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MindMap Gallery Basic framework of information management
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Basic framework of information management
Fundamentals of Information Management: Request: For information that has not yet been published or is not circulated through formal channels, as well as information sources that have been published or publicly circulated but are not detailed, complete and comprehensive enough, obtain them directly from the person or institution that possesses the required information. method.
Edited at 2022-04-09 20:16:38
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Basic framework of information management
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Basics of Information Management
1. Introduction
information
Concepts and Properties of Information
Definition of information: Information is the content contained in the signals sent by things. In essence, it is an expression and statement of the way of existence, movement state and interconnected characteristics of things. It can also be said to be the self-display of the way and state of material existence.
Attributes of information (9: general knowledge plus second transmission and total non-strongness)
① Universality
②Diversity
③Recognizability
④Processability
⑤Duality
inseparability from carrier
Independence from the carrier
⑥Transferability
⑨Non-consumable
⑩Strong timeliness
information and related concepts
Knowledge
Definition: It is natural and social information processed by the human brain, and is people’s understanding and description of natural and social forms and laws.
Characteristics: social, linguistic, cumulative. Sociality is the fundamental attribute that distinguishes knowledge from information.
intelligence
Definition: It is dynamic knowledge with specific utilization value.
Characteristics: informative, dynamic, useful. Dynamicity is the fundamental attribute that distinguishes intelligence from knowledge.
The relationship between information, knowledge and intelligence: inclusive relationship.
data
Definition: Data is a physical symbol on an information carrier that reflects the content of the information and can be recognized by the recipient. These symbols can be numbers, text, graphics, images, audio, video, etc.
The relationship between information and data: The relationship between information and data is the relationship between content and form. Information is what data contains or reflects, and data is the representation of information.
information management
information management concept
The object of information management: information, or information resources in a narrow sense.
Subjects of information management: participants in information management activities. It can be an individual or a social organization.
Information management subject in a narrow sense: refers to full-time information management personnel and information management institutions.
Information management subjects in a broad sense: refers to all individuals and social organizations involved in information management activities.
information activities
Production Activities
collection
tidy
refining
express
communication activities
edit
publishing
release
Management activities (information management)
from an information perspective
Information collection (information collection)
Information organization (ordering and storage of information)
Information Research (Information Analysis)
Information provision and utilization (information services)
Information resources in a narrow sense
Information resource allocation (information resource system construction)
Information resource organization (information resource organization and storage)
Information resource development
Information resource provision and utilization
Information management is a collection of related information activities. A single activity related to information management cannot be called information management.
Take advantage of activities
Obtain
read
absorb
Definition of information management: Information management is the activity of individuals or social organizations collecting, organizing, analyzing and providing utilization of information.
The nature and tasks of information management
The nature of information management (3: social services)
Sociality (3 aspects of expression)
①Information management is a social phenomenon
②Information management involves all fields, aspects and departments of society
③Information management is affected by various social factors
Professionalism (3 performance aspects)
①Informational
②Technical
③Academic
Serviceability
Information management tasks
Basic tasks: link information resources with information users, manage information resources scientifically, and satisfy users' information needs to the greatest extent.
Specific tasks (4)
① "Convert dispersion into concentration" is the task of information collection
② "Transforming disorder into order" is the task of information organization
③ "Converting large amounts of impurities into concentrated impurities of high quality" is the task of information research
④ "Turn collection into utilization" is the task of information provision and utilization
The history of information management
①Information source management stage: Information source management is the core, the library is the symbol, and the means and methods are mainly manual.
②Information management stage: Information flow is the core, computers are the tools, and automated information processing and information system construction are the main work contents.
③Information resource management stage: Emphasis on the development and utilization of information as an important resource, focusing on the use of multiple methods to comprehensively manage the information process and related elements of human society.
Information Management
Research object of information management: information management (3 reasons)
①Information management is a ubiquitous social phenomenon, and every social phenomenon can be used as the research object of a certain discipline.
②Information management is a social activity and the source and testing standard of information management theory.
③Information management is a concept with refined expression and appropriate extension. Using this as the research object of information management can make the research of information management comprehensive and systematic without generalization.
