MindMap Gallery Basic theories and techniques for food microbiological testing
A mind map of the basic theories and techniques of food microbiology testing, including the pathogenesis of foodborne diseases and their influencing factors, antibacterial substances commonly used in food microbiology testing, etc.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Basic theories and techniques for food microbiological testing
Pathogenesis and influencing factors of foodborne diseases
body defense system
host immunity
barrier structure
Skin and mucosal barriers
blood brain barrier
blood-fetal barrier
phagocyte
antibacterial substances
Complement: can be activated by any antigen-antibody complex
Interferon: has broad-spectrum antiviral function
Inflammation
immune response
Recognize dissidents, have specificity and memory
Human gastrointestinal defense system
Gastrointestinal digestive juices (enzymes): gastric acid, bile acids, digestive enzymes
gastrointestinal immune system
Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract
High-risk groups
Children, the elderly, and those with low immunity
Pathogen virulence
Invasiveness
Adsorption and invasion capabilities
reproductive and dispersal abilities
Resistance to host defense functions
Resistance to host defense functions
toxin
endotoxin
All Gram-negative bacteria have
Exotoxins
Not all Gram-positive bacteria produce
Antibacterial substances commonly used in food microbiological testing
Inorganic salts
Sodium chloride: the most widely used selective agent
Amino acids
Glycine (commonly used for economic reasons)
Glycerin and phenethyl alcohol
Glycerin: Reduces water activity and inhibits bacteria that are intolerant to drying.
Phenylethyl alcohol: inhibits E. coli at a certain concentration, but does not inhibit Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Organic acids and their salts and derivatives
Emotional Elements of Value: Staying Patient and Focused
Bacterial growth and physiological and biochemical experiments
Check bacterial biochemical test range
Sugar (alcohol) metabolism test
Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism Test
Utilization test of organic acid salts and ammonium salts
respiratory enzyme test
Toxicity enzyme test
Acid-base indicator
Methyl red indicator liquid: color change range pH4.2~6.3 (red → yellow)
Bromocresol purple indicator liquid: color change range pH5.2~6.8 (yellow → purple)
Bromothymol blue indicator solution: color change range pH 6.0~7.6 (yellow → blue)
Phenol red indicator liquid: color change range pH6.8~8.0 (yellow → red)
Physiological and biochemical reactions commonly used in microbial testing
Carbohydrate decomposition test
Check whether there are bubbles in the small inverted tube. Tiny bubbles are also positive for gas production.
IMViC test (mostly used for bacteriological testing of food and drinking water)
鐲
Urease test
The culture medium changes from yellow to red, indicating positive
Triple Saccharide Iron (TSI) Test
Puncture inoculate and apply on high-rise slope
Utilizing sugar to produce acid or acid and gas (yellowing)
Produces hydrogen sulfide (black)
Hemolysis test (can identify bacteria)
Alpha-hemolysis: narrow translucent grass-green hemolysis ring
Beta-hemolysis: wide transparent hemolysis ring
γ-hemolysis: no hemolysis ring
Emotional elements of value: Rigorous operation, positive emotional investment
General inspection techniques
microscopy
Dyeing technology
Microbial inoculation technology
plate streak inoculation method
Solid bevel puncture inoculation method
Semi-solid puncture inoculation method
liquid inoculation
plate seeding method
Microbial isolation technology
pour plate method
coated plate method
plate streak separation method
Microbial culture and strain preservation technology
Disinfection and sterilization technology
Emotional elements of value: Inspectors can be proficient in general inspection techniques
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floating theme