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MindMap Gallery Introduction to Communication Chapter 3 Intrapersonal Communication and Interpersonal Communication
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Introduction to Communication Chapter 3 Intrapersonal Communication and Interpersonal Communication
This is a mind map about intra-personal communication and interpersonal communication in Chapter 3 of Introduction to Communication. Intra-personal communication is also called inward communication, internal communication or self-communication. It refers to the individual receiving external information and processing the information inside the human body. activity.
Edited at 2023-12-06 15:59:19
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Introduction to Communication Chapter 3 Intrapersonal Communication and Interpersonal Communication
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Chapter 3 Intra-human Communication and Inter-personal Communication
intra-human transmission
Section 1 Intrapersonal Communication
Definition: (instra-personal communication), also known as inward communication, internal communication or self-communication, refers to the activity of individuals receiving external information and processing information inside the human body.
The process and structure of intra-human communication
Schramm quoted Wendell Johnson and concluded that (the human body itself is a complete information dissemination system)
The human body has the characteristics of a general information transmission system: the human body has both an information receiving device (sensory system) and an information transmitting device (nervous system); it has both a memory and processing device (human brain) and an output device (expressions such as vocalizations) organs and the muscles and nerves that control these organs); the human body is an independent organism and is generally connected with the natural and social external environment.
Japanese scholar Kazuo Watanabe proposed that people’s visual information processing model fully reflects the systematic nature of intra-person communication.
Intrapersonal communication as active consciousness and thinking activity
Active consciousness and thinking activities are the fundamental characteristics that distinguish intra-human transmission from intra-human transmission in other animals.
Dialectical materialism believes that nature produces thinking people from its own development. There are three decisive links in the process.
From the reactive properties of all substances to the irritating sensations of lower organisms
From the stimulating response form of lower organisms to the feelings and psychology of advanced animals
From the feelings and psychology of ordinary animals to the emergence of active human consciousness
From the perspective of dialectical materialism, intrapersonal communication has the following links and elements:
Feel
Divided into vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc., they are the starting point for intra-human communication
Perception
A collection of feelings, or a synthesis of scattered individual information attributes of things based on feelings. The process of perception is the process of comprehensively grasping the perceptual information of the whole thing
Appearance
Representation in the mind of sensory and perceptual information held in memory
concept
Awareness of common, general attributes of similar things
Concepts include denotation and connotation. The former is the scope or collection of similar things, and the latter is the understanding of the characteristics and essential attributes of similar things.
Concepts are the cells and tools of thinking. Only with concepts can humans think abstractly
judge
Qualitative thinking activities on the connections or relationships between things. It is generated based on the analysis of representations and concepts.
reasoning
The thinking activity of deriving unknown attributes and relationships from the attributes and relationships of known things
Reasoning is carried out on the basis of judgment. It is the process of reasoning to establish or discover logical and regular relationships between several judgments and to draw new judgments and conclusions.
Creative thinking activities that discover the unknown from the known
Understanding intra-human transmission from the following aspects
Although intrapersonal communication is an information processing process inside the human body, this process is not isolated. Both ends of it maintain a connected relationship with external processes (systematic)
Although intra-human communication is closely related to human physiological mechanisms, it essentially responds to social practice activities and has a distinct social and practical nature (sociality and practicality).
Intrapersonal communication is not a passive reaction to the external world, but a positive and active reflection (active practicality). This kind of initiative is reflected in the productive and creative nature of human consciousness and thinking activities. Intrahuman communication is accompanied by the results of creative thinking, and it is also a huge force promoting the development of human civilization.
Intrapersonal communication is the basis of all other communication activities (basic systems theory)
Intrapersonal communication as a social psychological process
Mead's "I and Guest" Theory
American social psychologist G·H·Mead
The earliest systematic study of human self-awareness and its formation process from the perspective of communication.
Self-awareness has an important influence on people's behavioral decisions. The self can be decomposed into two aspects that are interconnected and interact with each other.
