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MindMap Gallery System Anatomy Motor System Memory Edition
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System Anatomy Motor System Memory Edition
This is a mind map about the memory version of the systematic anatomy and movement system, including osteology, arthrology, myology, etc. Motor system memory is an important process in human motor skills and action learning.
Edited at 2023-12-07 17:42:47
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System Anatomy Motor System Memory Edition
- Valentine's Day marketing campaign
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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- Milano Cortina 2026 Ice Hockey Schedule
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
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- Outline
Motion system memory version
Osteology
axial bone
trunk bone
vertebra
vertebra
Cervical vertebra 7
atlas
first cervical vertebra
No spinous and articular processes of vertebrae
odontoid
The superior articular surface articulates with the occipital condyle
composition
Anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass
The vertebral artery groove is visible in the posterior arch
Axis
odontoid
The upward protrusion on the upper lateral edge of the 3rd to 7th cervical vertebrae is called a vertebral hook
The upper and lower parts join together to form the vertebral hook joint
The bulge in front of the transverse process of the 6th cervical vertebra is called the carotid nodule
Press here to stop bleeding
7th cervical vertebra
vertebral column
Easily palpable as a marker for counting vertebrae
There is a hole in the transverse process, called the transverse process foramen
Thoracic vertebra 12
The vertebral body increases from top to bottom
There are upper and lower rib concavities, which are connected with the rib heads.
The lower half of the ribs of the 9th thoracic vertebra is missing.
The 10th thoracic vertebra has only one upper costal cavity
The 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae each have a full costal cavity, and the transverse process has no costal cavity.
No costal cartilage connection
Lumbar vertebra 5
The posterior edge of the superior articular process is called the mastoid process
The spinous process gap is wide and lumbar puncture can be performed
Sacral vertebra 5
In adulthood, it merges into the sacrum
Front
cape
The middle part of the upper edge bulges forward
horizontal line
sacrum fusion sign
presacral foramen
later
crest
median sacral crest
middle sacral crest
lateral sacral crest
posterior sacral foramen
sacral canal
sacral hiatus
sacral angle
caudal anesthesia sign
auricular surface
sacral tuberosity
Caudal vertebra 3-4
In adulthood, it merges into the coccyx
Tip of tailbone
Easy to fracture
lesions
spina bifida
lumbosacral region
Posterior vertebral arch insufficiency
Changes in the number of vertebrae
lumbar sacral vertebrae
sacralization of lumbar spine
general shape of vertebrae
vertebral body
vertebral arch
pedicle
vertebral foramen
spinal canal
lamina
protuberance
spinous process 1
1 pair of transverse processes
2 pairs of articular processes (upper and lower)
sternum
composition
manubrium sternum
Notch
jugular notch
locking notch
1st costal notch
sternal angle
The joint between the handle and the body can be palpated on the body surface
2nd costal notch
Flat to 2nd rib
Important signs for counting ribs
Level with the lower edge of the 4th thoracic vertebra
sternal body
Lateral edge connects ribs 2-7
xiphoid process
Lower end free
12 pairs of ribs
composition
Ribs and costal cartilage
Classification
True ribs 1-7 pairs
Directly connected to the sternum
The first rib and the manubrium of the sternum are connected by cartilage
Ribs 2-7 constitute micro-motion joints
False ribs 8-10
Not directly connected to the sternum
floating ribs
11-12 pairs
skull
23 yuan
brain skull 8
Not paired
frontal bone
forehead scales
middle bulge
frontal tubercle
frontal sinus
Orbital
nose
ethmoid bone
air bone
Sieve plate
crest
mesh
vertical board
ethmoid sinus
ethmoid labyrinth
There are two curled bone fragments attached to the medial wall
middle turbinate
superior turbinate
uncinate process
The lateral wall is extremely thin and forms the medial wall of the orbit, which is called the orbital plate.
sphenoid bone
body
sphenoid sinus
Opening into sphenoethmoidal recess
sella turcica
pituitary fossa
carotid groove
big wing
composition
Cerebral surface, anteromedial orbital surface and lateral inferior temporal surface
important structures
Round foramen, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum can be seen at the root
through important nerves and blood vessels
Xiaoyi
The optic canal is visible at its junction with the body
The cleft between the greater wing and the greater wing is called the superior orbital fissure
pterygoid process
medial and lateral pterygoid plate
Wing tube
Entering the pterygopalatine fossa anteriorly
Occipital bone
foramen magnum
oval articular surface
occipital condyle
external occipital protuberance
in pairs
The temporal bone is located on both sides of the skull and is divided into three parts centered on the external ear door.
