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Introduction to Public Crisis Management
The book "Introduction to Public Crisis Management" introduces the basic knowledge and basic theories of public crisis management. This book starts by analyzing the concept of public crisis and studies the main activity patterns of public crisis management, including risk management and mitigation, preparation, prediction and early warning, response, recovery, etc. On this basis, this book analyzes important issues in public crisis management, including social mobilization, disaster relief donations, emergency communication and online public opinion, emergency coordination and cooperation, etc. The book combines theory and practice, domestic and foreign countries, history and reality, and conducts a large number of case analyses, in order to pursue equal emphasis on theory, profundity, vividness, and interest.
Edited at 2022-06-21 15:20:49
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Introduction to Public Crisis Management
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- Outline
Introduction to Public Crisis Management
Chapter One
crisis
Refers to "a serious threat to the basic structure or basic values and norms of a system"
public crisis
concept
Refers to a highly uncertain situation in which a serious threat closely related to public interests occurs, usually caused by disasters or catastrophes, posing severe challenges to the core values and operational functions of the social system, requiring crisis managers to respond under huge time pressure. Under psychological pressure, make the right decision as possible in a short period of time
In the era of economic globalization, what are the boundaries and distinctions between international crises, public crises and corporate crises?
①Their focus, emphasis and external effects are different
②Their boundaries and distinctions are relative, because crises within an enterprise may spill over to the outside of the enterprise, which may in turn cause interruption of normal production and operations of the enterprise. Therefore, large-scale enterprise crises will also reflect the public dimension.
③Similarly, a public crisis within a country may also evolve into an international crisis, and an international crisis may also lead to an internal crisis within a country. All major crises are international crises
feature
public threat
Uncertainty
The Great Plague in Northeast China in the Late Qing Dynasty——Wu Liande, an early public health expert
Urgency
Patrick Lagardek
Cross-borderness
Region and field restrictions
Politicization
Adam Smith, "9/11"
Mediatization
The media plays a role in fueling and weaponizing
type
In terms of nature
consistency crisis
Public crisis caused by consistency disturbance
conflict crisis
Public crisis caused by schizophrenia
In terms of controllability
well-structured crisis
ill-structured crisis
It usually involves the core values of society, is usually caused by long-term accumulated problems that have not been properly resolved, involves a considerable number of stakeholders, and the appeal is expressed as a collection of multiple issues.
From the perspective of evolution
fast-burning crisis
cathartic crisis
slow burn crisis
long projection crisis
sudden crisis
stealth crisis
chronic crisis
From the perspective of predictability and impact possibility
regular crisis
Unforeseen crisis
unmanageable crisis
basic crisis
The evolution of public crises
The source of public crisis—risk
definition
Risk is the possibility of being damaged by a hazard
Risk is the result of disaster-causing factors
Risk is the likelihood and severity of loss associated with a threat or hazard
Risk is the sum of threats, vulnerabilities and consequences
Risk is the product of threats, vulnerabilities, consequences and likelihood of occurrence
Risk is the likelihood that danger will occur within a specific period of time
Risk is the likelihood and severity of negative impacts resulting from exposure to a hazard
formula
Risk = hazard factor × vulnerability
Risk = likelihood × severity
substance
The former facilitates people's understanding of the mechanism of risk formation, while the latter facilitates people's quantitative assessment of risks.
Disaster causing factors
meaning
Refers to a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or situation, which is a natural, technological or social phenomenon that poses a threat to people and their surrounding environment
Classification
natural disaster agents
Floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, tornadoes, wildfires, landslides, droughts, thunderstorms, avalanches
technological hazards
Nuclear radiation, hazardous material leakage, factory explosions, traffic accidents
biological hazards
Infectious disease outbreaks, animal and plant epidemics
man-made disaster factors
Terrorist attacks, destruction, unrest
Basic characteristics/measurements
The speed at which disaster-causing factors take effect
The predictability of the effects of disaster-causing factors
The intensity of disaster factors
Scope of influence of disaster factors
The duration of the impact of disaster factors
Possibility of causing disaster
According to the mechanism of action
native hazards
earthquake
Associated disaster factors
hurricane tsunami
secondary disaster factors
The Great East Japan Earthquake was the original earthquake, the tsunami was the associated disaster, and the nuclear leakage caused by the tsunami was the secondary disaster factor.
vulnerability
meaning
Refers to the vulnerability of people or things to disaster-causing factors
composition
physical vulnerability
It mainly measures the vulnerability of people and objects to disaster-causing factors in the existing physical space environment.
social vulnerability
Refers to the vulnerability to a certain disaster factor determined by personal, social, political, cultural and other factors.
economic vulnerability
Refers to the vulnerability of a country, city, or community to disaster-causing factors determined by its financial status.
environmental vulnerability
Refers to the vulnerability of an area to hazard factors determined by the environmental conditions of the area.