The main self (I) as the subject of will and action is embodied through the actions and reactions of individuals around objects and things.
As the representative of others' social evaluation and social expectations, the "me" is the embodiment of self-awareness and social relations. In other words, the human self is formed in the interaction between the "subject self" and the "object self" and is the embodiment of this interactive relationship.
The "subject self" does not act alone. On the contrary, it is a reflection of the "object self" embodied in various social relationships.
Mead believes that human self-awareness is formed, developed and changed in the dialectical interaction process between "self" and "object". The "subject self" is the form (processed by behavioral responses), and the "object self" is the content (reflecting the influence of all aspects of social relationships). The guest self can promote new changes in the main self, and the main self can in turn change the guest self. The interaction between the two constantly forms a new self.
Social, two-way and interactive
The thinking activity of intrapersonal communication is carried out through "meaningful symbols"
Blumer's self-interaction theory
Can be studied in series with related content of symbols
H. Blumer, the master of modern symbolic interaction theory, "Symbolic Interaction Theory" in 1969
It is proposed that people can carry out activities with themselves-self interaction. People have their own social existence. While people regard external things and others as the objects of cognition, they also regard themselves as the objects of cognition. In this process, people can understand themselves, have their own concepts, communicate or disseminate with themselves, and be able to take action on themselves
"Self-interaction" is essentially the internalization of social interaction with others and the reflection of social connections or social relationships with others in the individual's mind.
In the process of intrapersonal communication, individuals will actively understand, interpret, select, modify, and process the meanings expected by others along their own positions or behavioral directions, and then recombine them on this basis. Through this process, others will Expectations are no longer the expectations of others in the original sense, and the self formed by it is not the self in the original sense, but a new behavioral subject.
Role: Helps us understand the relationship between social communication and individual self. People not only communicate with others in society, but also communicate with themselves, that is, self-communication. Self-communication is also social in nature. It is the reflection of social communication relationships with others in the individual's mind. Self-communication is of great significance to individuals: through self-communication, people can understand and transform themselves in connection with society and others, and continuously realize self-development and improvement.
Introspective thinking - a form of intrapersonal communication
introspection
Introspection is an activity of people reflecting on themselves, and it is also an important form of intra-personal communication.
both forms
Daily, long-term self-reflection activities aim at improving personal character and behavior and have long-term goals and consistency.
Short-term self-reflection activities aimed at solving real-life problems. It’s called “reflective thinking”
According to Mead's research, introspective thinking does not happen every moment in daily life. Only when a person encounters difficulties, obstacles and other new problematic situations (problematic situations), is it difficult to perform the existing behavior? It becomes active only when you judge.
The process of introspective thinking is not closed, but is closely connected with the surrounding social environment and other people around it.
During the process of introspection, the image of others will appear in the person's mind. The individual will analyze and speculate on how others think, what attitude others will take on this issue, etc. Only by contacting others can the outline of one's own attitude be formed. Consider what you should do.
The process of introspective thinking is also a social process
Introspective thinking is not only a horizontal social process, but also a vertical development and creation process that connects the past and the future.
Introspective thinking is also an activity that transcends existing meanings to create new meanings, transcends existing behavioral patterns to create new behavioral patterns, and is closely related to people's future development.
The characteristics of intra-human transmission are also the characteristics of intra-human transmission.
Intrapersonal communication is not an isolated, closed and absolute "subjective spirit", but an activity connected with people's social practice. Intrapersonal communication is essentially a reflection of people's social relations and social practice activities. It is an active and creative activity with its own special laws. Intrapersonal communication, in turn, has a huge impact on actual social relations and social practices. Therefore, intrahuman transmission is also a huge driving force for social development.
Archetype theory of personal information processing
The concept and characteristics of archetype
concept
A concept proposed by Swiss psychologist Piaget while studying the process of children's growth and cognitive development
Schema refers to the basic pattern of human cognitive behavior, or is called mental structure, cognitive structure or cognitive guidance structure.