Research contents of information management (4 items)
① Theoretical research on information management discipline (basic rules)
②Basic theoretical research on information management (universal principles)
③Research on information management technology methods (technical methods)
④ Research on organizational management of information management (organizational management)
Definition of information management: Information management is a discipline that studies the basic laws, universal principles, technical methods and organizational management of information management.
Information management architecture
Theoretical Information Management
Basic theories of information management
Information Management Application Theory
Information Management Technology Methodology
Information Management Methodology
Information Management Technology
Applied Information Management
Specialized Information Management
DiplomaInformation Management
Department Information Management
The nature of the discipline of information management
①Social disciplines: The research object of information management - information management is a practical activity of human activities and a broad social phenomenon. Only human society has information management activities, and there is absolutely no information management activities in nature.
② Marginal disciplines: Information management is a marginal discipline formed by the mutual penetration of management, informatics, economics, linguistics, mathematics and modern communication technology and computer technology.
The emergence and development of information management
The foundation of information management
The development history of information management
bud
form
Development (3 features)
① Academic exchanges in information management become increasingly frequent
②Information management research results are constantly enriched
③The information management discipline system is taking shape
Theoretical schools of information management
2. Information resources
The concept of information resources
The meaning of resources and information resources
The definition of resources: refers to all objective forms of existence in nature and human society that can be used to create material wealth and spiritual wealth.
Definition of information resources
Broadly speaking: Information resources can be various information and corresponding talents and technologies used to create material and spiritual wealth. It is a general term for resources related to information activities.
Narrow sense: Information resources refer to all kinds of information that can be used by humans to create wealth.
The relationship between information and information resources
The relationship between information and generalized information resources: Cross-cutting relationships.
The relationship between information and narrow information resources: inclusion relationship. That is to say, not all information can become information resources. Only information that can be utilized by humans and used to create wealth and spiritual wealth can become information resources.
Background of the concept of information resources
Resources and environment continue to deteriorate
① Material resources are increasingly scarce
②Energy resources are increasingly depleted
Transformation of human socioeconomic model
① Shrinking labor economy
②The decline of material economy
③The development of information economy
④The rise of knowledge economy
Types of information resources and their characteristics
Information resources in different fields of occurrence
①Physical information resources
②Biological information resources
③Social information resources
Information resources of different carriers and storage methods
①Natural information resources
Definition: Information resources using natural substances as carriers
Characteristics: It is the reaction of the movement and properties of the material world; it is a prerequisite for human beings to understand the material world; the update speed of information resources is slow.
②Physical information resources
Definition: Refers to information resources based on man-made material products.
Features: Intuitive image, true and reliable, not easy to be distorted, but inconvenient to transmit and save.
③Intellectual information resources
Definition: Refers to information resources using the human brain as the carrier.
Features: Information resources are mainly stored in the human brain, with fast update speed and easy distortion of information resources; the content of information resources is difficult to grasp and is a kind of tacit knowledge.
④Documentary information resources
Definition: Refers to information resources carried by traditional media such as paper and modern media such as disks, optical disks, and film.
Features: higher quality, faster updates; different processing depths; wider range; easy to use.
⑤Network information resources
Definition: It is the general term for all electronic resources put into the Internet.
①Information resources connected by the network.
②Information resources published in the form of the Internet (online publications), that is, electronic publications published and distributed in the form of the Internet.
③Information resources for online communication, including emails, website homepages, etc.
Features: rich content, large quantity, fast growth; novel content, fast delivery speed; can be flowed and delivered across borders, easy to obtain; multimedia, multilingual; varying quality; disorderly distribution.
Information resources of different content nature
①Political information resources
②Legal information resources
③Scientific and technological information resources
④Economic information resources
⑤Manage information resources
Information resources at different processing depths
Zero-time information resources: Information resources that have not been processed by the human brain.
Primary information resources: They are information resources that review, filter, summarize, count, and chart zero-time information.
Secondary information resources: are information resources obtained through scientific thinking processing of primary information resources, such as documents, reports, etc.