scales
Above the external ear door
Zygomatic process
mandibular fossa
articular tubercle
Drum part
Curved bone that surrounds the external ear door
Iwabe
tympanum
The thinner part on the outside of the bump
trigeminal nerve imprint
near tip
Inner ear door
Enter the internal auditory canal
styloid process
lateral slender bone
rear hole
stylomastoid foramen
mastoid
Thick protrusion behind the external ear door
parietal bone
The sagittal suture connects the two parietal bones
coronal suture connects frontal bones
Herringbone suture connects occipital bone
Facial skull 15
in pairs
maxilla
maxillary body
maxillary sinus
Front
infraorbital foramen
Inferotemporal
Orbital surface
nasal surface
4 sudden
Frontal process
Zygomatic process
alveolar process
palatine process
palatine bone
cheekbones
The temporal process joins the zygomatic process posteriorly to form the zygomatic arch
nasal bones
tear bone
inferior turbinate
Not paired
lower jaw
largest facial skull
Two in one
mandibular body
Mental hole
Mental protuberance
Mental spine
muscle attachment
digastric fossa
Medial oval shallow fossa
mandibular ramus
masseter tuberosity
masseter muscle attachment
coronoid process
temporalis muscle attachment
condyle
Behind the coronoid process
The upper part expands into the mandibular head
mandibular neck
mandibular notch
inner center
mandibular foramen
hyoid bone
body
Dajiao
Xiaojiao
vomer
limb bones
Upper limb bones
upper limb bone
clavicle
acromial end
acromion articular surface
sternal end
sternal articular surface
Costoclavicular ligament impression
shoulder blade
subscapular fossa
scapular spine
gangshangwo
gangxiawo
acromion
Scapular spine protrudes outward
coracoid process
upper corner
Flat to 2nd rib
lower corner
Flat against the 7th rib or 7th intercostal space
lateral corner
glenoid
supraglenoid tubercle
Infraglenoid tubercle
free upper limb bones
Humerus
body of humerus
deltoid tuberosity
radial nerve groove
Nourishing pores
upper end
Humeral head
greater tubercle
Greater tuberosity ridge
small nodule
microtuberous ridge
intertubercular groove
surgical neck
The junction between the upper end and the body is slightly thinner and has been fractured
lower end
humeral head
There is a radial fossa above
medial epicondyle
humeral pulley
coronoid fossa above
medial epicondyle
The posterior shallow fossa is the ulnar nerve groove
Behind is the olecranon fossa
Radius
upper end
radial head
Articular fossa
annular articular surface
radial neck
radial tuberosity
body of radius
interosseous margin
lower end
radial styloid process
ulnar notch
ulna
upper end
trochlear notch
olecranon
Posterior and superior protuberance of the notch
radial notch
Articulated with annular articular surfaces
ulnar tuberosity
body
interosseous margin
lower end
ulnar head
ulnar styloid process
Hand bones 8
carpus
proximal end
Trichosanthes scapulae, large and small head-shaped hooks
Metacarpal 5
Phalanges 14
Lower limb bones
Lower limbs with bones
hip bone
acetabulum
moon-shaped surface
acetabular fossa
acetabular notch
obturator
Ilium
iliac body
iliac crest
iliac tubercle
The line connecting the highest point is level with the spinous process of the 4th lumbar vertebra, count the vertebra marks
front end
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine
rear end
posterior superior iliac crest
posterior inferior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch
iliac wing
iliac fossa
The inferior osseous crest is the arcuate line
The lower part is the auricular surface
iliac tuberosity behind
ischium
ischial spine
ischial tubercle
lesser sciatic notch
pubic
iliopectineal eminence
pubic comb
pubic tubercle
pubic crest
pubic symphysis
free lower limb bones
femur
upper end
femoral head
associated with acetabulum
Femoral head concavity
femoral head ligament
femoral neck
The outer and upper bulge is the greater trochanter
The inner and lower bulge is the lesser trochanter
trochanteric fossa, intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric ridge
body
thick line
longitudinal bone crest
Gluteal tuberosity
The medial and superior continuation is the pectineal muscle line
Nourishing pores
lower end
lateral epicondyle
medial epicondyle
adductor tubercle
Front
Patellar surface
later
Popliteal noodles
intercondylar fossa
patella
The largest sesamoid bone in the human body
tibia
upper end
medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
intercondylar eminence
fibular head articular surface
tibial tuberosity
body
soleus muscle line
lower end
medial condyle
peroneal notch
fibula
upper end
fibula head
fibular neck
body
lower end
lateral condyle
lateral condylar articular surface
foot bones
Arthrology
type
direct link
fiber link
fibrous connective tissue
ligamentous junction
seam
cartilage connection
osseointegration
indirect link
joint
Basic structure
articular surface
Articular cartilage covering
joint capsule
outer fibrous membrane
inner synovial membrane
joint cavity
Maintain joint stability
Auxiliary structure
ligament
extracapsular ligament
intracapsular ligament
articular disc and labrum
Synovial bursa and synovial folds
axial bone connection
trunk bone connection
vertebrae join to form spine
connection between vertebrae
connections between vertebrae
intervertebral disc
A fibrocartilaginous disc that connects two adjacent vertebrae
Adults have 23 intervertebral discs
composition
nucleus pulposus
Central Department
annulus fibrosus
Peripheral part
prolapse
When the annulus fibrosus ruptures, the nucleus pulposus easily protrudes backward and protrudes into the spinal canal or intervertebral foramen.
