MindMap Gallery Chemistry - Atomic Structure
Chapter 1 of Inorganic Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Element Periodic System Mind Map, including basic definitions of atoms, The development of modern atomic structure, modern atomic structure model, Multi-electron atomic orbital energy levels and periodicity, etc.
Edited at 2023-12-14 15:00:54This infographic, created using EdrawMax, outlines the pivotal moments in African American history from 1619 to the present. It highlights significant events such as emancipation, key civil rights legislation, and notable achievements that have shaped the social and political landscape. The timeline serves as a visual representation of the struggle for equality and justice, emphasizing the resilience and contributions of African Americans throughout history.
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This infographic, created using EdrawMax, highlights the rich cultural heritage and outstanding contributions of African Americans. It covers key areas such as STEM innovations, literature and thought, global influence of music and arts, and historical preservation. The document showcases influential figures and institutions that have played pivotal roles in shaping science, medicine, literature, and public memory, underscoring the integral role of African American contributions to society.
This infographic, created using EdrawMax, outlines the pivotal moments in African American history from 1619 to the present. It highlights significant events such as emancipation, key civil rights legislation, and notable achievements that have shaped the social and political landscape. The timeline serves as a visual representation of the struggle for equality and justice, emphasizing the resilience and contributions of African Americans throughout history.
This infographic, designed with EdrawMax, presents a detailed timeline of the evolution of voting rights and citizenship in the U.S. from 1870 to the present. It highlights key legislative milestones, court decisions, and societal changes that have expanded or challenged voting access. The timeline underscores the ongoing struggle for equality and the continuous efforts to secure voting rights for all citizens, reflecting the dynamic nature of democracy in America.
This infographic, created using EdrawMax, highlights the rich cultural heritage and outstanding contributions of African Americans. It covers key areas such as STEM innovations, literature and thought, global influence of music and arts, and historical preservation. The document showcases influential figures and institutions that have played pivotal roles in shaping science, medicine, literature, and public memory, underscoring the integral role of African American contributions to society.
Atomic structure
Basic definitions related to atoms
Elements, atomic numbers and element symbols
Nuclides, isotopes and isotope abundances
relative atomic mass
The development of modern atomic structure
dalton
solid ball model
Thomson
"Jujube cake" model
Bohr
planetary model
modern atomic structure model
Wave-particle duality of microscopic particles
The wave nature of microscopic particles
de Broglie relation
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Quantum mechanical model of hydrogen atom
electronic cloud
wave function
Energy sphere - the extent to which the electron cloud expands in the extranuclear space
Energy levels – the shape of the electron cloud
Orbital - the orientation of an electron cloud in space
electron spin
clockwise
Counterclockwise
four quantum numbers
Principal quantum number: n=1, 2, 3, 4...any natural number
Angular quantum number: l=0, 1,...,n-1
Magnetic quantum number: m=0, ±1,…,±l
Spin quantum number: the value of ms can only be ±1/2
Multi-electron atomic orbital energy levels and periodicity
Construction principle
Pauli principle
Hundt's rule
energy minimum principle
Shielding effect and drill-through effect
shielding effect
Due to the repulsive effect of other electrons on an electron, the attraction of part of the nuclear charge to the electron is offset, resulting in a reduction in the effective nuclear charge and weakening the attraction of the nuclear charge to the electron. This effect is called shielding or shielding. effect
drill-through effect
Electrons with a higher probability of appearing near the nucleus can avoid the repulsion of other electrons and are strongly attracted by the nucleus to move closer to the nucleus. This effect of entering the internal space of the atom is called the drilling effect.
periodicity of ground state atoms
Period: There are seven periods in the periodic table of elements and 118 elements.
Group: There are 16 groups in the periodic table of elements, seven main groups, seven sub-groups, Group VIII, Group 0
Valence electron configuration and partitioning: According to the valence electron configuration, elements with similar valence electron configurations are concentrated in five areas, namely, s area, p area, d area, ds area, and f area.
periodic changes in the properties of elements
Atomic radius
Cycle: showing a gradually decreasing trend from left to right
The atomic radius of main group elements decreases the fastest
The atomic radius of transition elements decreases slowly
Inner transition elements decrease the slowest
Family: showing an increasing trend from top to bottom
Ionization energy
Cycle: showing an increasing trend from left to right
Family: showing a decreasing trend from top to bottom
Because empty, half full, and full are more stable, there are some exceptions. Such as B, O, S, P, Mg, etc.
electron affinity
Cycle: showing an increasing trend from left to right
Family: showing a decreasing trend from top to bottom
But the changes are wavy and the situation is complicated
electronegativity
Period: increasing from left to right
Family: Decreasing from top to bottom
Oxidation state
Positive oxidation state
The highest positive oxidation state of most elements is equal to its group number
There is an increasing tendency for elements in the same family to express positive oxidation states from top to bottom.
negative oxidation state
Non-metallic elements can generally exhibit negative oxidation states, and the lowest negative oxidation state is equal to the group number minus 8
Some metals can exhibit negative oxidation states, which are more common in metal carbonyl compounds