Tertiary information resources: They are information resources formed by condensing, organizing and synthesizing secondary information resources. Such as bibliography, abstracts, indexes, reviews, etc.
Social functions and effects of information resources
Scientific functions of information resources (4)
①Provide scientific research materials
②Accelerate the scientific research process
③Avoid duplication of scientific research
④ Bonding scientific groups
Educational functions of information resources (4)
①Develop intellectual resources
② Cultivate ideological quality
③Create professional talents
④Guide the development of education
Economic functions of information resources (4)
①Replace traditional resources
②Improve productivity
③Enhance corporate competitiveness
④ Optimize industrial structure
rationalization
between industrial structure and economic development conditions
among various industrial sectors
gentrification
Industrial sector structure
Labor and employment structure
product structure
investment structure, consumption structure, trade structure
Information resource management functions (5)
①The basis of scientific decision-making
②Basis for reasonable planning
③Guarantee of orderly organization
④Prerequisites for correct leadership
⑤Means of effective control
Social functions of information resources: The social functions of information resources are closely related to human beings' understanding of information resources. Human beings are the subject of social practice, and the social functions of information resources depend on human beings’ ability to understand and control the social functions of information resources.
Distribution and change rules of information resources
Distribution law of information according to producers (Lotka's law)
Definition: There is a certain regularity between the frequency of authors writing a certain number of papers and the number of papers they write. x is the number of papers; c is a characteristic constant of a certain subject area; y(x) is the proportion of authors who wrote x papers to the total number of authors; a is a parameter, which is a constant for a specific subject area.
Formation mechanism: In the production of documentary information, there are always some producers who have a large amount of information production, and the information they produce is often cited by others. The concentration of producers is relatively high.
application
① Since Lotka’s law gives the relationship between information producers and production quantity, we can thus grasp the distribution level of information producers for the development and utilization of information resources.
② Lotka’s law reveals the ability laws of information producers, from which we can judge the laws of scientific labor results, optimize scientific labor organization, and improve scientific labor efficiency.
Word frequency distribution rules in information representation (Zipf’s law)
Definition: If you count the word frequency of each word in a long article (more than 5,000 words), sort it in descending order with high-frequency words first and low-frequency words last, and use natural numbers to number these words. That is, the most frequent word is graded 1, the next highest grade is 2...the word with the smallest frequency is graded D. If f is used to represent the frequency of a word appearing in an article, and r represents the rank number of the word, then f·r=c, and c is a constant that fluctuates up and down around a central value.
Formation mechanism: When people use words to express information, they seem to receive two opposite effects. On the one hand, they hope to be understood by the other party, and on the other hand, they hope to be as brief as possible. The distribution of natural language vocabulary is hyperbolic. No matter what kind of literature information source, the subject words or keywords are Zipf distributed.
Application: Zip's law reflects a universal law of human society. field of information science. Compilation of word lists, automatic indexing, document organization, and weighted indexing.
Distribution rules of professional papers in journals (Bradford’s law)
Definition: Within a certain time range, if scientific and technological journals are sorted in descending order according to the number of documents they publish in a certain subject field, and then divided into a core area and several other areas, each area publishes an equal amount of literature in this field. , then the number of journals in each district is 1:n:n square..., n is the Bradford constant and is greater than 1.
Formation mechanism: The development of science and technology and the publication of academic papers have created core journals and non-core journals, as well as core literature information resources and non-core literature information resources. As long as we sort the literature information resources required by users in descending order within a certain time range and divide them into several areas, we will find that when the total amount of literature demand in each area is equal, the information in the information sources in each area will The ratio of the total amount basically shows the trend of 1:n:n square... (n is a constant).
application
①Determine core journals
②Guide dynamic collections
③Comparison of subject maturity
④Judge the quality of search tools
information growth law
Exponential curve growth law: Price exponential growth curve, the curve equation is f(t)=ae (bt square) (b>0), F is the accumulation of literature at time t, t is time, a is the literature at the initial moment Accumulation amount, b is the continuous growth rate of the literature, and its value is approximately equal to the annual growth rate of the literature; e is the base of the natural logarithm.
Logic curve growth law: K is the maximum value of literature growth at a certain moment.