When we come into contact with new information or new things, encounter a new event, or enter a new place, our past relevant experiences and knowledge guide us to quickly understand, reason and judge the new situation, and make timely decisions. Attitude or behavioral response.
Features
① Archetype is one of the behavioral patterns that people are born with, but it can be developed and transformed as people grow.
Different social environments and cultural backgrounds will also lead to differences in archetypes
②The archetype is a knowledge classification system with a hierarchical structure, similar to a tree diagram
It has a certain degree of generalization and abstraction, and has the structural characteristics of more abstract and more concrete hierarchies.
③It is a cluster or organic combination of knowledge. Archetypes include knowledge, experience, and understanding of the relationships between various things, as well as values and even emotional tendencies. It is pre-existing in our brains in an organic structure according to a certain correlation.
④The function of the archetype is that when we encounter new information, we process it by mobilizing and organizing original knowledge and experience, supplementing new elements, making judgments about the nature of the new information, and pre-storing its results to determine our response to the new information. reaction to new information
With prediction and decision control functions
Classification
Person schemas involving individual characters, Event schemas involving event programs, Role schemas involving social roles
Although the application of stereotypes is an automatic and unconscious process at the personal level, it plays an important role in restricting our understanding, judgment and behavioral responses.
Robert Axelrod's Information Processing Process Model Based on Archetype Theory
In 1973, American scholar Robert Axelrod in "The Archetype Theory of Cognition and Information Processing"
①When we are exposed to a new event or information, the relevant stereotypes in our minds will be activated and participate in every link of information processing
②When the characteristics of new information are consistent with our cognitive model, we tend to treat it according to our original interpretation and attitude
③When new information does not match our cognitive model, we will compare the characteristics of the old and new information, supplement the new information, and determine new interpretations and attitudes.
④The processing results of new information have two effects on the cognitive schema: if the processing results are consistent with the original schema, it will strengthen the original schema; if there are contradictions, the original schema will be modified. , forming a new cognitive archetype
⑤ As a result of each information processing, whether it is the original archetype that is strengthened or a new archetype that is changed to form a new archetype, it will be used as a basis for analysis, reasoning or judgment to participate in the next information processing process.
Detailed Analysis of Possibility Theory
Social Psychologist Charlie Petty
Everyone processes information in two different ways
Detailed approach, using rigorous thinking to process information
Process information along the "central route"
Process information in a simpler and rougher way
Process information along the "peripheral route"
When everyone is closely related to the issues involved in the information, has a strong need for cognition, or has a strong sense of responsibility and has corresponding cognitive abilities, people will process the information in detail along the "core path", and vice versa. "Edge path" for general processing.
interpersonal communication
interpersonal communication
motivations for interpersonal communication
The primary motivation and purpose of personal communication
①Get information
②Establish effective social cooperation relationships
③Self-cognition and mutual recognition
American sociologist C·H Cooley’s concept of “the looking-glass self”
1902 "Human Nature and Social Order" was proposed
People's behavior depends to a large extent on their understanding of themselves, and this understanding is mainly formed through social interactions with others. Others' evaluations and attitudes towards themselves are a "mirror" that reflects themselves. Understand and grasp yourself through this "mirror"
The human self is formed in connection with others, including
①Imagination about how others “know” oneself
②Imagination about how others “evaluate” oneself
③The emotions of “knowledge” or “evaluation” of others
The first two items can only be obtained through contact and through the attitudes of others. This kind of self-perception with "self in the mirror" as the core depends on the degree of communication from others. The more active and multifaceted the communication activities are, the clearer the individual's "self in the mirror" will be, and the better the grasp of the self will be. The more objective and accurate it is
④In addition to self-awareness, mutual recognition is also an important condition for establishing effective social cooperation relationships.