The triggering medium of public crisis—emergency events
Classified according to the cause, mechanism, process, nature and hazard objects
natural disaster
Meteorological disaster
Geological disaster
marine disasters
fire
biological disaster
accident disaster
safety accident
Environmental pollution and ecological damage incidents
public health event
Events that seriously affect public health and life safety
social security incident
terrorist attack
economic security incident
National and religious events
Foreign-related emergencies
major criminal cases
mass incident
emergency
Unexpected incidents that threaten public life or property require an immediate response using regular community resources and procedures. Mainly refers to incidents with low degree of damage, little harm, and relatively easy to deal with.
Unconventional
Refers to an incident with a high degree of damage, great danger, and difficulty in handling. Emergency personnel cannot rely on conventional means, mobilize resources in the area, and solve it quickly according to conventional procedures. "Crisis Incident"
Negative consequences of public crisis management – disasters
disaster
Serious disturbance to community life, which poses a threat to people's lives and property safety or causes losses, exceeds local response capabilities, and additional external resources must be mobilized and organized to deal with it.
catastrophe
Refers to very serious disasters, usually unprecedented disasters, which often cause huge casualties, property losses, and long-term end to the operation of social systems. They are an extreme form of disasters.
The difference between disaster and catastrophe
social influence
Impact on building structure
Impact on local community assistance
Impact on community functions
political influence
Impact on local officials
Impact on the political process
The evolution of public crises
composition
consistency crisis
Natural disaster events, safety accidents, public health events
Evolution
Disaster factors and vulnerability—risks—emergency events—consistency crises—disasters
management activities
Risk management - emergency control management - crisis response management - disaster management
conflict crisis
Public crises caused by social security incidents
Evolution
Social conflicts and disputes—stability-related risks—social conflicts—social security crises—social security disasters
management activities
Risk Management - Conflict Management - Crisis Response Management - Disaster Management
From a theoretical point of view, we can distinguish the following processes: emergencies escalate into crisis events, crisis events induce public crises, and public crises induce disasters
crisis management
Front-end management
critical point management
crisis response management
consequence management
Stages and principles of public crisis management
Stages of crisis management and their challenges
public crisis management
Activities carried out to protect people's lives and property, maintain national security, public safety, environmental safety and social order
Activities conducted by public crisis management
The first is to prevent and reduce the occurrence of public crises
The second is to control and reduce the social harm of public crises
The third is to eliminate the negative impact of public crises
Four stages of crisis management
slow down
Prepare
response
recover
"Four-Divided Rule"
Risk management, criticality management, crisis response management and consequence management
Crisis management challenges
①Preventing and mitigating crises is the responsibility of the government. However, it is difficult for the government to prevent crises and cannot prevent all crises. New unpredictable threats will always occur.
② As crisis awareness increases, people may become more obsessed with prevention and neglect preparation.
③Need to carry out difficult value measurement and bear important political risks
④Effective response requires inter-agency and inter-governmental coordination
⑤ Effective crisis response should be a natural evolution process. Military command and control are mostly ineffective in the crisis response process.
⑥Many crises are of the long-projection type. When dealing with post-crisis affairs, we should learn from crisis perceptions and institutional barriers
in principle
precautionary principle
dynamic principle
systematic principle
principle of coordination
flexibility principle
professionalism principle
Practice and research on public crisis management
The origin of public crisis management
Inspired by disaster management
derived from civil defense
Chapter 2 Public Crisis Risk Management and Mitigation
risk society theory
Representative
Luhmann "Risk is an inherent feature of modern social systems"
Baker "Modernism"
Anthony Giddens develops risk society theory
Characteristics of risk
Spreadability
imperceptibility
Artificiality
equality/sharing
risk perception theory
risk perception
"People's views on risk", that is, "people's judgments and assessments of hazards that are or may affect them (or their facilities, or their environment)"
Characteristics of risk perception
Affected by the media, will show selective preferences
Social factors affect risk perception and easily induce intuitive biases
Intuitive bias in risk perception
availability/accessibility
curing effect
Representative
avoid cognitive dissonance
People's perception of its severity is influenced by the following factors
Expected fatalities or losses
catastrophic potential
Perceived attributes of risk sources or risk situations
Beliefs associated with causes of risk
Important qualitative risk characteristics
personal control
degree of control
Voluntariness
fear
Unfair distribution of risks and benefits
The human nature of risk sources
blame
Representative
Lane and Rollman
Caspersen - United States, proposed "risk social amplification theory/ripple effect" in 1988.6
Amplification stations - including technology assessment experts, risk management agencies, mass media, opinion leaders in social groups, personal networks composed of peers and reference groups, etc.
risk amplification theory
Risk Management
definition
Risk management is a process whose purpose is to adapt to the risks that may affect the life, health and property safety of the public.
risk management process
Establish risk context
Establish a basic framework for risk management and standards for risk assessment
To clarify the work tasks is to delineate the scope of the risks that will be dealt with (select the project and clarify the work)
Establish a basic framework for risk management
Determine the criteria for risk assessment
Identify risks
Steps to identify risks
Describe hazard factors or risk sources
strength
possibility
degree
time
measure
Describe what may be at risk
Identify risk relationships
evaluate risk
The basic principle
objectivity principle
systematic principle
normative principles
dynamic principle
It means that the disaster factors that may induce crises are in constant movement and change, and the conclusions drawn from the assessment have certain timeliness.
