accumulate in the cytoplasm of non-adipocytes
Susceptibility: ischemia, hypoxia, infection, liver, heart, kidney during poisoning
Mechanism (liver) Increased fatty acids in the cytoplasm; excessive triglyceride synthesis; decreased lipoproteins and apolipoproteins
Pathological changes: to the naked eye, the rhubarb is soft and greasy; to the microscopic view: spherical shapes of varying sizes appear in the cytoplasm. Lipid droplets appear vacuolated in paraffin sections. Special stains such as Sudan III and Sudan IV can be used to distinguish them in frozen sections. Electron microscopy: spherical homogeneous bodies/lipid droplets surrounded by bounded membranes.
hyalinization
Definition: translucent protein accumulation in cells or interstitium. HE staining showed Homogeneous red stain, refractive, like ground glass
Mechanism: Protein structural variation leads to the accumulation of denatured collagen, plasma proteins, immunoglobulins, etc. product
Pathological changes
Intracellular hyalinization: (homogeneous red-stained round bodies) kidney-hyaline droplets/plasma cells-Rusell bodies/liver-Mallory bodies
Hyalinization of fibrous connective tissue: collagen cross-linking, denaturation, fusion, collagen fibers thickening and widening, with few blood vessels and fibroblasts in between
Hyalinization of small arterial walls: In the small arterial walls of the kidney, brain, and spleen in patients with slowly progressive hypertension and diabetes, plasma proteins infiltrate under the endothelial cells of the wall and coagulate into a uniform, structureless red-stained material, and the subintimal basement membrane-like Increase in substances
amyloidosis
Definition: Accumulation of amyloid protein and mucopolysaccharide complexes in the intercellular matrix, with characteristics of starch staining
Mechanism: It is caused by protein folding defects. There is no enzyme in the body to digest the β-sheet structure, causing it to accumulate and deposit in local tissues or throughout the body, causing degenerative damage.
Pathological changes: light red homogeneous material deposited in the intercellular matrix, under the basement membrane of small blood vessels or distributed along the reticular fibrous scaffold
Myxoid change
Definition: The accumulation of mucopolysaccharides and proteins in the intercellular substance
Pathological changes: multiple protruding star-shaped fibroblasts in the loose stroma, scattered in the gray-blue mucus matrix; (subcutaneous myxedema in hypothyroidism)
pathological pigmentation
Definition: Exogenous and exogenous pigments increase and accumulate inside and outside cells
type
Hemosiderin: Indicates the destruction of red blood cells and the remainder of systemic or localized iron-containing substances. It appears as golden yellow or brown particles and can be stained blue by Prussian blue.
Lipofuscin: It is a sign that cells have been damaged by free radical lipid peroxidation in the past. When most cells contain lipofuscin, it is often accompanied by more obvious organ atrophy.
Melanin: In addition to melanocytes, melanin can also accumulate in keratinocytes at the base of the skin and macrophages in the dermis.
Bilirubin: The main pigment in bile. It is mainly the product of aging and destruction of red blood cells. It appears as rough, golden granules in the cytoplasm.
Exogenous pigment: refers to inhalation from the lungs or tattooing
pathological calcification
Definition: Deposits of solid calcium salts in tissues other than bones and teeth
type
Dystrophic calcification: calcium salts are deposited in necrotic tissue or foreign bodies/normal calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Metastatic calcification: calcium salts are deposited in normal tissues/disordered calcium and phosphorus metabolism throughout the body, hyperparathyroidism, bone destruction, excessive intake of Vit.D/often occur in blood vessels, interstitial tissues of kidneys, lungs and stomach
Pathological changes: Under the microscope, they appear blue granular to flaky. To the naked eye, they appear as fine particles or agglomerates. They feel like gravel or hard stone to the touch.
Irreversible damage (cell death)
Definition: When cells undergo lethal metabolic, structural, and functional disorders, it can cause irreversible cell damage, that is, cell death.
Classification
Necrosis
Definition: Cell death in local tissues in vivo characterized by changes in enzyme solubility. It manifests as cell swelling, plasma membrane disintegration, protein denaturation, structural autolysis and local inflammation.
Basic lesions: nuclear pyknosis, nuclear fragmentation, karyolysis//red staining of the cytoplasm and cytoplasm, rupture and disintegration of the cell membrane, spillage of contents, triggering inflammatory response in surrounding tissues//depolymerization of the interstitial matrix, swelling and collapse of collagen It dissolves and liquefies, forming a granular fuzzy red stain with necrotic cells.
type
Coagulative necrosis: When proteins are denatured and coagulated and the hydrolysis of lysosomal enzymes is weak, the necrotic area will be grayish-yellow, dry, and solid.
Liquefaction necrosis; dissolution and liquefaction of cells and tissues after necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis: It usually occurs in connective tissue and blood vessel walls. The necrosis is in the form of filaments, granules or small strips of unstructured material.
Caseous necrosis: The lesions contain more lipids, and the necrotic area is yellow and looks like cheese. It is common in tuberculosis.
fat necrosis
Enzymatic fat necrosis: acute pancreatitis
Traumatic fat necrosis; breast trauma
Off-white calcium soap
Gangrene: massive necrosis of local tissue and secondary infection by putrefactive bacteria, which can be divided into dry, wet and gaseous types
necrotic ending
Dissolution and absorption: hydrolytic enzymes, macrophages, inflammatory response
Separation and discharge (5): erosion (superficial tissue defects in the skin and mucous membranes) // ulcers (deep tissue defects) // sinus tracts (deep blind tracts formed after necrosis that only open to the surface of the skin and mucous membranes) // Fistula (a channel-like defect that connects two internal organs or leads from an internal organ to the body surface) // Cavity (a cavity left after liquefaction of necrotic material is discharged through natural channels)
Organization and wrapping; the process in which new granulation tissue enters and replaces necrotic tissue, foreign matter, etc.//Necrotic tissue is surrounded by surrounding proliferated granulation tissue
Calcification; necrotic cells and cell debris attract calcium salts and other mineral deposits, causing dystrophic calcification
Factors affecting necrosis: cell physiological importance, quantity, regeneration, reserve compensatory capacity
apoptosis
Definition: A manifestation of programmed cell death of individual cells in local tissues in vivo
Morphological and biochemical characteristics of apoptosis: cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, apoptotic body formation, and plasma membrane integrity
Mechanisms: Signaling, central regulation and structural changes
Pyrolysis: similar in form to necrosis
Causes: hypoxia, biological factors (most common), physics, chemistry, nutritional imbalance...
Mechanism: damage to cell membrane (mark of irreversible damage), damage to mitochondria, damage to reactive oxygen species (AOS), damage to free calcium in the cytoplasm, damage to ischemia and hypoxia, genetic variation
cellular aging
Definition: The degenerative changes that occur in cells as an organism ages, which is the basis of individual aging.
Characteristics: universality, irreversibility, endogenousness, harmfulness
Morphological changes; organ weight loss, interstitial hyperplasia and sclerosis, organ atrophy and degeneration
Mechanism: Genetic program theory (telomeres), error accumulation theory
Repair of damage
definition
form
regeneration
fibrous repair
wound healing
definition
Mainly healing
Skin wound healing
fracture healing
Influencing factors
systemic factors
local factors