⑤ Satisfying spiritual and psychological needs based on human sociality is also a basic motivation for individuals to engage in interpersonal communication activities
Seeking useful information about production, life and society to make environmental adaptation decisions, establish social collaborative relationships, self-recognition and mutual recognition, and meet people's spiritual and psychological needs are the basic motivations for individuals to engage in interpersonal communication.
Characteristics and social functions of interpersonal communication
It is roughly divided into two types: ① face-to-face communication ② communication through some tangible material media (such as letters, phone calls, telegrams, etc.)
Important characteristics of interpersonal communication, especially face-to-face interpersonal communication
① There are many channels and flexible methods for transmitting and receiving information in interpersonal communication.
②The meaning of interpersonal communication information is richer and more complex
③Interpersonal communication is highly bidirectional, with timely feedback and high frequency of interaction.
④Compared with organizational communication and mass communication, interpersonal communication is a kind of non-institutionalized communication
It is not that it is not affected by any institutional factors. Interpersonal communication is also a manifestation of social relations. Non-institutionalization refers to: the establishment of communication relationships is spontaneous, autonomous and non-mandatory, and interpersonal communication is mainly based on voluntary and consensual activities. Interpersonal communication is a relatively free and equal communication activity
Communication studies on the social function of interpersonal communication
①The role of interpersonal communication in personal social process
②The impact of interpersonal communication on the effectiveness of mass communication
Socialization
Definition: refers to the process of a person growing from a "natural person" to a "social person" after birth
From a personal perspective: refers to the process of individuals learning language, knowledge, skills, behavioral norms, etc. to adapt to the social environment
From a social perspective: it refers to the process in which social members form a generally consistent system of concepts, values, and social norms, thereby maintaining social order and ensuring the continuity of social development.
socialization of personal ideas
①The formation of self-concept
②The formation of social concepts (including basic views on others and society, acceptance of social values and behavioral norms, etc.)
Cooley's "looking-glass self" theory, Mead's "subject and object self" theory, French social psychologist G. Tarde's "social imitation" theory
The impact of interpersonal communication on the process and effects of mass communication
The main achievements include: "opinion leader" and "two-level communication" theory, and "innovation-popularization" theory.
Interpersonal communication and self-expression
Interpersonal communication is “multimedia” communication in the true sense
Essence: The activity of exchanging spiritual content (meaning) between individuals. The quality of the exchange of spiritual content depends to a large extent on its media (symbolic carrier).
Important reasons: multiple means of communication, wide channels, and flexible methods
The core of interpersonal communication: language
sound language
Interpersonal communication is also the most basic media for self-expression
written language
Based on the invention of writing, written language has become the most commonly used communication tool for interpersonal communication in situations where it is impossible or inconvenient to use vocal language.
Communication function of posture
Definition: One of the effective media of self-expression is gesture. In a narrow sense, it refers to gestures and various body postures, and in a broad sense, it includes expressions, looks, etc. composed of facial organ movements.
Function
①Emphasis on language
②Supplementary language
③Replace language
④Control language
⑤Express supra-linguistic meaning
Appearance and self-expression
Appearance is an important means of self-expression, and the information it conveys forms the first impression of interpersonal communication.
Modern society is an era of style and personality communication. Using appearance and image to show unique style and personality is the trend of modern fashion.
Self-expression and social value norms
The purpose of individuals' self-expression activities is to enable others to fully understand and evaluate themselves, otherwise such understanding and evaluation will not be possible.
Taking others as the target, and performing it in a specific social and cultural environment. If you do not take into account other people and social values and norms, and are blindly self-centered, then this kind of expression will not only not achieve good results, but will lead to misunderstandings and consequences. Personal social isolation.
Self-expression is not an isolated activity of an individual, but is connected with others and certain social values or behavioral norms. It should conform to the value scale of truth, goodness and beauty generally recognized by a society.
Not simply through deliberate modification, but by showing your true self so that the appeal of your personality can be fully exerted, so that you can truly be highly praised by those around you.