MindMap Gallery Lung disease
This is a mind map about lung diseases, including bullae, surgical treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases, surgical treatment of tuberculosis, Surgical treatment of pulmonary hydatid disease, etc.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Lung disease
bullae
Introduction
Various reasons lead to increased alveolar cavity pressure → rupture and fusion of alveolar walls
Formation of an air-containing cavity with a diameter greater than 1 cm
pathology
Secondary to small bronchiolitis
clinical manifestations
Chest tightness and shortness of breath/hemoptysis
complication
Spontaneous pneumothorax (most common)
Spontaneous hemopneumothorax
secondary infection
Diagnosis/differential diagnosis
X-ray film
thin wall cavity
CT
Surgical treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases
Introduction
clinical manifestations
Coughing up sputum/hemoptysis/recurrent respiratory tract infections
anemia/clubbing
diagnosis
Surgical treatment (main method)
in principle
Remove diseased tissue
Eliminate lung infection/bleeding lesions
Indications for surgery
Contraindications for surgery
Surgical methods
Lesions on one side/limited to one lobe of the lung/one segment/multiple segments
Lobar/segmentectomy
Bilateral disease, extensive
Not suitable for surgical treatment
Diffuse disease/multisegmentectomy patients
lung transplant surgery
Tuberculosis surgical treatment
lung resection
Indications for surgery
tuberculosis cavity
Tuberculous spherical lesions
damage lungs
Tuberculous bronchiectasis and stenosis
Contraindications for surgery
Tuberculosis is expanding/active
Have severe heart, liver and kidney disease
Before and after surgery
Heart, liver and kidney function test
If there is endobronchial tuberculosis → Continue anti-tuberculosis treatment → Stable condition
Continue anti-tuberculosis treatment for half a year after surgery
thoracoplasty
Resection of different ribs → lower limit of the soft tissue of this part of the chest wall → avoid abnormal respiratory movements
Indications
Inability to tolerate lung resection
Surgical treatment of pulmonary hydatid disease
Parasites invade the liver and lungs and form cysts (hydatid disease)
More common in the right lung than in the left lung
More common in lower leaves than upper leaves
lung tumor
lung cancer
Primary bronchial lung cancer (malignant tumor originating from bronchial mucosal epithelium/alveolar epithelium)
pathology
Lung cancer originates from bronchial mucosal epithelium/alveolar epithelium
Right lung > Left lung/upper lobe > Lower lobe
central lung cancer
The opening of the segmental bronchus of origin is close to the hilus
peripheral lung cancer
Classification
Small Cell Lung Cancer
non-small cell lung cancer
Types
Squamous cell carcinoma (central lung cancer)
Adenocarcinoma (peripheral lung cancer)
Most common
Small cell carcinoma (central lung cancer)
Worst prognosis
Most sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy
clinical manifestations
Peripheral lung cancer (cancer distal to the segmental bronchi) (adenocarcinoma)
Asymptomatic (early stage)
Chest X-ray/CT findings
irritating cough
Usually a small amount of hemoptysis
Central lung cancer (cancer proximal to the segmental bronchi) (squamous cell carcinoma/small cell carcinoma)
Persistent small amounts of hemoptysis
Irritating cough with bloody sputum (early stage)
★CT can well differentiate peripheral and central lung cancer
Symptoms of locally advanced lung cancer compressing and invading adjacent organs
Compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on one side - hoarseness
Compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerves on both sides - difficulty breathing
Compression of the superior vena cava - facial swelling
Compression of cervical sympathetic nerves - Horner's syndrome (small hole, bulbous depression, synapsis, anhidrosis)
Brachial plexus compression - upper limb pain
paraneoplastic syndrome
Tumors produce endocrine substances
Osteoarticular syndrome (hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthritis, clubbing)
Secrete various hormones
Secretion of histamine, catecholamines (carcinoid syndrome)
Auxiliary inspection
X-image
Peripheral lung cancer (adenocarcinoma is most common)
Lobulation/burr sign
Central lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma is the most common)
Anti-S sign
The bronchial lumen is completely blocked by cancer
Corresponding/total atelectasis of one lung lobe
Tracheal carina enlargement
Increased tracheal bifurcation angle
Compression of the phrenic nerve
Abnormal movement of diaphragm
Biopsy
Bronchial biopsy multiple choice
treat
Contraindications for surgery
Distant metastasis (brain/bone/liver metastasis)
Cardiopulmonary/hepatorenal insufficiency
Lymph node metastasis
Invasion of surrounding tissue
installment
No lymph node metastasis (surgical treatment)
ipsilateral peribronchial/hilar/intrapulmonary lymph node metastasis (surgery and postoperative chemotherapy)
Have distant metastasis (chemotherapy, consider targeted therapy)
Surgical treatment
Lobar dissection Lymph node dissection