⑴Literature search

⑵Data retrieval

⑶Fact search

⑴Manual information retrieval

⑵Computer information retrieval

⑴Characteristic search

⑵Ethnicity search

⑴Search by fixed topic

⑵Backtracking search

⑴Full text search

⑵Multimedia retrieval

⑶Hypertext retrieval and hypermedia retrieval

Information resource collection refers to a collection of information related to a certain field that has been selectively collected, organized and processed. In order to ensure the speed and efficiency of information retrieval, it is necessary to perform some formal processing on the collection of information resources to form their characteristic representation, that is, to analyze and index them to make the originally implicit and difficult-to-identify features explicit. ization, and obtain the corresponding identification (such as classification number, subject heading, etc.). Storing these analyzed and extracted features and their identifiers forms an index database, which becomes the basis and standard for organizing and searching for information resources.

The collection of information needs of many users in different forms forms a collection of information needs. The information requirements put forward by users also need to be characterized, that is, the content of the requirements is analyzed, the subject concepts or other attributes are extracted, and the same identification system (i.e., retrieval language) as the information resource collection is used to represent the concepts contained in the requirements. and attributes, so as to obtain the characteristic representation of user needs - question-formation.

In order to quickly obtain the information and knowledge required by users from a collection of information resources, information retrieval is required to provide a "matching" mechanism. The main function of this mechanism is to compare and judge the information demand set and the information resource set based on a certain similarity standard, and then select information that meets the user's needs. On the basis of the characteristic representation of the information resource collection and the combination of information requirements, the matching between them is simplified to the matching between the question and the established ordered index library.

The Boolean retrieval model uses Boolean algebra and set theory methods, uses Boolean expressions to express user questions, and retrieves documents through logical operations on document identifiers and question formulas. The most commonly used logical operators are Boolean logical operators. The main logical operators are logical "AND", logical "OR", and logical "NOT". They are AND (or *), OR (or), NOT (-) respectively. express. Advantages: There are fewer logical operators, and the question structure is simple and easy to modify; Disadvantages: There is no weight difference between keywords in the search, the search results are not ranked by importance, the recall rate is difficult to control, and the user's semantic extraction ability is required to be high.

The vector space retrieval model is a new type of retrieval model constructed using linear algebra theory and methods. Its basic premise is to regard both retrieval documents and retrieval questions as a set of numerical vectors. These values ​​form a space vector graph, thus converting the document and question matching process in information retrieval into document vectors and questions in vector space. Vector similarity calculation problem. The relevance of a certain document to a certain question is determined by retrieving the similarity between the vector pairs.

The probabilistic model is an information retrieval model that is simple to implement and has good effects. Its basic idea is: given a user asking a question, there is an ideal result set in the retrieval system that only contains documents related to the question, denoted as R. If we can know the characteristics and description of the set R, we can find all relevant documents and exclude all irrelevant documents.

Fuzzy retrieval treats documents as questions related to a certain extent. For each indexing word, there is a fuzzy collection of documents related to it. For a given indexing word, each document is represented by a membership function. The degree of correlation with the word, that is, the degree of membership, takes a value on [0, 1], 0 means not relevant, 1 means completely relevant, the larger the value, the higher the correlation.

① Classification language: also called taxonomy. It uses classification numbers to express subject concepts, organizes and arranges subject concepts into a category system based on knowledge classification, and mainly uses the structure of the category system to display the relationship between concepts. Systematization centered on disciplines and majors is its main feature. It can be subdivided into system classification language, combination classification language, and system-combination classification language.

②Theme language: also known as the theme method. It is an indexing language that directly expresses the subject concepts by controlled natural language words, arranges the subject concepts in alphabetical order of the words, and mainly uses reference to display the relationship between concepts. Thing-centered immediacy is its main feature. It can be further divided into title language, unit word language, descriptor language, and keyword language.

①Pre-assembled language: refers to an indexing language in which the marks have been assembled during tabulation (before indexing), and there is no need or less need for assembly during indexing and retrieval. For example, the title method in the subject method falls into this category. type.

② Post-grouping language: It refers to an indexing language in which the marks are mainly used for configuration, and the marks are not grouped together during indexing, but are grouped together during retrieval, such as unit lexical method and descriptor method.

③Scattered group language: It refers to an indexing language in which marks are mainly used for combination, and when indexing, several marks that express the theme concept must be grouped together.

①Controlled language: refers to the identification vocabulary of information organization and the index vocabulary of information retrieval that have been optimized and standardized before use, and the entire language is often under the management of an authoritative organization or retrieval system. This language is also called a normalized language, as opposed to a natural language. For example, the title language, unit word language, thesaurus language, system classification language, etc. in the subject method are all controlled languages.

②Natural language: refers to the index vocabulary and search vocabulary that come directly from the document itself and have not been optimized and standardized before use, as opposed to controlled language. Such as the keyword language in the subject method.

⑴Retrieve documents

⑵Information storage and retrieval equipment

⑶Search rules

⑷Personnel

⑴Manual search system

⑵Design and equipment retrieval system

⑶Computer retrieval system

⑴Retrieval tools: tools that can be used to report, store and find various types of information, including traditional secondary and tertiary printing retrieval tools, online databases and CD-ROM databases for computers and networks, as well as various network retrievals such as search engines tool.

