Arithmetic operators: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integer division, modulo, exponentiation

Assignment operators: =, =, -=,

=, /=, //=, %=, * =

Comparison operators: ==, !=, <>, >, <, >=, <=

Logical operators: and, or, not

Set operators: in, not in

Identity operators: is, is not

if statement

for loop

while loop

Defining functions: function definition, parameter transfer, function comments

Parameter passing: positional parameter passing, keyword passing parameter, default parameter, variable number of parameters

Return value: function return value, return statement, multiple return values, function nesting

Lambda function: anonymous function, usage scenarios, application cases

Class definition: create classes, attributes, methods, and inherit object classes

Object creation: instantiating objects, object access, construction methods, and destructor methods

Class attribute and method access: static attributes, dynamic attributes, class methods, static methods, instance methods

Inheritance relationship: parent class and subclass, inherited methods, overloaded properties

Polymorphism: operator overloading, method overloading, application of polymorphism

Construction method: Custom

init () method, initialize instance attributes

Destruction method: Custom

del () method, garbage collection

Operator overloading:

add (), sub (), mul (), div (), etc.

abs() function: returns the absolute value of a number

ceil() function: returns the integer of the number

floor() function: returns the rounded integer of the number

sqrt() function: returns the square root of a number

Date object: create date object, obtain date information, date operation

Time object: Create time object, obtain time information, time calculation

Datetime object: Create datetime object, obtain date and time information, date and time operations

timedelta object: time difference calculation, time difference formatting

random() function: generates a random decimal between 0 and 1

randint() function: generates a random integer within a specified range

choice() function: randomly selects an element from the sequence

shuffle() function: randomly sorts a sequence

File operations: open files, read files, write files, delete files

Directory operations: create directory, access directory, traverse directory, delete directory

Process management: obtain current process information, create new processes, end processes, and check process status

Array creation: ndarray objects, array properties, array indexing and slicing

Array operations: array operations, array concatenation and splitting, array copying

Array indexing and slicing: basic indexing, Boolean indexing, fancy indexing, multidimensional array slicing

Array transposition: transpose() function, axis swapping, array flipping

Data reading: reading various data formats such as CSV, Excel, JSON, SQL, etc.

Data cleaning: data deduplication, missing value processing, renaming, sorting, etc.

Data filtering and grouping: conditional filtering, grouping aggregation, pivot tables, grouping operations, time series processing

Data visualization: line charts, bar charts, pie charts, scatter charts, heat maps, maps, etc.

Line chart: draw a line chart, set legend, axis, title, label, etc.

Scatter plot: draw scatter plot, set color, size, markers, etc.

Histogram: draw histogram, set color, bar width, stacking, etc.

Pie Chart: Draw pie charts, set labels, proportions, colors, shading, etc.