MindMap Gallery Medical Pathology-Hypoxia Mind Map
This is a mind map about hypoxia, including commonly used blood oxygen indicators, common blood oxygen indicators, effects on the body, etc. Hope it helps everyone.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
hypoxia
Commonly used blood oxygen indicators
blood oxygen partial pressure
Normal arterial blood oxygen partial pressure is 100mmHg Normal venous blood oxygen partial pressure is 40mmHg
Depends on the partial pressure of inspired oxygen, external respiratory function, and the amount of venous blood flowing into the arteries
blood oxygen capacity
The normal maximum is 20.1ml/dl
Depends on the quality and quantity of Hb
blood oxygen content
Normal artery is 19ml/dl Normal vein is 14ml/dl
blood oxygen saturation
is the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen
Normal arteries are 95% and veins are 70%
Arteriovenous blood oxygen content difference
Reflects the ability of tissues to take up and utilize oxygen
Normal resting state is 5mL
Classification
hypoxic hypoxia
oxygen uptake disorder
reason
Inhaled oxygen partial pressure is too low
Severe impairment of external respiratory function
Increased venous blood flow into arteries
Tetralogy of Fallot
blood oxygen changes
Arterial oxygen tension is normal
Blood oxygen content is normal, slightly increased in chronic conditions
Decreased arterial oxygen content
Cyanosis
Deoxygenated Hb in capillary blood increases, and patients develop cyanosis on the skin and mucous membranes
blood hypoxia
Impairment in the blood's ability to carry or release oxygen
reason
Hb reduction
Changes in Hb properties
carboxyhaemoglobinemia
CO poisoning
10%-20%, headache, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, etc. >50%, spasm, dyspnea, coma, etc.
Mechanisms and Characteristics
High affinity of CO and Hb
After reducing 2,3-DPG in the blood and combining with Hb Allosteric effects reduce the ability to release oxyhemoglobin
At high concentrations, it diffuses into cells and blocks the respiratory chain.
Reversible binding to Hb
Methemoglobinemia
Nitrite, perchlorate poisoning
10% hypoxic symptoms 30%-50% Bruises all over the body, headache, unconsciousness and even coma
The most common cause is nitrite poisoning, also known as enterogenic cyanosis The patient's blood is brown, while the skin and mucous membranes are blue-purple
Abnormally increased affinity between Hb and oxygen
blood oxygen changes
Oxygen partial pressure and blood oxygen saturation are normal
Blood oxygen capacity and blood oxygen content are reduced, normal in CO poisoning
Decreased arteriovenous blood oxygen difference
circulatory hypoxia
Oxygen transport disorder
reason
Systemic blood circulation disorder
local blood circulation disorder
blood oxygen changes
Oxygen partial pressure, blood oxygen volume, blood oxygen content, and blood oxygen saturation were all normal.
Increased arteriovenous blood oxygen difference
organizational hypoxia
oxygen utilization disorder
reason
Mitochondrial function is inhibited by toxicants
Decreased oxidase activity in mitochondria
mitochondrial damage
blood oxygen changes
Oxygen partial pressure, blood oxygen volume, blood oxygen content, and blood oxygen saturation were all normal.
Decreased arteriovenous blood oxygen difference
mixed hypoxia
Effect on the body
respiratory system
compensatory period
Enhanced respiratory movements
Caused by reduced arterial oxygen tension that stimulates peripheral receptors
hyperventilation respiratory depression
severe hypoxia
Direct inhibitory effect on the respiratory center, weakening of breathing
high plateau pulmonary edema
Difficulty breathing, coughing up pink frothy sputum, and wet rales in the lungs
The possible mechanism is caused by hypoxia
Increased permeability of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
The sympathetic nervous system is excited, peripheral blood vessels constrict, blood return to the heart increases, and pulmonary blood flow increases
The intensity of intrapulmonary vasoconstriction is uneven, weak contraction increases blood flow, increases hydrostatic pressure, and fluid leakage
circulatory system
heart
Mild and moderate hypoxia are the three positive effects
Severe hypoxia is an inhibitory effect
blood redistribution
Blood flow to the skin, internal organs, and abdominal viscera decreases, while blood flow to the heart and brain increases.
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension, improvement of ventilation-blood flow ratio
Prolonged contraction leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and even right heart failure
mechanism
Hypoxia causes inhibition of potassium channels, but increases calcium permeability and increases muscle cell excitability and contractility.
Predominance of local vasoconstrictor substances
sympathetic excitement
vascular remodeling
capillary proliferation
Increased adenosine production and vascular endothelial growth factor release
blood system
Increased red blood cells and Hb
acute
Volumetric vasoconstriction, release of stored blood
Chronic
The production and release of EPO by juxtatubular interstitial cells increases, and bone marrow hematopoiesis is enhanced.
2,3-DPG in red blood cells increases, and the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right
central system
Brain is sensitive to hypoxia
Acute manifestations include headache, fatigue, reduced thinking function, and agitation.
Severe symptoms include apathy, slow reaction, drowsiness, and loss of consciousness.
Tissue and cell changes
Decreased ATP production and increased anaerobic glycolysis
Mitochondria
Chronic
The number increases, the ridge area increases, and the content and activity of respiratory enzymes increase.
serious
Mitochondria deformation, swelling, cristae rupture, matrix overflow
cell membrane changes
Acidosis, increased membrane permeability, cell edema
The permeability to calcium ions increases, the calcium uptake ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases, and the cytoplasmic calcium concentration increases.
Lysosomal changes
Lysosomal membrane stability decreases and permeability increases under acidosis
Increased myoglobin