anterior longitudinal ligament
From the front edge of the foramen magnum above, from the vertebral body of the 1st or 2nd sacral vertebra below.
prevent back extension
posterior longitudinal ligament
Originates from the axis vertebrae and descends to the sacrum
Prevent excessive forward bending
connection between vertebral arches
composition
Including vertebral arches, spinous processes, ligaments between transverse processes, and synovial joints connecting the upper and lower facets
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament
supraspinal ligament and nuchal ligament
intertransverse process ligament
facet joint
The joints of the atlas, occipital bone and axis
atlanto-occipital joint
atlas joint
lateral atlantoaxial joint
Median atlas joint
odontoid ligament
alar ligament
transverse atlas ligament
Lamination
thorax
composition
12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, 1 sternum and the connections between them
important joints
costovertebral joint
Costocapital joint
costal head web ligament
interarticular ligament
costotransverse process joint
costotransverse ligament
lateral costotransverse ligament
sternocostal joint
The first rib forms an immobile joint with the manubrium sternum
2-7 Costal cartilage forms a micro-motion joint with the sternocostal notch
8-10 Costal cartilage is not connected to the sternum but forms a cartilage connection with the costal cartilage.
skull connection
fibrous and cartilage connections
synovial joint
temporomandibular joint
There is an articulation disk
appendicular bone connection
upper limb bone connection
upper body strap connection
sternoclavicular joint
composition
The sternal end of the clavicle, the clavicular notch of the sternum and the upper surface of the first costal cartilage
multi-axis joint
There is an articulation disk
It is reinforced with anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, as well as extracapsular ligaments such as interclavicular ligament and costoclavicular ligament.
acromioclavicular joint
composition
The acromion end of the clavicle and the acromion articular surface
plane joint
With acromioclavicular ligament reinforcement
The coracoclavicular ligament is connected to the coracoid process
coracoacromial ligament
free upper limb bones
shoulder joint
glenohumeral joint
composition
Humeral head and scapula glenoid
multi-axis ball joint
The labrum deepens the glenoid fossa
coracohumeral ligament
coracoacromial ligament
The most flexible joint in the body, capable of flexion, extension, internal and external rotation, and circular rotation
elbow joint
composition
Lower end of humerus and upper end of ulna and radius
Humeroulnar joint
Humeral trochlea and ulnar trochlear notch
humeroradial joint
Humeral head and radius articular fossa
proximal radioulnar joint
The annular articular surface of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
ligament
radial collateral ligament
ulnar collateral ligament
radioulnar annular ligament
Myology
human skeletal muscle
head muscles
facial muscles
cranial parietal muscle
Occipital muscle
galea aponeurosis
frontalis
orbicularis oculi muscle
Palpebral part
Orbital
lacrimal sac
Perioral muscles
circular muscle
orbicularis oris muscle
Radial muscles
buccinator muscle
Masticatory muscles
Masseter muscle
The lower edge and inner surface of the zygomatic arch
1. masseter tuberosity
temporalis muscle
temporal fossa
coronoid process of mandible
medial pterygoid muscle
pterygoid fossa
Pterygoid tuberosity on the inner surface of the mandibular angle
lateral pterygoid muscle
The lower surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the lateral surface of the pterygoid process
mandibular neck
neck muscles
Superficial cervical muscles and lateral cervical muscles
platysma
sternocleidomastoid muscle
start and end
The front of the manubrium and the sternal end of the clavicle
mastoid process of temporal bone
Function
bilateral contraction
Look up
Unilateral contraction
The head tilts to the same side and the face turns to the opposite side
important body markers
anterior cervical muscles
suprahyoid muscles
stylohyoid muscle
digastric muscle
mylohyoid muscle
both sides
Geniohyoid muscle
deepest side
Infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid muscle
omohyoid muscle