⑵ Sorting method: The sorting method of search tools refers to a method in which all entries are arranged into a system according to certain rules to facilitate retrieval. From the perspective of use, it is called the arrangement method, from the perspective of retrieval, it is called the retrieval method, and the two are collectively called the sorting method.

⑴According to search method

⑵Press search object

⑶According to the collection range

Boolean logic retrieval is a retrieval method that uses Boolean logic relational operators in Boolean algebra to express the logical relationship between search terms.

Boolean logical operators

Truncation search: refers to a retrieval method that uses special truncation symbols to indicate that a certain part of the search word is allowed to have certain word form changes during search, and uses the stem or incomplete word form of the search word to find information, and It is considered that any document that satisfies all the characters in the word part is a hit document. In the actual retrieval process, in order to reduce the input amount of search terms, expand the search scope, and ensure the recall rate, truncation search can be used.

There are many ways to truncate words. According to the truncation position, it can be divided into back (right) truncation, middle truncation and front (left) truncation; according to the number of truncated characters, it can be divided into limited truncation and infinite truncation. Limited truncation refers to specifying the number of characters to be intercepted, usually represented by "?"; unlimited truncation refers to not specifying the number of characters to be intercepted, represented by "*".

Positional retrieval: Also known as proximity retrieval, it mainly uses positional operators to specify and limit the relative positions between search terms, or to implement retrieval technology at specific positions in records. Position retrieval mainly has the following levels: word position retrieval, same sentence retrieval, and same field retrieval.

Restricted search: It is a method to constrain and optimize search results by limiting the search scope. There are many ways to limit retrieval. Commonly used ones include field limit retrieval and limiter limit retrieval.

Weighted retrieval: During the retrieval, each search term is assigned a numerical value indicating its importance, that is, the "weight". During the retrieval process, documents containing these words are weighted and calculated, and the sum of the weights is within the specified value. (called the threshold) will be output as search results, and the size of the weight can reflect the relevance of the detected documents. Currently, there are two basic weighted retrieval methods: word weighted retrieval and word frequency weighted retrieval.

Full-text retrieval technology: It is a technology that uses the content of information materials, such as text, sounds, images, etc., as the main processing object, rather than its external characteristics to achieve information retrieval. By providing fast data management tools and powerful data query methods, full-text retrieval technology provides an effective way for people to quickly and conveniently obtain the original text of a document instead of document clues, and has become the core supporting technology of full-text database systems and search engines.

The meaning of full-text retrieval system➕Existing problems

(Full-text retrieval system: It is a software system established according to the full-text retrieval theory and used to provide full-text retrieval services. The core of the full-text retrieval system has functions such as establishing indexes, processing queries and returning result sets, adding indexes, and optimizing index structures.

Problems: ① The object stored in the full-text retrieval system is the information source itself, not the information clues, so it takes up a lot of space; ② The system response speed is slow; ③ The full-text retrieval system uses natural language indexing and retrieval, which results in false connections and wrong combinations. It's inevitable. )

Multimedia information retrieval technology: refers to a retrieval technology that analyzes the content semantics and extracts features of multiple types of media objects such as images, audios, and videos based on user needs, and performs similarity matching based on these features. According to the retrieval content, it can be divided into image retrieval technology, video retrieval technology and audio retrieval technology.

Intelligent information retrieval technology: It is a technology that uses artificial intelligence computer technology to conduct information retrieval. It can simulate the way of thinking of the human brain, analyze user requests through retrieval expressed in natural language, and automatically form a retrieval strategy for intelligent, fast and efficient information retrieval. It includes natural language understanding technology, intelligent agent technology, machine learning, knowledge discovery technology, etc.

Data mining technology: refers to data processing technology that extracts hidden, unknown but potentially useful information and knowledge from large, incomplete, fuzzy, noisy, and random data in large databases or data warehouses. Data mining tasks mainly include association analysis, cluster analysis, classification, prediction, time series patterns, deviation analysis, etc.

Natural language retrieval: means that users can enter search requirements expressed in natural language during retrieval. During the retrieval process, after the search tool receives the user's search question, it first uses a banned word list to eliminate those questions that have no substantive topics. meaningful words, and then search the remaining words as keywords.

Fuzzy retrieval: also known as concept retrieval, means that the search tool can not only retrieve information content containing the specified search terms, but also retrieve information that is the same as the subject concept of the search terms.

Related search: It is a search technology provided by most search engines at present. It means that when searching using keywords, in addition to getting the corresponding search results, some keywords related to the search terms will also appear on the search page. Click these keywords to get the corresponding search results.

The conventional method, also known as the instrumental method, is currently the most commonly used information resource retrieval method. It refers to the method of directly searching for document information using various retrieval tools such as abstracts, bibliographies, and indexes, or various computer retrieval systems.

⑴Sequential search method: It is a method of searching for information from far to near in chronological order and according to the starting era of the search topic. Suitable for searching theoretical or academic topics.

⑵Backward search method: It is a method of searching from near to far in chronological order until the needs of information retrieval are met. It is mostly used to search for new topics or old topics with new content, or for retrieval topics that have a certain foundation in research on a topic and need to understand its latest developments.

⑶Spot check method: Based on the characteristics of the retrieval topic, the method is to select the time period when the literature information related to the topic is most likely to appear or appear most to conduct a focused search. It is a search method that takes less time and obtains more documents.

