Hartley believed that the message sent by the sender was the specific way he chose the symbols among the communication symbols.

Shannon defined information as the reduction of random uncertainty, that is, information is something used to reduce random uncertainty.

Brillouin pointed out that information is negentropy

In the field of communications, information is viewed as a measure of order (or organization) and negentropy, something used to reduce uncertainty.

(1) Universality and objectivity of information existence

(2) The extension and infinity of information generation

(3) Transmission of information in time and space

(4) The independence of information from material carriers

(5) The relativity of information to the cognitive subject

(6) Sharability of information to users

(7) The non-transformability and non-combinability of information

(8) Timeliness of information generation and utilization

According to the recording method of information, it can be divided into voice information, image information, text information, digital information and calculation information.

Data is a physical symbol that loads or records information arranged and combined according to certain rules (the background is the recipient's information preparation for specific data)

Information is the content of the data load. For the same information, its data representation can be in various forms.

Knowledge is the correct conclusion obtained by the information recipient through the refining and reasoning of the information. It is the understanding and mastery of nature, human society, ways of thinking and movement laws, and it is the reintegration and systematization of the human brain through thinking. Collection of information.

Data Background=Information Information Experience=Knowledge

The key to converting information into knowledge lies in the ability of the information recipient to understand the information. The ability to understand information depends on the recipient's information and knowledge reserves. Data is the raw material of information, and information is the raw material of knowledge.

The movement of material and energy flow also manifests as the flow of various other forms of material and energy, that is, the movement of corresponding documents, data and signals, which are aggregated into information flow. Information flow, like material energy flow, goes through the same stages and processes during its movement. Information flow reflects the movement of material energy flow. Society uses information to control the movement of material energy flow, influence their direction of movement, conduct scientific distribution, and implement effective management.

Material, energy and information are the three basic elements that govern the development of human society, and are also called the three pillar resources of contemporary society.

Levels of social informatization: informatization of production tools, informatization of social production systems, and informatization of social life

Compared with the previous social form, the information society has undergone a series of prominent changes, which are as follows: (1) Information, knowledge and intelligence are the decisive forces of social development (2) Information technology, information industry and information economy have become economic, scientific and technological and the dominant factor in social development (3) Information workers and the intellectual class will play a greater role (4) Due to the widespread application of information technology in material production, scientific research and education, medical care, business and government management, and families, it will have a greater impact on Economic and social development have had a huge and profound impact, fundamentally changing people's lifestyles, behaviors and values.

Narrow concept: Information management is the management of information itself, that is, using various technical methods and means (such as classification, subject, code, computer processing, etc.) to organize, control, store, retrieve and plan information, etc., and guide it to the predetermined goal. Broad concept: Information management is not only the management of information, but also the reasonable organization and control of various elements involved in information activities (information, human, machine, etc.) to achieve the reasonable allocation of information and related resources. Thus effectively meeting the information requirements of society.

Objects of information management: information resources information activities

The overall goal: to ensure that social information flow flows in an orderly manner through different channels. The development and utilization of information are carried out in a coordinated and orderly manner under leadership and organized unified planning and management, so that all types of information can be more efficient and effective. , lower costs play a full role in the country's social progress and economic development and the improvement of people's material and cultural living standards. Sub-goals: (1) Information production and development sub-goals (2) Information utilization sub-goals (3) Information management mechanism sub-goals

Information management tasks include macro-level and micro-level

From technical, economic, administrative, legal and humanistic perspectives

Information lifecycle management is a strategy that combines people, processes, and technology to effectively manage data and information.

With information sources as the core and the library as the symbol, it also includes archive management and other document management.

With the control of information flow as the core, computers as tools, and automated information processing and information system construction as the main work content.

Knowledge management was developed based on the inherent shortcomings of information management. It is an information management activity that emphasizes dealing with people. Its essence is to connect structured and unstructured information with the rules for people to use this information.

natural information exchange

Human-nature information exchange

Person-to-person information exchange

Meaning: The process of transmission and exchange of information such as knowledge, news, data and facts between cognitive subjects (people or institutions and organizations composed of people) at different times or different spaces with the help of corresponding symbol systems.

Characteristics: No matter what form of information exchange process, there must be an information transmitter and an information receiver; the information exchange process can be direct, such as simultaneous face-to-face communication, or indirect, such as non-simultaneous and non-face-to-face communication; Information exchange is essentially a one-way transmission; since information exchange stipulates that both parties to the exchange are people with cognitive abilities, then the source of information (for the information recipient) must be the information provided by other people's minds, not Information is obtained directly from natural or social observation; information exchange must also be the purposeful behavior of both parties. If one party is intentional, it does not belong to the information exchange behavior.

Information sender, information receiver, communication channel, symbol system, knowledge information base, support conditions

Social information flow is a ubiquitous social information phenomenon. It is the flow process in which information is transferred from the producer S, through or without other social links, and finally to the user R.

The significance of information stack theory (1) traces the information source considered by users in the common sense to information producers, which helps us understand the functions of information systems and information institutions (2) helps us break through different disciplines (there are many The discipline studies the boundaries of information exchange and dissemination from different aspects, understands the basic mechanism of information exchange and dissemination in a general sense, and provides theoretical methods and support for information management.

Multi-directional active transmission, one-way active transmission, multi-directional passive transmission, single passive transmission

The exchange of network information is divided into three stages: information generation stage, information exchange stage, and information reception stage.

Features: (1) The information process is condensed and integrated, functional role elements are downplayed, and the entire communication activity is dominated by information flow (2) The speed of information flow is accelerated and the flow is increased (3) The virtualization of information institutions (4) The number of information exchange methods increases, Improved status of informal information exchange

The Matthew Effect truly summarizes the inertia in human social life and describes the accumulation process of advantages and disadvantages: once there is an advantage, this advantageous situation will continue to strengthen; conversely, if there is a disadvantage, the disadvantageous conditions will continue. intensified.

(1) Oversimplifying information management activities such as information selection, evaluation, and dissemination (2) The information distribution enrichment formed by the Matthew effect is sometimes only superficial and external (3) Ignoring the valuable distribution in other information sources (4) Information has excessive accumulation of advantages and is highly specialized, and the information it contains will become more and more monotonous. (5) The habitual force of favoring celebrities and rejecting newcomers limits the generation and dissemination of new ideas, new knowledge and new information.

Based on information content: mainly involving the four characteristics of correctness, completeness, relevance, and novelty Based on information expression form: four basic evaluation indicators: accuracy, understandability, simplicity and standardization of information expression. Based on information resource systems: information availability, rapid response and reliability Based on the utility of information resources: the availability, appropriateness and value-addedness of information