sternal thyroid muscle
thyrohyoid muscle
Deep cervical muscle
outer group
scalene muscle
anterior scalene muscle
middle scalene muscle
Stop at first rib
Space: Scalene space
The subclavian artery and brachial plexus pass through
posterior scalene muscle
Stop at second rib
scalene space
medial group
longus capitis muscle
Longus colli muscle
rectus capitis anterior muscle
Lateral rectus capitis
Back muscles
superficial dorsi muscle
trapezius muscle
start and end
The superficial layer of the neck and upper back
External third of clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
effect
Muscles that move the scapula
latissimus dorsi
start and end
Spinous processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae, spinous processes of all lumbar vertebrae, median sacral crest, and iliac crest
Greater tuberosity ridge
effect
extension, adduction and internal rotation
levator scapulae
start and end
upper cervical transverse process
Upper corner and upper medial border of scapula
rhomboids
start and end
spinous processes of lower neck and upper chest
Medial edge of scapula
deep dorsi muscle
Erector spinae
iliocostalis
end
mastoid process of temporal bone
Longissimus thoracis
end
vertebra
spinal muscle
end
rib cage
beginning
dorsum of sacrum
splenius
splenius capitis
splenius cervicalis
back fascia
thoracolumbar fascia
chest muscles
chest and upper limb muscles
pectoralis major
start and end
Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages 1-6
Greater tuberosity ridge
Function
Shoulder adduction and internal rotation
pectoralis minor
subtopic
pectoralis propria
internal intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles
diaphragm
Location
form
Structural features
Sarcoplasm in the periphery
aponeurosis in the center
central tendon
There are three holes
There are three weak areas
Hole location and passing structure
vena cava foramen
About the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra
through the inferior vena cava
esophageal hiatus
T10
Esophagus, vagus nerve
aortic tear
12
aorta, thoracic duct
Function
abdominal muscles
anterolateral group
external oblique muscle
Mf direction
inguinal ligament
Formation of the subcutaneous ring (external opening) of the inguinal canal
Through the rectus muscle and ends at the linea alba
internal oblique muscle
Posteriorly inferior to anterior superiorly, opposite to the external obliques
arcuate separation zone
Through the rectus muscle anterior or posterior to the linea alba
transversus abdominis
Muscle fiber horizontal direction
arcuate separation zone
More than 5 cm below the umbilicus, pass behind the rectus muscle and end at the linea alba; less than 5 cm below the umbilicus, pass in front of the rectus muscle and end at the linea alba.
rectus abdominis
It originates from the pubic symphysis and pubic spine, and ends at the xiphoid process of the sternum and in front of costal cartilages 5-7.
Divided into multiple muscle bellies by tendons
Houqun
quadratus lumborum
psoas major
rectus abdominis sheath
Features
Front sheath intact
Posterior sheath: five centimeters below the umbilicus, present on the upper part but absent on the lower part
semicircle
The area where the posterior sheath disappears
White line
Features
wide at top and narrow at bottom
hard avascular
It enters the abdomen quickly, has less bleeding, is convenient for suturing, and has obvious postoperative wound scars, which is of great clinical significance.
inguinal canal
Location
Located halfway above the medial side of the inguinal ligament, 4-5 cm, the gap formed by the muscles
couple
Subcutaneous ring (external opening): outside and above the pubic tubercle
Abdominal ring (internal opening): 1.5 cm above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
four walls
front wall
External oblique aponeurosis, part of the internal oblique muscle
back wall
transversalis fascia
peritoneum
lower wall
inguinal ligament
upper wall
arcuate border of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
through structure
spermatic cord
round ligament of uterus
Heidegger's triangle
Location
Located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, the triangle consists of the medial edge of the rectus abdominis muscle, the inguinal ligament and the inferior epigastric artery.