Formation mechanism: With the development of science and technology, the research field has expanded rapidly, there are more and more branches of disciplines, the scientific research team has continued to grow, scientific research funding has greatly increased, and scientific research activities continue to make discoveries, inventions, creations, and advances. . The emergence of a large number of scientific research results will inevitably lead to the continuous growth of scientific and technological documents recording scientific and technological achievements and knowledge.
application
①Technology management and forecasting
②Management of collection resources
Information aging rules
The so-called "half-life" of a document refers to how long it takes for the newer half of all the documents currently used in a certain discipline (major) to be published. This is roughly equivalent to the time it takes for half of the discipline's documents to expire.
Negative exponential aging law: C is the citation frequency of documents published in t years; k is a constant, which varies with different disciplines; e is the base of the natural logarithm; a is the aging rate.
Formation mechanism: Due to the rapid development of modern science and technology, as time goes by, the original immature theories are replaced by more mature theories, imperfect methods are supplemented by more complete methods, and less advanced technologies are replaced by more advanced ones. As technology is updated, erroneous and one-sided data are corrected by more objective facts, so the old literature information gradually becomes invalid.
application
① Guide the deletion of collections of documents
②Determine the scope of data collection during scientific research
③Explain the laws of scientific development
3. Information users
Concepts and Types of Information Users
Information user concept
Broadly speaking: refers to individuals or groups that have certain information needs and information capabilities and absorb information through information exchange activities.
Narrow sense: refers to individuals or groups that have certain information needs and capabilities and obtain information from information institutions.
Basic Features
①Information users must have certain information needs (this is the fundamental sign that distinguishes them from material users)
②Information users must have certain information capabilities, including acquisition capabilities, processing capabilities, absorption capabilities, etc.
Multiple identities of users in terms of information
①Information processor
②Information transmitter
③Information creator
Types of information users
①Personal information users
①Different professions
①Scientific research users
②Engineering technology users
③Teacher users
④Manage users
⑤Student users
⑥ Workers, peasants and soldiers users
⑦Other specialized professional users
②Different levels
①Junior user
②Intermediate users
③Advanced users
②Group information users
①Group users: refers to users who are composed of several individuals who obtain information in the name of a group and use information institutions.
②Institutional users: refers to institutional users who obtain information in the name of a fixed organization and use information.
③Formal users, temporary users and potential users
①Formal users: refers to users registered with information agencies.
②Temporary users: Non-registered supernumerary users refer to users who have not established a formal relationship with the information organization and have not registered with the information organization but temporarily use the information organization.
③Potential users: refers to users who should or are likely to contact information agencies and have not yet used information agencies.
The three have a certain degree of relativity and can be transformed into each other.
User information needs
The concept and hierarchy of user information needs
Concept: Users' information needs are users' needs and requirements for information. User needs are the needs and specific requirements of information users for information content, quantity, quality and form.
The user's information needs can only be the user's request for the information itself, but cannot include the user's demand for information services. The user's demand for information services is an aspect of the user's information acquisition behavior.
level
① Deep information needs: that is, the actual information needs of users, which refers to the form of composition and nature of work of users; it is all the information required by users to achieve a certain purpose, including conscious needs and unconscious needs.
objective information needs
②Mid-level information needs: that is, information needs recognized by users, excluding information needs that have not been recognized and discovered by users.
③Surface information needs: that is, the information needs expressed by users, which refers to the information needs expressed by users orally or in writing.
Factors affecting users’ information needs (3)
①Environmental factors (6): refers to the living environment where users live, including social environmental factors and natural environmental factors.
The commonality of user information needs is the most important
①Social and political factors
②Science and technology development level
③ Degree of economic development
④Social education level
⑤National characteristics and cultural traditions
⑥Natural resources and geographical environment
②Organizational factors (5)
It is not a common reason, but it is a factor that leads to the characteristics of group user needs.