Backtracking method: also known as the citation method, refers to the method of using the references, related bibliographies, recommended articles and citation notes attached at the end of the document as the search entry based on the citations and references between the documents. Citation relationships reveal some internal connections between documents and then find more related documents.

Comprehensive method: also called alternating method or circular method, it refers to a search method that combines the conventional method and the backtracking method. That is, when searching for document information, both general search methods and reference citations attached to the original document are used. The literature serves as the search portal, and the two methods are used alternately in stages and periodically. It is very helpful to improve retrieval efficiency.

Content characteristics of the document: including the things discussed in the document, the questions raised, the basic concepts involved, and the subject scope to which the document content belongs.

⑴Classification approach

⑵Theme approach

The external characteristics of a document refer to the visible features marked on the surface of the document carrier, such as title, author, serial number, etc.

⑴ Title route

⑵Author path

⑶Number route

⑶Citation route

Information retrieval strategy: It is an information retrieval plan designed based on retrieval questions and using retrieval methods and technologies. Its purpose is to achieve a certain recall rate and precision rate.

⑴In a narrow sense: it refers to the construction of retrieval question expressions, that is, using the specific retrieval technology of the retrieval system to determine the logical relationship between search terms to form a retrieval question expression that expresses the user's information needs.

⑵In a broad sense: it refers to selecting the search system and search tools, clarifying the search approaches and methods, determining the logical relationship between the search terms and the best solution for the search steps on the basis of analyzing the substantive content of the search topic and clarifying the search goals. A series of scientific arrangements.

⑴Analyze and study information retrieval topics

⑵Choose information retrieval tools

⑶Determine information retrieval method

⑷ Grasp the clues to obtain original information

⑸Get original information

⑴Analysis and retrieval topics

2. Select the search system and database

3. Determine the search terms

4. Construct search question expressions

5. Experimental searches and modified search strategies

6. Implement search

① Expand the scope of information resources included in the retrieval system database and improve the quality of information resources.

②The search topic must conform to the included content of the database.

③The description content of the database must be detailed and accurate, with complete auxiliary indexes, good index language specificity, and high indexing quality.

① Users must have certain knowledge of search language and be able to correctly select search terms and rationally use operators to fully and accurately express the topic of information needs.

② Flexibly use various search technologies, search methods and search methods.

③Able to use a combination of comprehensive retrieval system and professional retrieval system to implement cross-database retrieval.

④ Develop an optimized search strategy, accurately express the search requirements, try multiple searches, and continuously adjust the search strategy as background knowledge increases.

⑤ Adopt a rigorous scientific attitude, carefully follow the retrieval operation steps, prevent operational errors, and maximize the role of the retrieval system.

⑥According to the needs of different retrieval topics, reasonably consider and adjust the requirements for recall rate and precision rate.

Network information resources: Information in various forms such as text, images, sounds, animations, videos, etc. is stored in the form of electronic data in non-paper printed carriers such as magneto-optical materials, and is reproduced through network communications, computers or terminals. The incoming and outgoing information resources are the sum of various information resources available through the computer network.

⑴Large amount of information and rich content

⑵Information is updated in a timely manner and changes are accelerated

⑶Diversified forms of information expression

⑷ Information is arranged non-linearly and disorder is enhanced

(The amount of information is large and widely disseminated; the information content is rich and diverse; the information is timely, dynamic and unstable; the existence state is scattered and disorderly, but the degree of correlation is high; the value of information varies greatly and is difficult to manage)

Many network information resources have counterparts to traditional information resources, and have been organized digitally and networked to form network information resources, including: library catalogs, e-books, reference books, databases, and other types of information.

Information exchange requires certain media and carriers. These carriers include formal publications, semi-formal publications, and informal publications. Therefore, network information can also be divided into: informal published information, semi-formal publications, and formal publications.

Instructions, information units, documentation, information resources

A file is a collection of orderly organized data and is the basic unit for computers to save processing results. The computer has a complete set of file processing technologies and methods that can realize "access by file name". The file management program can automatically complete the data transfer operation according to the file name given by the user. The function of the file transfer protocol FTP that we are familiar with is to transfer various types of text and non-text files to users through the network.

(FTP: File Transfer Protocol. It is a set of standard protocols for file transfer on the network. FTP allows users to communicate with another host in the form of file operations. However, users are not actually logged in to the computer they want to access. You can use the FTP program to access remote resources and enable users to transfer files back and forth, manage directories, and access emails, even if the computers on both sides may be equipped with different operating systems and file storage methods.

Hypertext method: Hypertext is a new type of information organization method and is the basis of network information organization. A major feature of hypertext technology is the nonlinear arrangement of information. It uses nodes as the basic unit, and the nodes are connected by link points to organize the information into a certain network structure. Another major feature is the diversity of its information expression forms. Hypertext information can be in various media forms such as text, graphics, images, sounds, animations, etc., so it can also be called "hypermedia".

Database organization method: All obtained network information resources are stored in a fixed record format. Users can find the required information clues (i.e., related site links) through keyword and combination queries, and directly use the information clues to Connect to appropriate network information resources.

