Ischemia-reperfusion injury: In some cases, restoration of blood flow after ischemia can cause peroxidation of surviving tissue, which in turn aggravates tissue damage.

Severe pulmonary edema, coughing up a large amount of pink foamy sputum, and cardiopulmonary failure may occur

telangiectasia

The alveolar spaces are filled with edema fluid and bleeding can be seen

alveolar wall thickening

cardiogenic asthma

acute manifestations

Heart failure cells: Macrophages phagocytose hemosiderin particles (red blood cells)

Alveolar wall fibrosis (brown sclerosis of the lungs)

The liver is enlarged and dark red in color

Central lobular veins and liver sinusoids are dilated and filled with red blood cells

Because peripheral liver cells are close to hepatic arterioles and suffer from mild hypoxia, hepatic steatosis occurs.

Severe congestion in the center, dark red

Perilobular hepatocyte steatosis

Red and yellow stripes appear, betel nut liver

Long-term congestion, hepatocyte atrophy, collagenization after the collapse of the reticular fibrous structure, proliferation of fat storage cells near the liver sinusoids, increased synthesis of collagen fibers, proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in the portal area, resulting in hyperplasia of fibrous tissue throughout the liver interstitium

Common in veins, slowed blood flow and swirling blood flow

Tumors synthesize coagulation factors, severe injuries, burns, DIC

Faster blood flow, heart valves, chambers, and arteries

Small gray-white nodules or vegetations, rough, solid and not easy to fall off

Platelets, a small amount of fibrin, white blood cells, red blood cells

acute rheumatic endocarditis, systemic lupus erythematosus

Slow blood flow, heart chambers, atherosclerotic walls, aneurysms

Alternating gray-white and reddish-brown layered structure

Platelets under the trabeculae, the trabeculae are filled with red blood cells

Atrial fibrillation, ventricular aneurysm, aneurysm

Local blood flow stops, veins

Dark red, moist and elastic when fresh

Fibrin network, few white blood cells, many red blood cells

Femoral vein thrombosis tail → pulmonary embolism

Capillaries, which can only be observed under a microscope

Endothelial damage, coagulation abnormalities

eosinophilic homogeneous fibrin

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

Recanalization: New vascular endothelial cells grow into and cover the surface of the crack to form new blood vessels, anastomose and communicate with each other, allowing the partially blocked blood vessels to rebuild blood flow (the blood vessels are smaller than before)

Thrombus calcifies to form phleboliths or arterial stones

red, mixed thrombus

red, mixed thrombus

White thrombus

hyaline thrombus

Emboli can be solid, liquid or gas

Commonly found in the brain, spleen, kidneys and limbs

Congenital atrioventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus

pulmonary embolism

systemic arterial embolism

Sources of emboli: long bone fractures, severe contusions and burns of fatty tissue, fatty liver, disease leading to unstable blood lipids

A small amount of lipid droplets entering the blood has no adverse effects, but a large amount of lipid droplets entering the pulmonary circulation in a short period of time can cause suffocation and death from acute right heart failure.

air embolism

Decompression sickness (nitrogen embolism)

The uterus contracts strongly, the amniotic fluid enters the venous sinuses of the ruptured uterine wall, and the menstrual blood circulates into the pulmonary artery branches, small arteries and capillaries.

Ingredients: keratinized squamous epithelium, lanugo, vernix, meconium and mucus

mechanism

thrombosis

arterial embolism

arterial spasm

blood vessel compression and occlusion

Organ blood supply characteristics

Sensitivity of local tissue to ischemia

shape

texture

color

anemic infarction

hemorrhagic infarction

septic infarction