①The nature of the organization
②The size of the organization
③Organizational structure
④The operating mechanism of the organization
⑤Organizational culture
③Personal factors (5)
Factors that determine the characteristics of individual users’ information needs
① User’s occupation and tasks
②Knowledge structure and knowledge level
③Age and gender
④Hobbies and expertise
⑤Information awareness and information ability
The rules and characteristics of individual users’ information needs
General rules (4)
① Progressivity: People have different levels of needs and different needs for information. The higher the level of needs, the greater the demand for information and the higher the requirements for information quality.
②Multiplicity: At the same time, a user's needs for information coexist for different purposes, different content properties, and different levels of needs.
③ Phase: Users’ information needs are divided into primary and secondary at the same time. The main information content required by users always shows phased changes as time goes by.
④Matthew Effect and Robin Hood Effect: Users with large information needs will have higher and higher information needs as time goes by; users with small information needs will have lower information needs as time goes by. The demand is getting lower and lower than the average level, while the information needs of most users are always relatively balanced. The two effects reflect the distribution and development changes of user information demand.
Characteristics of information needs of different types of individual users (content, form, characteristics)
①Scientific researchers
Social science researchers and natural science researchers have different information needs due to different work tasks. Compared with natural science researchers, social science researchers are more dependent on information, so the content of information needs is wider, the need for comprehensive and systematic information is stronger, the time span of the required information is larger, and they have a certain level of information. Political evaluation and selection criteria rely particularly on documentary-type information.
Content: Mainly information on this subject and related subjects.
Features: High requirements for a comprehensive system of information and high requirements for accuracy and reliability. The requirements for novelty, timeliness and popular practicality are not too high.
Form: mainly natural information, documentary information and intellectual information.
②Technical staff
Content: Strongly comprehensive, requiring technical information, product information, market information and regulatory information, etc.
Features: Emphasis on accuracy, reliability, novelty, timeliness and practicality, while the requirements for comprehensive and systematic information are not high.
Form: documentary information and physical information.
③Managerial staff
Content: Very comprehensive.
Features: Comprehensive and systematic, accurate and reliable, novel and timely and concise and understandable requirements are all very high.
Form: Intellectual information, mainly literature-based information, and there is also a greater demand for network-based information.
④Teacher
Content: Very professional, mainly focusing on information on scientific research and teaching in this discipline.
Features: Comprehensive systematic and mature reliability requirements are high.
Form: Mainly documentary information and network information.
⑤Students
Content: The scope is narrow, the content is clear, and it is highly professional. It is mainly knowledge-based information related to the content studied.
Features: High requirements for easy-to-understand, vivid and interesting, accurate and reliable.
Form: Mainly intellectual information and documentary information; followed by network information.
Changes in the needs of personal information users in the modern information technology environment (6)
①Users’ increased urgency for information needs
② Comprehensive information needs from academic research to social life
③ From the trend of complete information to the demand for novel and practical information
④From general information to high-quality information needs
⑤Demands from text data to multimedia information
⑥ From focusing on information carriers to focusing on information content itself
Characteristics of enterprise information needs
The overall characteristics of the current information needs of enterprises in my country (4)
①Large quantity
②Wide range
③High quality
④Many types
Characteristics of information needs of different types of enterprises (content, quality characteristics, form)
① Comparison of information demand characteristics of industrial enterprises and commercial enterprises
Content: Industry’s information needs are broader than those of business
Quality: Business has higher requirements for information novelty than industry
Form: The form of information carrier required by industry is redundant for commerce
②Comparison of information demand characteristics between large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises
Content: Large enterprises focus on the need for technical information, while small and medium-sized enterprises focus on the need for market information
Quality: Small and medium-sized enterprises have higher requirements for information accuracy and timeliness than large enterprises.
Form: Large enterprises have more demand for documentary information than small and medium-sized enterprises, while small and medium-sized enterprises have more demand for verbal information and physical information than large enterprises.
Characteristics of information needs of government departments
Overall characteristics of government departments’ information needs
①Content: Covering a wide range of topics and being comprehensive
② Features: novel and timely, accurate and reliable, compact and practical
③Form: mainly printed documents and files, oral information and electronic information.
Characteristics of information needs of different government departments
①Different departments
Content: Content varies greatly.
Features: Novelty requirements also vary.
Form: The carrier form also varies.