Search engine method: Search engine refers to a type of tool on the Internet that specifically provides query services. It is currently one of the main ways to organize secondary information on the Internet. Although the information collected in this way is rich and extensive, it is of mixed quality and has a low accuracy rate.

Topic tree organization method: Information resources are organized layer by layer according to a certain predetermined conceptual system structure. Users select layer by layer through browsing and traverse layer by layer until they find the required information clues and pass them through. Information clues directly find the corresponding network information resources. Some well-known Internet search tools, such as Yahoo! InfoSeek and others organize information resources in this way.

Generalized network information resource retrieval includes two aspects: network information resource sorting and network information resource search.

⑴ Network information resource sorting: It is the process of collecting, analyzing and indexing information connected to the Internet according to certain rules, and organizing, sorting and storing it in databases and other ways to form a retrieval tool or retrieval system;

⑵Network information resource search: refers to the process of using the Internet as a retrieval platform, using corresponding network information retrieval tools, and using certain network information retrieval technologies and strategies to find the required information from a collection of network information resources.

The organization of network information resources is the basis and prerequisite for network information search. Network information resource retrieval in the narrow sense only refers to the search link in the broad concept.

⑴Wide search range

⑵User-friendly interface

⑶Interactive operation mode

⑷Integration of traditional retrieval technology and network retrieval technology

⑸High retrieval efficiency

⑹ Large information redundancy

Browsing generally refers to information browsing in a hypertext file structure, that is, when users read a hypertext document, they use hyperlinks in the document to go from one web page to another related web page. The characteristics of this retrieval method are that it does not rely on any retrieval tools, the retrieval purpose is not strong, and the retrieval results are unpredictable.

Using search engines to conduct network information retrieval is currently a commonly used retrieval method. Enter the search engine website address in the browser to open the homepage of the website. Enter the search term in the search box on the homepage of the website. The search engine will soon return the search results list. By clicking on the hyperlink in the search results list, you can enter the relevant website. Find the information you need. The advantages of this method are that it is simple and easy to learn, saves time and effort, has fast retrieval speed and wide retrieval range. However, it is difficult to control the relevancy and accuracy of retrieval, and the retrieval quality fluctuates greatly.

Network navigation is a directory-type retrieval system based on a classification system, and it is also a commonly used information retrieval method. Users log in to the network navigation website and click on specific URL links to find the content they are interested in. They can also click on the category list to make more specific choices. Network navigation is provided by professionals who are responsible for resource description, which is of high quality and plays an important guiding role in discovering network information. However, network navigation based on manual description also has its limitations.

As network information construction becomes more and more specialized, a large number of professional resource systems appear on the network. These professional resource systems generally focus on the construction of a specific field or a specific type of resources. Under the premise of manual participation, they realize the storage, management, maintenance and update of a large number of organized information resources through professional platforms, and publish them on the Internet. Provide query services to users with the help of a specific web page, which is customarily called a database or data resource library, information resource library, etc. Such as CNKI, VIP Resource Information System, Wanfang Data Resource Information System, etc.

⑴Information collection subsystem

⑵Database

⑶Search agent software

⑴ Extensive collection of various network information resources through manual collection or automatic tracking and indexing procedures of the data collection subsystem;

⑵After a series of judgment, selection, indexing, processing, classification, organization, etc., the database management system is used to organize and form a database for retrieval, create a directory index, and provide relevant information to users in the form of Web pages. Resource navigation, directory indexing and retrieval interface.

⑶Users construct search questions according to their own search requirements and the grammatical requirements of the search tool, and enter search questions through the search interface.

⑷After the retrieval software identifies and determines the user's search questions, it searches the database on behalf of the user based on the user's search questions, evaluates and compares the search results and sorts them by relevance before submitting them to the user.

1) Classify by search content

2) Classification according to the type of information resources retrieved

⑴Inclusion scope

⑵Search function

⑶Retrieval efficiency

⑷User interface

⑸Search result processing and display

Multimedia information retrieval is to retrieve information from multimedia such as graphics, images, text, sounds, animations, etc. according to the user's requirements to obtain the information the user needs. Divided into text-based retrieval and content-based retrieval information.

At present, the main research hotspots of cross-language information retrieval include: cross-language information retrieval auxiliary technology methods, language conversion methods, information organization and retrieval models, etc. At the same time, there are still some issues that need further research, such as semantic-based information retrieval, application-oriented Oriented cross-language retrieval platform, correlation search result merging, visualization processing, etc. will become new research directions.

The intelligent information system is developed from word extraction and full-text retrieval. It is an artificial intelligence retrieval system based on the relevance of search terms and has high judgment, understanding and processing capabilities for search terms. In recent years, intelligent information retrieval based on semantics, agents, and ontology has become a research hotspot.

Retrieval visualization is the application of information visualization technology in information retrieval. It refers to converting document information, user questions, various information retrieval models, and internal semantic relationships invisible during the information retrieval process into graphics, a two-dimensional or three-dimensional visualization. displayed in space.

The current rapid development of artificial intelligence, and the gradual application of machine learning, neural network and other technologies, have greatly promoted the development of intelligent question and answer systems, producing some representative products, including automated question and answer platforms, voice question and answer robots, etc. The one-question-one-answer service method of these intelligent question and answer systems facilitates and accurately locates user needs, enables real-time interaction, and greatly improves the degree of personalized service.

