MindMap Gallery Biological-cell communication and signal transduction
This is a mind map about communication and signal transduction between organisms and cells. It is introduced in detail and described comprehensively. I hope it will be helpful to interested friends!
Edited at 2023-12-04 20:51:26This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Intercellular communication and signal transduction
All life activities of the body require communication between cells
intercellular communication
definition
The signal sent by one cell is transmitted to another cell through the medium, and interacts with the special structure on the target cell, and then regulates the functional activities of the cell.
transmembrane signal transduction
Way
direct communication
contact dependent communication
Signaling molecules bound to the plasma membrane influence communication with other cells through direct contact
embryonic development period
Decisive influence on the differentiation of adjacent cells in tissues
gap junction communication
Exchange small molecules to achieve metabolic coupling or electrical coupling between cells
Except skeletal muscle cells and blood cells
indirect communication
Chemical messengers secreted by cells diffuse or transport to target cells and bind to specific receptors
relies on secretion of chemical messengers
endocrine
Endocrine gland cells or neuroendocrine cells to the blood
Paracrine
Cells secrete local chemical mediators into the extracellular fluid, where they diffuse locally and act on nearby target cells.
autocrine
Often found in pathological conditions
Transmission via neurochemical synapses
Electrical signaling releases neurotransmitters and then diffuses
chemical messenger
definition
Produced by organisms, it plays an efficient role in regulating the metabolism and physiological functions of the body.
local media for growth factors
Neurotransmitters
Various hormones
Cytokines
Classification
hydrophilicity
lipophilicity
cells secrete histamine
Nitric oxide
carbon monoxide
physical signal
receptors in intercellular communication
receptor
definition
A macromolecule that can recognize and selectively bind to a certain chemical messenger, mostly proteins
Classification
target cell location
intracellular receptor
Fat-soluble signaling molecules, steroid hormones, thyroxine, vitamin D, retinin
Transmembrane receptor/membrane-bound receptor
Recognition of binding hydrophilic signaling molecules
secreted signaling molecules
Neurotransmitters
peptide hormones
Cytokines
membrane-bound signaling molecules
cell surface antigen
cell surface adhesion molecules
Differences in signal transduction mechanisms
ion channel coupled receptor
G-protein coupled receptor
enzyme coupled receptor
Features
specificity
A receptor binds to a type or class of
Diversity
Functional effects are diverse
Different target cells respond differently to the same chemical messenger
The same chemical messenger has multiple types of messenger receptors with different affinities and different effects.
Different receptors on the same cell
saturation
Limited number of receptors
Reversibility
Influencing factors
messenger concentration
Number of receptors on target cells
Receptor affinity for the messenger
modulation of receptors
Up-regulation and down-regulation
Upregulate
When target cells are exposed to low concentrations of messengers for a long time, the number of receptors will increase compared with normal conditions.
Internalization
The process by which receptors on the cell membrane enter the cell through intracellular entry
Receptor desensitization and sensitization phenomena
Desensitization
Long-term use of certain agonists reduces responsiveness
Classification
homologous desensitization
After the cell binds to its specific ligand, it only loses responsiveness to its ligand.
heterologous desensitization
After cells bind to their specific ligands, they also lose their responsiveness to other ligands.
Receptor agonists and antagonists
agonist
Ligands that bind to receptors and produce biological responses
For example: raise blood pressure
Antidote
A ligand that binds to a receptor and cannot produce a biological response
For example: lower blood pressure
cell signal transduction mechanism
Classification
membrane-bound receptor-mediated signal transduction
Ion channel receptor-mediated signal transduction
leak channel
Chemically gated channel-mediated (ligand-gated channels/channel-type receptors)
Acetylcholine binds to N2 acetylcholine receptors (located in skeletal muscle cells) - ion channels
Sodium in and potassium out - action potential
voltage gate channel
electrical signal stimulation
Mechanically gated channel
force change stimulus
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signal transduction
Prerequisites
membrane receptor
G protein
Excitable Gs
Inhibitory Gi
G protein effector
second messenger
Conceptual distinction
first messenger
Extracellular chemical signals such as hormones and transmitters
The first messenger delivers the message to the cell membrane and then to the target molecules in the cytoplasm.
5 kinds
cAMP
cGMP
IP3
DAG
Ca2
protein kinase
Classification
serine/threonine protein kinase
tyrosine kinase
effect
Phosphorylation
Change the charge characteristics and conformation of substrate proteins, affecting activity
Classification
cAMP-PKA signaling pathway
DAG-PKC and IP3-Ca2 signaling pathway
G protein-ion channel receptor-mediated signal transduction
enzyme-coupled receptor-mediated signal transduction
Classification
The receptor itself has an enzyme
Tyrosine kinase receptor/guanylyl cyclase receptor, serine/arithmetic protein kinase receptor
The receptor itself does not have
Binds to tyrosine kinase receptor
Intracellular receptor-mediated signal transduction
process
1. Fat-soluble chemical messengers cross the cell membrane and enter the cell
2. Receptor binding regulates the activity of the transcription activation domain and becomes a transcription activator or repressor.
3. Binding of corresponding DNA regulatory sequences to regulate target cell gene expression