MindMap Gallery Medicine-Common diseases of the respiratory system
Medical Nursing Respiratory system, including respiratory failure, pneumonia, tuberculosis, Bronchial lung cancer, bronchial asthma, Lung abscess etc.
Edited at 2023-12-11 17:33:08This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Common diseases of respiratory system
acute respiratory infection
upper respiratory tract infection (Most common)
Cause
Virus
Most common
bacteria
Hemolytic Streptococcus
Clinical features
common cold
nasal symptoms
Self-healing in 7 days
laryngitis
barking cough
sleepiness
herpangina
Coxsackie A
Highly contagious
Pharyngeal conjunctival fever
Adenovirus
tonsillitis
Hemolytic Streptococcus
prone to rheumatic fever
Nephritis
proteinuria
hematuria
bronchitis
Auxiliary inspection
Blood routine
Elevated virus:lymphocyte ratio
Bacteria: white blood cells, high neutrophils
Pathological examination
Confirmed
Throat wipes
COPD
Closely related to chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Cause
smoking
aggravating factors
Infect
mechanism
antitrypsin deficiency
oxidative stress
Small airway collapse
Irreversible gas confinement
Labored exhalation
barrel chest
clinical manifestations
chronic cough
Obvious in the morning, paroxysmal at night
expectoration
White sticky phlegm
purulent sputum
Shortness of breath
Signature Symptoms
Wheezing, chest tightness
cor pulmonale
Cause
COPD
aggravating factors
Infect
mechanism
pulmonary hypertension
hypoxia
acidosis
respiratory acidosis
carbon dioxide retention
hypercapnia
The earliest changes in the heart
right ventricle enlargement
Right heart failure
pear shaped heart
clinical manifestations
Lung and heart function compensation period learn
Cough and expectoration
Shortness of breath
Cyanosis
Emphysema
decompensation period
respiratory failure
Difficulty breathing
right heart failure
Jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly moving downward, positive hepatic jugular venous reflux, and edema of both lower limbs
complication
pulmonary encephalopathy
The most serious
Arrhythmia
Room breakfast
Auxiliary inspection
X-ray
First choice
The right lower pulmonary artery trunk is dilated, the transverse diameter is greater than or equal to 15 mm, and the height is greater than or equal to mm
Right ventricular enlargement sign, enlargement to the left, apex upturned
electrocardiogram
Pulmonary P wave
P wave towers and peaks
The right chamber is large
Treatment principles
acute exacerbation
control infection
primary measures
Control respiratory failure
bronchodilators
Oxygen therapy
Low concentration, low flow
Control heart failure
diuretics
Slowly, in small amounts, intermittently
cardiac
Quick, small dose
vasodilators
remission period
Enhance immunity
Remove triggers
Reduce and avoid acute attacks
bronchiectasis
young people
Cause
Recurrent infections of bronchial tubes and lung tissue
measles pneumonia
pertussis
Patina
Most common pathogenic bacteria
Prevalent site: left lower lung
tuberculosis
Predisposed areas
Posterior segment of upper leaf tip or dorsal segment of lower leaf
Immunodeficiency or abnormal congenital genetic disease
a1-antitrypsin deficiency
Clinical features
chronic cough
A lot of purulent sputum
layered
Repeated hemoptysis
dry bronchiectasis
Predilection for upper lobe bronchus
physical signs
Limitations, fixed crackles
Severe: Clubbing of fingers
Auxiliary inspection
HRCT
Confirmed
X-ray
Orbital shape in longitudinal section, curly hair-like shadow in transverse section
Treatment principles
control infection
Pseudomonas
Cephalosporins, imipenem
Anaerobic bacteria
Metronidazole
Sputum drainage
expectorant
Ambroxol
postural drainage
Hypertension, heart failure, and the elderly are contraindicated
Elevate the affected side
Hemoptysis
Pituitaryin
Operation
spontaneous pneumothorax
Cause
primary
Slender young male
No lesions, pulmonary bulla rupture
Secondary to underlying lung disease
Types
closure
The pleural tear is small and closes on its own
openness
The crack is large and air can enter and exit freely
Tension
The worst part is that air can only come in but not come out.
clinical manifestations
Sudden onset, sudden chest pain on one side, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing
Typical symptoms
Chest pain, dry cough, difficulty breathing
Displacement of the healthy side of the trachea and mediastinum, weakened tremor, and tympany on percussion
Auxiliary inspection
X-ray
Increased light transmittance on the affected side
tension pneumothorax
thoracentesis
Treatment principles
Exhaust treatment for lung atrophy greater than 20%
Treat primary disease
Nursing measures
Closed chest drainage
placement site
exhaust
Midclavicular line 2nd
Drainage
The 6th to 7th space between the midaxillary line and the posterior axillary line
drain pus
lowest level of pus
body position
Half sitting
Drainage bottle location
More than 60cm below the chest drainage outlet
extubation
No gas leakage, no dyspnea, 1 to 2 days later, 1 day of clamping, X-ray lung recruitment
Hold your breath at the end of deep inhalation
respiratory failure
definition
At normal atmospheric pressure at sea level and in a resting state, breathing room air, the partial pressure of arterial oxygen is lower than 60mmHg with (or without) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide higher than 50mmHg.