pelvic perineal muscles
Upper limb muscles
Upper limb girdle muscles
deltoid muscle
start and end
Origin: outer third of clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Function
Shoulder flexion, extension, and abduction
supraspinatus
infraspinatus muscle
teres minor
teres major
subscapularis
brachial muscles
former group
Biceps
flex your shoulders, bend your elbows
coracobrachialis
bend forward, adduct
brachialis
Bend the elbow
Houqun
triceps brachii
Extend elbows, extend shoulders, adduct
forearm muscles
former group
Flex elbow, flex wrist, flex fingers, pronate forearm
Houqun
Extend elbow, extend wrist, extend fingers, supinate
Superficial tendons of wrist
Palmaris longus muscle
Flexor carpi radialis tendon
Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
extensor tendon
extensor pollicis longus tendon
extensor pollicis brevis tendon
hand muscles
outer group
big thenar
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
Opponent pollicis muscle
adductor pollicis muscle
medial group
Xiaothen
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponent palmar muscle of little finger
intermediate group
lumbrical muscles
4 pieces, originating from tendons and attaching to the back of the fingers
interosseous muscles
interosseous palmar muscle
dorsal interosseous muscle
Lower limb muscles
Palpable on body surface
holistic view of skull
cranial view
The highest point in the center of the parietal bone
apical tubercle
coronal suture
Herringbone seam
sagittal suture
top hole
posterior cranial view
Herringbone seam
Occipital scale
external occipital protuberance
superior nuchal line
lower nuchal line
Intracranial view
anterior cranial fossa
Composed of the orbital part of the frontal bone, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
Frontal crest, blind foramen and cockcomb
There are sieve holes in the cribriform plate leading to the nasal cavity
middle cranial fossa
Body of sphenoid bone, greater wing and petrous part of temporal bone
pituitary fossa
optic canal
anterior clinoid process
tubercle sella
Round bony protuberance in front of pituitary fossa
Saddleback
posterior clinoid process
sella turcica
Round foramen, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum can be seen on both sides
carotid groove
Shallow grooves on both sides
superior orbital fissure
There is a hole in the back end called a rupture hole
Continued at the internal orifice of the carotid canal
posterior fossa
The deepest location, mainly composed of the occipital bone and the posterior part of the petrous part of the temporal bone
foramen magnum
The flat slope in front of the hole is a slope
There is an internal opening of the hypoglossal canal on the front outer edge of the foramen.
intraoccipital protuberance
transverse sinus groove
Renamed sigmoid sinus groove anteriorly, inferiorly and medially
Terminal at jugular foramen
The opening behind the petrosum and anteriorly and inwardly is called the door of the inner ear.
Enter the internal auditory canal
External appearance of skull base
hole
incisal foramen
greater palatine foramen
Choanana
jugular foramen
stylomastoid foramen
rupture hole
mouth
external orifice of hypoglossal canal
external carotid canal
side view of skull
Frontal bone, sphenoid bone. Parietal, temporal and occipital bones
Concha
mastoid process behind
Zygomatic arch in front
Divided into superior temporal fossa and inferior infratemporal fossa
Can be touched on the body surface
anterior cranial view
Forehead
forehead scales
Visible raised frontal tubercle
between eyebrows
eyebrow arch
Deep frontal sinus
orbit
end
supraorbital foramen
supraorbital notch
infraorbital foramen
tip
optic canal
upper wall
lacrimal fossa
medial wall
lacrimal sac fossa
Through the nasolacrimal duct, it opens into the nasal cavity
lower wall
Infraorbital fissure
infraorbital groove
Infraorbital canal introduced forward
Opening into infraorbital foramen
lateral wall
superior orbital fissure
bony nasal cavity
sinus structure
frontal sinus
sphenoid sinus
nasal passage
superior nasal passage
middle meatus
inferior meatus
sphenopalatine foramen
pituitary fossa
pterygoid inner and outer plates
paranasal sinuses
frontal sinus
ethmoid sinus
sphenoid sinus
maxillary sinus
bony oral cavity
rib cage
body
front end
Connected to costal cartilage
rear end
ribs
rib neck
costal tubercle
costal angle
costal groove
Intercostal nerve and blood vessel migration
1st rib
No rib angle, rib groove
anterior scalene tubercle
subclavian vein groove
subclavian artery groove
The 11th and 12th ribs have no nodules, rib necks and rib angles
Upper and lower edges
superior and inferior vertebral notches
intervertebral foramen