MindMap Gallery Pathophysiology stress (key points)
This is a mind map about pathophysiology: stress (key points). Stress is a complex physiological and psychological process involving the interaction of multiple systems and organs.
Edited at 2023-12-15 23:08:23This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
stress
mechanism
neuroendocrine response
Locus coeruleus-sympathetic-adrenal medulla LSAM
central role
Acts on the limbic system (emotional and cognitive functions)
Modulates peripheral sympathetic-adrenal medulla stress responses
Stress response that initiates the HPAC pathway
peripheral effects
Catecholamine CAs
arouse
heart
Cardiotonic: heart rate ↑, myocardial contractility ↑, cardiac output ↑
Blood vessel
Regulate blood distribution
Coronary artery, skeletal muscle ↑
Cerebral blood flow changes little
Skin, mucous membrane, gastrointestinal, kidney ↓
breathe
β receptors → bronchodilation → enhance alveolar ventilation
metabolism
Promote metabolism
Promote secretion: most hormones (glucagon, growth hormone)
Inhibit secretion: insulin
damage
Heart rate ↑, myocardial oxygen consumption ↑ → Myocardial ischemia (can induce fatal arrhythmia)
Gastrointestinal and renal ischemia
Platelet number ↑, adhesion and aggregation ↑ → blood viscosity ↑ → conducive to thrombosis
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical HPAC
central role
adjust emotion
Different amounts of CRH secreted → exert different effects
Small amounts: excitement and pleasure
A lot of: Anxiety and depression
Paraventricular nucleus (CRH) → Adenohypophysis (ACTH) → Adrenocortex (GC)
Promote the effect of LSAM
Promote endorphin release
peripheral effects
Glucocorticoids GC
favorable
Maintenance of blood sugar
Enhanced protein breakdown and promoted gluconeogenesis
Increase tissue utilization of glucose → Decrease glucose utilization → Blood sugar ↑
Allowed
lipid mobilization
Allowed
Maintenance of blood pressure
Allowed
Cardiovascular regulatory effects of CA
Fight cell damage
Stabilize lysosomal membrane
Anti-inflammatory
harmful
Immunosuppressed, susceptible to infection
Protein decomposition, negative nitrogen balance → resist tissue repair and regeneration, affect wound healing
growth retardation
Inhibit thyroid axis
Suppress the gonadal axis
other hormones
Insulin and glucagon
maintain blood sugar
ADH and aldosterone
Maintain blood volume and blood pressure
beta-endorphin
Regulate LSAM and HPAC to prevent overactivation
growth hormone
Acute stress: GH ↑
Chronic stress: GH ↓
immune response
Bidirectional regulation of immune system and neuroendocrine system
The neuroendocrine system regulates the immune system through nerve fibers, neurotransmitters, and hormones
Neurohormones and cytokines produced by some immune cells can enter the circulation and produce corresponding endocrine hormone effects.
acute phase response APR
Increased body temperature, increased blood sugar, enhanced catabolism, and drastic changes in plasma protein content
acute phase response protein APP
Different proteins have different changes
1000-fold increase: CRP, serum amyloid A
Decreased: albumin, transferrin, called negative acute phase response protein
Function
Anti-infective
Activate complement system, innate immunity
Mainly CRP
Resistant to damage
Protease inhibitor
coagulation and fibrinolysis
Early stage: coagulation factors → promote coagulation → prevent the spread of pathogens and toxins
Late stage: increased plasminogen → activation of fibrinolytic system → dissolution of fibrin clots → beneficial to tissue repair
Combine and transport
Increase in ceruloplasmin and heme binding protein → avoid damage to the body by Cu2 and heme
cellular stress
ROS is the second messenger of cellular stress
heat shock response HSR
HSP
Stress: HSP70
Function: molecular chaperone
Folding: assists in the folding of newly synthesized proteins
Refolding: Helps denatured proteins to refold and prevent protein aggregation
Degradation: For proteins that cannot be renatured, HSP assists the protease system in degradation
expression regulation
constitutive expression
Inducible expression: HSP expression levels increase under stress conditions
heat shock factor HSF
oxidative stress oxidative stress
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species in the body or/and insufficient removal of reactive oxygen species leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species in the body. A process that causes oxidative damage to cells
psychological behavioral response
disease
cardiovascular
Sudden cardiac death CSD
Sympathetic-adrenal medulla → CA↑
Free radicals, calcium overload
coronary artery spasm
Myocardial oxygen consumption ↑
Arrhythmia → sudden death
coronary heart disease
GC
Blood cholesterol ↑
APR
Blood viscosity ↑ Hypercoagulable state
hypertension
Sympathetic-adrenal medulla
peripheral vasoconstriction
Arteriolar constriction → Decreased renal perfusion → RAAS ↑
Aldosterone ↑
ADH ↑
digestive system
functional gastrointestinal disease
irritable bowel syndrome irritable bowel syndrome
stress ulcer
Performance
Mainly: gastrointestinal mucosal erosion, shallow ulcers, and bleeding
Severe: perforation and heavy bleeding
mechanism
Gastrointestinal mucosal ischemia
Ischemia: gastrointestinal vasoconstriction
Anti-tissue repair: GC
Reduced mucosal barrier function
H accumulates in mucous membranes
way
H in gastric acid reversely flows back into the mucosa
HCO3- decreases, and the ability to neutralize H decreases
The blood flow is small and slow → the H in the mucous membrane cannot be transported away in time
other
bile reflux
Free radical damage to epithelial cell membranes
endocrine
nerve
stress disorder
acute stress disorder
PTSD
adjustment disorder
depression
GC and immune dysfunction
immunity
Immunosuppressive
self-immune
Mucosal barrier disruption
Epithelial cells secrete HCO3-decreased
Decreased secretion of mucus by epithelial cells
Increased hydrochloric acid secretion and increased gastric protein secretion
ischemia
CA
GC
CRP(C-reactive protein)
Antibody opsonization
Activation of the classical pathway of complement
Enhance phagocyte function
Glycemic and lipid mobilization effects of CA, glucagon, and growth hormone