Cause
Chronic respiratory disease (most common cause); respiratory tract infection (most common trigger)
Types
industrial respiratory failure
Only hypoxia, no carbon dioxide retention
type 2 respiratory failure
There is both hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention in pigs
clinical manifestations
Dyspnea (the most common complaint), cyanosis, psychoneurological symptoms, etc.
blood
Pa0.<60mmhg. PaC0.>50mmhg, Sa0.<75%
Treatment points
Oxygen therapy
Type one
High concentration
Type II
Low concentration persists
Keep airway open
Is a prerequisite for correcting hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention
respiratory stimulants
For Nikosamid, the drip rate should not be too fast, and the inhaled oxygen concentration should be appropriately increased.
Nursing points
Patients with type 2 respiratory failure are contraindicated in drugs that have a depressant effect on breathing, such as morphine.
pneumonia
Classification
environment
community acquired pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Nosocomial infection
Do not inhale bacteria colonizing the oropharynx
>48 hours
Gram-negative bacilli, Bowman
Anatomy
Lobar pneumonia
Alveoli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Normal flora inhabiting the upper respiratory tract
Lobular pneumonia
bronchi
Staphylococcus aureus
Hollow
old and frail
interstitial pneumonia
Mycoplasma
Paroxysmal dry cough
child
IgM positive
Confirmed
Cause
bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Most common
atypical pathogenic bacteria
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella
macrolide therapy
Virus
Fungi
other pathogens
Physical and chemical factors
Clinical manifestations of Streptococcus pneumoniae
symptom
Upper respiratory tract infection, cold, rain and other inducements
The onset is sudden, with chills and high fever, cough and sputum, body temperature rising to 39-40°C within a few hours, and persistent fever accompanied by chest pain.
Less phlegm
May contain blood or rust
Lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting
Severe confusion, restlessness, coma, and delirium
Young adults with high fever, cough, and trembling speech
physical signs
Acute facial, oral herpes simplex
dullness to percussion
tuberculosis
Class B infectious diseases
Three elements
Source of infection
Patients with positive expectoration
way
Droplets
Pathogen
Humanoid
Pathogenic
Cow type
vaccine
Strong resistance
acid-fast bacilli
slow growth
Allergy occurs in 4-8 weeks
Types
primary
Common in children
Dumbbell type
Blood type transmission
concurrent meningitis
acute
Millet
subacute
Uneven distribution of millet grains
Secondary
Infiltration
Most common in adults
It is more likely to occur in the posterior segment of the upper leaf tip and the posterior segment of the lower leaf.
Cavity type
Main source of social infection
Thick-walled cavity, mediastinum shifted to the affected side, like a weeping willow
examine
Sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis test
Diagnosis basis
x line
Important methods for early diagnosis and basis for classification
tuberculin
0.1ml Measure after 48-72 hours
Indicators of tuberculosis infection
clinical manifestations
Systemic manifestations
Low-grade fever, night sweats, and fatigue in the afternoon
respiratory system
Cough, expectoration, hemoptysis
Treatment principles
Chemotherapy
Early, joint, appropriate, regular, whole process
Medication
Sterilize
Isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin
bacteriostatic agent
ethambutol
Bronchial lung cancer
Cause
smoking
Classification
Histology
Squamous cell carcinoma
Best after surgery
small cells
The most malignant
chemotherapy, radiotherapy
Adenocarcinoma
Common in women
most common
Anatomy
central type
Most of them account for 3/4 of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma.
Peripheral type
1/4, multiple adenocarcinomas
clinical manifestations
respiratory system
Paroxysmal irritating dry cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea
Cancer compresses adjacent tissue
laryngeal reflux
hoarse voice
Neck Sympathy
Horner syndrome
Cancer distant metastasis
Brain, liver, bone, subcutaneous
Auxiliary inspection
X-ray. Most commonly used, preferred
Sputum exfoliated cells
Bronchoscopy
Bronchial Asthma
Cause
genetics
environment
Mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, neutrophils,
igE regulation
mechanism
allergy (allergy)
chronic inflammation
airway hyperresponsiveness
Nature
Reversible airflow limitation
Low B receptors, high vagus nerve
clinical manifestations
Episodic dyspnea or episodic chest tightness and cough
Attacks worsen at night and early in the morning
Overinflation of the chest
wheeze
Treatment principles
Stay away from allergens
fundamental
medical treatement
Preferred for inhalation
prevention
sodium cromoglycate
ease
First choice
albuterol
Terbutaline
Nocturnal attacks
ipratropium
Combined with COPD
Tiotropium
control
Add to favorites
Leukotriene regulator
Zafirlukast
The most effective
Glucocorticoids
Graded treatment
Mild Pulse rate less than 100
Intermittent
Moderate Pulse rate 100~120
law
Severe Pulse rate greater than 120
continued
lung abscess
Cause
Inhalation
The most common, anaerobic bacteria, more common on the right side
penicillin
Hematogenous
Staphylococcus aureus
Cephalosporin, forever
Secondary
clinical manifestations
Relaxation heat, purulent and smelly phlegm
Treatment principles
antibiotic
8 to 12 weeks
Sputum drainage