It refers to a search engine that does not have clear restrictions on the scope and type of resources included. The inclusion scope of this type of search engine includes the entire Internet, and resource types include all common resource types such as web pages, videos, audios, image files, etc. The more well-known comprehensive search engines include Google, Baidu, Yahoo, Bing, Sogou, etc.

It refers to a professional search engine that limits the scope of resource collection to a specific field or type. It is a subdivision and extension of search engines. It integrates information in specific fields on the Internet and is aimed at the low accuracy of comprehensive search engines. , a new search engine service model proposed due to insufficient search depth and other problems.

Also known as a single search engine or a regular search engine. It refers to a search engine that independently has a searcher, indexer, index database, retriever, and user interface, and does not rely on other search engines for its work. The more common independent search engines include Google, Baidu, etc.

Also known as multiple search engines or integrated search engines. It refers to a search engine that helps users search in multiple search engines through a unified user interface and optimizes the search results. Metasearch engine is the integration, call, control and optimized utilization of multiple independent search engines. In the process of metasearch, the called search engine is called a source search engine or an independent search engine, which is a search engine in the usual sense. Metasearch engines generally consist of three parts: user interface, search agent and result optimization.

Also known as a classified index or web resource guide, it is a website-level browser-based search engine. It uses professional information personnel to collect network resource site information manually or semi-automatically, and uses manual methods to describe the collected websites, and compiles a hierarchical structure directory for browsing and retrieval according to a certain subject classification system.

Also known as a robot search engine or keyword search engine, it is a web-level search engine. It mainly uses an automatic tracking and indexing software called a web robot, web spider or web crawler to analyze hyperlinks of web pages in an automatic way, relies on hyperlink and HTML code analysis to obtain web page information content, and uses automatic search and automatic indexing. Automatic summarization and other pre-designed rules and methods are used to establish and maintain its index database, and provide users with a search interface in a web format for users to enter search keywords, phrases or logical combinations for search, and its background search agent software replaces The user finds records matching the search query in the index database, and the search results are fed back to the user.

The Chinese name is Google. Google is both a company name and a search engine. Founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. It is currently the world's largest search engine, providing convenient online information query methods and query services, and promoting global information exchange.

The network resource organization has a wide range; supports many languages; adopts new technologies; and has strong system functions.

Web retrieval; image retrieval; advanced search; Google web directory.

Baidu search engine is the world's largest Chinese search engine. It is a product of Baidu. Baidu was founded in Zhongguancun, Beijing in January 2000. The founders are Robin Li and Xu Yong. The word "Baidu" originated from the Chinese poet Xin Qiji's "Qingyu Case. Yuanxi" in the Song Dynasty, which means "Looking for him in thousands of Baidu", which symbolizes Baidu's persistent pursuit of Chinese information retrieval technology.

Features

Function

It is a search engine launched by Microsoft. It was released on May 28, 2009. The simplified Chinese version was opened on June 1, 2009. The Chinese name must have the meaning of "response to all requests".

In addition to web search, the simplified Chinese version of Bing also provides vertical search services such as image search, video search, information search, and map search. The English version also provides vertical search services such as travel, history, and shopping. The interface is soft, and the home page is backgrounded by constantly updated pictures. For certain search terms, Bing will classify the detection results.

China Knowledge Infrastructure Project (CNKI) is a key national informatization project with the goal of realizing the sharing and value-added utilization of knowledge and information resources throughout society.

China Journal Network, also known as China National Knowledge Infrastructure or Knowledge Innovation Network, is an important part of the CNKI project. It is an information resource system that integrates journals, papers, patents and newspaper information. Users can use it through China Journal Network Database products.

The main series of Chinese source database products that CNKI has launched include: China Journal Full-text Database, China Doctoral Thesis Full-text Database, China Excellent Master's Thesis Full-text Database, China's Important Newspaper Full-text Database, China's Important Conference Paper Full-text Database, etc. There are three user service modes: online package library, mirror site, and full-text CD, and IP identity authentication is used to confirm legitimate users.

China Journal Full-text Database (CJFD) is a large-scale, integrated, multi-functional, continuously dynamically updated Internet-based journal full-text database developed on the basis of "Chinese Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition)". It is the most distinctive feature of CNKI. A literature database.

① It integrates bibliography, abstracts, and full-text information to achieve a high degree of integration of massive data and a one-stop literature information retrieval.

②The knowledge content is organized with reference to the popular knowledge classification system at home and abroad, and the database has a knowledge classification navigation function.

③ There are multiple search entrances. Users can not only conduct primary searches through a single search entrance, but also use Boolean logic operators and other flexible search questions to conduct advanced searches.

④ It has citation search and link functions. In addition to building relevant knowledge networks, it can also be used for measurement and evaluation of individuals, institutions, papers, journals, etc.

⑤ The full-text information is completely digitized. By downloading the most advanced reader software for free, the original layout structure and style of the journal article can be displayed and printed without distortion.

⑥ Diversified product forms and timely data updates can meet the personalized information needs of users of different types, industries and sizes.

⑦Every paper in the database has obtained a clear electronic publishing authorization.

⑧Database exchange service centers throughout the country and overseas, coupled with year-round user training and efficient technical support.