Example: Lockerbie air crash
Risk correlation assessment method HVC
Disaster causing factors
vulnerability
Affordability
Hazard factors and vulnerability assessments for crises
First, assess the possibility of risk
The second is to assess the risk magnitude
crisis risk tolerance
control ability
System can record
technical skills
public capacity
risk mitigation
slow down
Refers to "prevention", that is, taking effective control actions to reduce natural or man-made risks that affect human life and property. It reduces the possibility of disasters through pre-disaster actions and is an important part of crisis prevention.
Purpose
Reduce the likelihood of a crisis or limit its impact
Mitigation measures
Structural mitigation (hard measures)
Build flood control dams and drainage systems
Non-structural mitigation (soft measures)
Land use planning, insurance policies, building safety regulations
Main mitigation measures frequently used by countries around the world
First, carry out public safety education to reduce the loss of life and property caused by crises
Example: Japan’s earthquake and tsunami prevention drills
Second, enforce laws and regulations related to public security to reduce vulnerability
Example: Promote building standards and conduct land use management
Third, carry out structural transformation of buildings to reduce loss of life, property and environmental impact
Example: Changes in high-rise buildings in the United States
my country’s natural disaster mitigation measures in recent years
Structural Mitigation/Hard Measures
Non-structural Mitigation/Soft Measures
Why is comprehensive disaster risk reduction so difficult to achieve?
(1) The crisis management plan is based on single-disaster-oriented laws, with special emphasis on specific disaster-causing factors.
(2) Mitigation-related departments such as planning and construction lack necessary cooperation with emergency management personnel such as police and firefighters, and officials from disaster-related departments pay less attention to mitigation.
(3) Engineering, technology and economic experts rarely participate in mitigation
(4) Insufficient interaction between technical personnel and public decision-makers
The meaning of mitigation
First, mitigation reduces the probability of a crisis
Second, mitigation can reduce the impact and losses of a crisis
Finally, mitigation can promote sustainable human development
Resistance to implementation of mitigation measures
steps to slow down
Generally speaking, what does a mitigation project include?
subtopic
What factors are associated with vulnerability in cities? /Affected by what factors?
What does the city’s “lifeline” involve?
How to improve the demand for comprehensive disaster prevention in modern cities? /What are the comprehensive needs faced by modern cities?
elasticity
definition
Understand the connotation of "resilience" or "resilience" and what you need to pay attention to
subtopic
Key Ways to Enhance Social Resilience
public safety education
The significance of public safety education
subtopic
Main categories of campus security risks in my country
In our country, what are the problems in campus safety risk management? and the countermeasures taken.
Chapter 3 Public Crisis Emergency Preparedness
The role and process of emergency planning
The role of emergency planning
emergency planning
It is a continuous dynamic process, which mainly refers to the formulation, drill and modification of emergency plans. It is not only an important part of emergency preparedness activities, but also the basis of emergency preparedness activities.
In the process of public crisis management, relevant stakeholders
government
enterprise
social organization
individual citizen
The dynamic process of emergency planning
formulate
manage
Correction plan
emergency plan
It is a relevant plan or program formulated in advance to ensure that emergency and rescue activities are carried out quickly, orderly and effectively and to reduce accident losses in response to possible major accidents (incidents) or disasters.
The role of emergency planning
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
Principles of emergency planning
my country’s “Six Principles”
America’s “Seven Principles”
"Eight Principles"
five characteristics
emergency planning process
Designate or establish an emergency planning committee
Conduct public crisis management risk research
Determine the responsibilities and roles of relevant entities
Determine required resources and services
subtopic
Determine arrangements and systems for public crisis management
Form a plan document
subtopic
The "tasteless effect" of emergency plans
Our country's emergency management work is centered on "one case, three systems" and has achieved undeniable results.
tasteless effect
definition
Why is the tasteless effect formed?
Emergency plan drills
Classification of plan drills
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
Exercise process
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
emergency support system
people
fiscal
thing
Place
letter
Chapter 4 Public crisis prediction and early warning
predict
subtopic
early warning
subtopic
The difference and connection between prediction and early warning
The complete process of prediction and early warning
Forecast and early warning
Prediction and warning function
Three “myths”/misconceptions about forecasting and early warning
joint point
Prediction and early warning system
The effectiveness of the prediction and early warning system is shown as
To establish effective monitoring and early warning, the following aspects must be highlighted:
Pay attention to the spread of alerts
Corresponding activities
Factors influencing the public’s appropriate response to alerts
How to improve responsiveness
Case
Prediction and warning direction
defect
Case
Prediction and early warning mechanism
Building Principles
The shortcomings of prediction and early warning in my country at this stage
The construction of forecast and early warning mechanism in my country
Chapter 5 Public Crisis Emergency Response
Chapter 6 Public Crisis Recovery
Chapter 7 Social Mobilization in Public Crisis
Chapter 8 Management of Donations for Public Crisis and Disaster Relief
Chapter 9 Public Crisis Emergency Communication and Online Public Opinion Guidance
Chapter 10 Public Crisis Coordination and Cooperation