① Primary search

②Advanced search

③Professional search

④Search results

⑤Special services

Chongqing VIP Information Co., Ltd. is a large-scale professional data company affiliated to the Southwest Information Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology. Since 1989, it has been committed to the in-depth development, promotion and application of newspapers and other information resources.

The VIP Information Network, also known as Tianyuan Data Network, developed by the company in 2000, has developed into a world-famous Chinese information service website and the largest comprehensive literature service network in China after years of commercial operations, and has become an important strategic partner of Google Search. The largest Chinese content cooperation website with Google Scholar.

The three important databases on VIP Information Network are: Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Citation Database and Foreign Science and Technology Journal Abstract Database.

The Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database is the largest comprehensive full-text database in China developed by Chongqing VIP Information Co., Ltd. in 1989. A CD-ROM version of the database was published in 1992, and an online version of the database service began in 1999.

① It is the Chinese journal database that contains the largest number of domestic journals, the longest period of time, and the largest amount of professional literature.

② Citing common rules such as the China National Library of Science and Technology of China for classification indexing and subject indexing, and implementing the ISO9001 international quality management system, it is a standardized database with higher quality assurance.

③ Adopt domestic first-class full-text retrieval core and international standard PDF full-text data format to implement faster, more stable and clearer database retrieval services.

④The unique synonym library and author library with the same name can more accurately locate the user's search request.

⑤The personalized "My Database" service function can save the user's search history, collected full-text documents, and various customized search plans.

The Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database provides five search methods: fast search, advanced search, traditional search, classification search and journal navigation. It limits the search scope through subject categories and data years, and uses logical operators and or not to construct search terms or express logical combination relationships.

①Quick search

②Advanced search

③Traditional search

④Category search

⑤Journal Navigation

⑥Search result display, output and full text browsing

⑦Document correlation function

Wanfang Data Co., Ltd. is the first joint-stock high-tech industry in China with information services as its core industry.

The foreign data resource system is a large-scale scientific and technological business information platform developed and established by Beijing Wanfang Data Co., Ltd. The system began to provide services to the outside world in August 1997. In June 2009, the Wanfang Data Resource System was fully upgraded to the Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform. As the largest comprehensive knowledge information service platform in the country, its data resources are complete and the search methods Personalization, diversified knowledge network expansion, and scientific file management can provide users with comprehensive online information services.

The database resources of Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform provide readers with more than 100 databases in several resource sections such as academic papers, academic journals, theses, conference papers, patented technologies, Chinese and foreign standards, scientific and technological achievements, policies, regulations and institutions. Provide information retrieval services.

The Wanfang Academic Journal Database is an important part of the Wanfang Data knowledge service platform. It collects the full-text content of a variety of science and technology, humanities and social science journals, most of which are core journals that have entered the statistical source of scientific papers of the Ministry of Science and Technology.

①Browse

②Search

③Processing of search results

The Book and Newspaper Information Center of Renmin University of China (hereinafter referred to as the Book and Newspaper Information Center) was established in 1958. It has now developed into a comprehensive, cross-media modern publishing organization and new resource service that also operates periodical publishing, online electronic publishing, information consulting and other businesses. mechanism.

The printed version of "Photocopied Journal Materials" selected by the Book and Newspaper Data Center has become the most influential social science literature database in China due to its wide coverage, large amount of information, scientific classification, strict screening, and reasonable and complete structure. Since 2001, Beijing Boliqun Company has produced and distributed an online version of the National People's Congress photocopied newspaper and periodical information database, including a full-text database, a digital journal database, a newspaper and periodical index database, a newspaper and periodical database, a catalog database and a special research database.

The full-text database of Renmin University's photocopied newspapers and periodicals is a collection of social science and humanities documents selected by more than 100 experts, scholars, and professors hired by the Renmin University of China Book and Newspaper Data Center from more than 6,000 core journals and newspapers published nationwide. This database has very important reference value for researchers, teachers and students of various schools in their studies and research.

⑴Has full search function

⑵Academic and authoritative

⑶ Be novel and innovative

①Simple query

②Advanced query

③User customization and auxiliary functions

Conference documents: refers to the materials and publications produced at domestic and foreign academic and non-academic conferences, including conference papers, conference documents, conference reports, discussion papers, etc., among which conference papers are the most important conference documents.

⑴ Strong professionalism and high academic level;

⑵The content is novel and timely;

⑶Large amount of information and concentrated professional content;

⑷High reliability;

⑸Flexible and diverse publishing forms, etc.

⑴Divided according to the order of publication time: pre-conference documents, mid-conference documents, and post-conference documents

⑵Divided by publication form: books, journals, scientific and technological reports, audio-visual materials

CNKI China's important conference paper full-text database

Wanfang academic conference paper database

Shanghai Library Conference Information Database

CALIS academic conference paper library

China Conference Network, China Academic Conference Online and other professional websites, conference sites, etc.

The ISI Web of Knowledge retrieval platform of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) integrates the scientific and technological conference proceedings citation index and the social science conference proceedings index into ISI Proceedings, which is included in the ISI Web of Science database, referred to as WSOP. A collection of the latest published conference paper materials in the world.

"Conference Paper Index" was founded by the American Data Express Company in 1973. It was originally called "Recent Conference Forecast" and was renamed in 1978 as a monthly publication. Provide timely information on the latest research advances in science, technology and medicine. The current issue of "Conference Paper Index" includes a classification table, conference address table, main text and index.

The American Conference Proceedings Index Database is the online version of the Conference Proceedings Index, which collects information on conferences and conference documents around the world since 1982, and provides an index of conference papers and announcement conferences.

Thesis is produced with the implementation of the degree system. It is an academic research paper written by graduates of colleges and universities or scientific research institutions to obtain degree qualifications.

⑴ The content should be specific and original: Dissertations, especially doctoral theses, generally discuss relatively specialized topics and often contain important information or novel and original academic viewpoints, which have great reference value.

⑵Special publication form: The purpose of dissertations is only for review and defense. Most of them are not published publicly, but are kept in the form of printed copies in the library of the degree-granting institution or other prescribed collection locations.

⑶ Huge number and decentralized management: With the increasing scale of degree education, colleges and universities or scientific research institutions around the world produce a large number of master's and doctoral theses every year. These dissertations are generally collected in various granting units or designated locations. It's more difficult to get up.

⑴According to the level of the degree awarded, it can be divided into bachelor's thesis, master's thesis and doctoral thesis;

⑵According to the discipline and major studied by the degree applicant, thesis can be divided into social science thesis and natural science thesis;

⑶ According to the country of the awarding unit, dissertations include domestic dissertations and foreign dissertations;

⑷ According to the language of the dissertation, it can be divided into Chinese dissertation, Japanese dissertation, English dissertation, etc.

Consult printed reference books, such as: "China Dissertation Bulletin", "China Doctoral Dissertation Abstracts", etc.

One is comprehensive or professional search tools, such as: "Chemical Abstracts" and "Science Abstracts" all include dissertations in their respective fields;

The second is specialized thesis retrieval tools, such as: International Dissertation Abstracts, CNKI China's Excellent Doctoral and Master's Thesis Full-text Database, Wanfang China Dissertation Database, CALIS University Dissertation Database, etc.;

Third, the website of the thesis collection institution of the university library provides the database of thesis collected by the institution, such as: Peking University Dissertation Database, Tsinghua University Dissertation Service System, etc.

It is the world's largest and most widely used international dissertation abstract index database. It provides 18 search languages, including Chinese, and searches mainly through browsing, basic search, and advanced search.

Who has an online dissertation co-construction and sharing project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of the United States? Utilizing the OAI's joint catalog of theses and dissertations, we provide users with free dissertation abstracts, as well as the full text of some freely accessible dissertations.

Patent: refers to a legally protected, technologically exclusive right granted to patent applicants by the patent administration department in accordance with the law in a country that has established a patent system. Patents usually include three levels of meaning: patent rights, patented inventions, and patent documents.

Patent literature: It is the general name for official documents and publications produced by national and international patent organizations that implement the patent system during the approval process. It is an important information source that integrates technical, legal and economic aspects. Patent documents in a broad sense mainly include the following types: patent specifications, patent gazettes, and patent classifications.

(Intellectual property rights: refers to the exclusive rights that people enjoy in accordance with the law regarding the results of their intellectual labor. It is usually the exclusive right or exclusive right granted by the state to creators over their intellectual achievements for a certain period of time.)

⑴ Detailed content and novel technology.

⑵The amount of literature is large and covers a wide range of fields.

⑶ It spreads rapidly and has a large number of repeated reports.

⑷The content is limited and technically conservative.

Novelty search: usually also called novelty search, advanced nature search or authorization prospect search. By searching patent documents, we can determine whether a technical subject is attractive and creative as stipulated in the Patent Law.

Thematic search: A worldwide search of patent and non-patent documents on a certain technical topic to retrieve all relevant documents.

Through patent family search, you can learn about the patent applications for the same subject technology in multiple countries to determine the regional protection scope of this patent.

Legal status search: It includes patent infringement search and validity search.

Tracking and retrieval: Regular tracking of a certain major can help you understand the development direction of related technologies and master the latest patent information.

The British Derwent Company is a world-famous patent document publishing organization founded in 1951.

The "World Patent Document Search Tool" published by the company is the patent document search tool with the widest coverage, the largest scale and the most complete search system in the world. It uses English to report patent information in more than 30 countries and regions, two international patent organizations and two international patent publications in the world in the form of bibliography and abstracts, by country and by profession.

It is published quickly and has various media. In addition to printed retrieval tools, it also has microfilm, disk and optical disk databases and other forms, and is widely used by countries around the world.

The "China Patent Bulletin" includes three volumes: "Invention Patent Bulletin", "Utility Model Patent Bulletin" and "Design Patent Bulletin".

It reports in the form of abstracts or bibliographies the disclosure specifications, approval specifications, authorization announcements and invention patent affairs announcements published within a week.

Updated weekly, it aims to quickly report on my country's recent patent situation. You can learn about my country's latest patent situation through the patent bulletin.

In order to facilitate the retrospective retrieval of my country's patent documents, the State Intellectual Property Office published the "China Patent Index". The index reports on the disclosure, review, announcement and authorization of invention patents, utility model patents and design patents during the cumulative period. It is now a quarterly publication.

The "China Patent Index" is now published in three volumes: "Classification Number Index", "Applicant and Patentee Index" and "Application Number and Patent Number Index". Users can obtain the classification number, invention title, application number, patent number, applicant or patentee, and the volume and issue number of the corresponding patent bulletin by querying any index.

One is through printed search tools, such as "Patent Gazette", "China Patent Index", "China Patent Abstract", etc.;

The second is through CD-based retrieval systems, such as China Patent Abstracts Database, China Patent Specifications Database, etc.;

The third is to use network-based search systems, such as the China Intellectual Property Office Patent Search System, China Patent Information Network, China Intellectual Property Network, CNKI China Patent Database, etc. These patent databases, intellectual property rights and patent websites are frequently used patent information retrieval methods.

The network search system for patent information resources greatly exceeds the search scope of traditional patent search tools in terms of search space. Not only is it rich in data resources, many patent databases can also provide valuable information such as the full text of patent specifications;

At the same time, the patent information resource network retrieval system provides multi-language retrieval, which has high retrieval efficiency, is not limited by time and space, and has strong retrieval timeliness;

In addition, the patent information resource network search system provides multiple search methods such as classified browsing, simple search, menu search, etc. It also provides online help, operation guides and many other auxiliary functions.

The USPTO patent database is an online patent database provided by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). It provides retrieval services for bibliographies, abstracts, and full text of patent specifications including drawings of U.S. patents through the Internet. The data is updated weekly.

It can be divided into two parts: authorized patent database and patent application database.

The Derwent series of patent databases are launched by Derwent, the world's most authoritative patent document publishing organization. They are currently the most powerful patent databases with search capabilities. They mainly provide search services for the following three databases.

⑶Derwent Discovery

Science and Technology Report: Also known as a research report or technical report, it is a formal report on the results of a scientific research project or scientific research activity or an actual record of the research process. It is a written form of a scientific research institution, scientific research unit, professional academic group or individual that provides funding and A report by the sponsoring department or organization on the progress of its research design or project.

⑴ According to content: it can be divided into two categories: basic theoretical research reports and engineering technical reports;

⑵Divided by form: can be divided into technical reports, technical notes, technical papers, technical memoranda, notifications, technical translations, contractor reports, special publications, others, etc.;

⑶ According to the degree of research progress: it can be divided into preliminary report, progress report, intermediate report and final report;

According to the scope of circulation: it can be divided into top secret reports, confidential reports, secret reports, non-confidential restricted release reports, non-secret reports and declassified reports.

⑴The content is novel, professional and specific;

⑵Respond quickly to new scientific and technological achievements;

⑶ Many types and large quantities;

⑷The publishing form is unique.

⑴PB report

⑵AD report

⑶NASA report

⑷DE report

Search tool for the four major reports - "Government Report Circular and Index"

Search tool for NASA reports—"Aerospace Science and Technology Report"

DE report search tool - "Energy Research Abstracts"

NTIS system

STINET database

NASA technical reports Server (NTRS)

Standard document: It is prepared in accordance with prescribed procedures and approved by a recognized authoritative organization for extensive and repeated use within a certain range. It includes a set of technical documents that must be implemented in a specific activity area such as specifications, quotas, plans, and requirements. The special scientific and technological literature system composed of.

⑴Have a unified production process and special writing format and narrative method;

⑵Have a clear scope of application and purpose;

⑶Legally binding;

⑷It is timely;

⑸Be coordinated.

⑴Divided by scope of use: international standards, regional standards, national standards, industry standards, local standards, and enterprise standards.

⑵Divided according to content and nature: technical standards, management standards.

⑶Divided according to the degree of legal constraints: mandatory standards and recommended standards.

"National Standard Catalog of the People's Republic of China"

"China Standardization Yearbook"

"Compilation of Chinese National Standards"

"National Standards Replacement and Abolition Catalog"

"China Standard Herald"

"World Standard Information"

Wanfang Chinese and foreign standards database

CNKI Chinese Standard Database

National Standardization Administration website

National Standard Document Sharing Service Platform

ChinaGB national standard channel

Printed reference reference book: referred to as reference reference book, it is a compilation of knowledge and materials of a certain subject or a specific scope according to certain social needs, using specific arrangement methods and retrieval methods, and is designed for the purpose of solving problems and providing data or factual information for people. , a specific type of book used as a tool for reference.

⑴The information content is exclusively for reference

⑵Concise summary of items

⑶Special ease of inspection of arrangement

⑷The authoritativeness and reliability of the content

Dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, yearbooks, biographies, materials, handbooks, directories, guides, tables, catalogs, information compilations, etc.

Description, Table of Contents, Text, Appendices and Index

Word order, classification, theme, natural order, alphabet

①Analyze search topics and determine search tools

②View the arrangement structure

③Find detailed content

Also known as numerical database, it refers to a type of database that uses various survey and statistical data as storage objects and specifically provides data representation in digital form.

It refers to a type of database that stores various factual information with retrieval and utilization value. Database information comes from encyclopedias, dictionaries, directories of people, directories of institutions, etc.

①Rich and complete content with extensive links

②Flexible and convenient to use

③Fast data updates and powerful service functions

⑴Dictionary, Dictionary

⑵Encyclopedia

⑶Yearbook

⑷Manual

⑸Directory

⑹Notation

⑺ Catalog

⑻ Comprehensive database

⑴Guidelines for Institutional Groups

⑵Biographic information

⑶Geographic data

⑷Statistics

⑸Regulatory information