②Different levels
Content: Higher levels of government have more extensive information needs than lower levels of government.
Features: Higher-level government departments have higher requirements for systematic, accurate and reliable information security than lower-level government departments.
Form: Different regions and different levels of government departments have different demands for electronic and network-based information.
User information behavior
The mechanism for converting user information needs into information acquisition behavior
The relationship between information acquisition behavior and information needs: Users’ information acquisition behavior is determined by their information needs. Without information needs, there would be no information acquisition behavior.
Factors that determine users’ conversion of information needs into information acquisition behavior (4)
①The value of the information required by the user (the most important factor)
②The urgency of the information required by the user
③User’s information awareness
④Ease of obtaining information (important factor)
How and how users obtain information
Basic ways and methods for users to obtain information (4)
①Personal database
②Informal channels
③Formal channels
④Internet
Factors that determine which channels and methods users use to obtain information (5 factors)
① Ease of access and method (the most important factor)
②The access and method of acquisition depend on the quality of the information provided (the second most important factor)
③Economy of accessing and providing information
④Novelty of access methods and methods
⑤Users’ information acquisition habits
The order in which users choose information acquisition channels
In the traditional information environment: own collection of documents → informal channels → formal channels
In the modern information technology environment: own collection of documents → Internet → informal channels → formal channels
User information questions
Definition: Refers to the process in which users express their information needs to the information provider in language or text during the process of obtaining information.
The degree of consistency between information questions and information needs (5 questions)
① Consistent: It means that the user’s information questions fully express the user’s actual information needs.
② Greater than: It means that the information needs expressed by users are wider than the actual information needs.
③Less than: It means that the information needs expressed by users are part of the users’ actual information needs.
④Crossover: It means that only part of the information needs expressed by users meet their actual information needs, while the other part has nothing to do with the actual information.
⑤Irrelevant: It means that the information needs expressed by users are far from the actual information needs and have nothing to do with each other.
Measures to improve the consistency between information questions and information needs (2 items)
① Strengthen user education
②Allow users to ask questions in text form
User information absorption
Definition: Refers to the behavior of users, after obtaining information, converting the information into their own knowledge or applying it to their work, study and life, exerting the potential of the information and producing practical effects.
The cognitive process of users absorbing information (3)
①Information intake: refers to the user accurately reflecting the content and form of information through various sense organs and quickly transmitting it to the brain.
②Information understanding: processing information through the brain, giving the information a certain meaning, and clarifying the meaning expressed in the information content.
③Information response: Combine the information absorbed and understood with your own specific needs, unleash the potential of the information and produce practical effects.
The effect of users absorbing information (4)
①Change the knowledge structure
②Guide daily life
③Optimize various tasks
④Create new information
Factors affecting the degree of user information absorption (6)
①The value of the information itself
②The user’s understanding of the role of information
③How well users understand the information
④The degree of relevance of information to user needs
⑤The timeliness with which users obtain information
⑥The user’s personal qualities and environmental conditions
4. Information exchange
The concept and mechanism of information exchange
The concept and characteristics of information exchange
Concept: information transmission and feedback from people through various ways and channels. Specifically, information exchange is the transmission and feedback behavior between the information sender and the information receiver in social activities with the help of a certain symbol system and a certain transmission channel.
There is a difference between information exchange and information transmission, and information dissemination. Information exchange is a two-way information transfer or information dissemination that affects each other and is two-way. Information transmission is the act of moving information from one point in time and space to another using certain media. It is one-way. Information dissemination is the act of moving information from one point in time and space to other points through certain media, and it is divergent.
Features (6)
① Purpose
②Bidirectionality
③Targeted
④Timeliness
⑤Ease of understanding
⑥Real meaning
Elements of information exchange (4)
①Source
Definition: The sender of information or the original holder of information refers to the individual or organization involved in the exchange of information.
Features (2)
① Divergence
②Diversity
②Shinjuku
Definition: The receiver of a message, or the person or thing who receives the message.
Features (2)
①Diversity of types
②Differences in needs
③Channel
Definition: A channel for information exchange; a physical process of information exchange and transmission; a medium for transmitting information.
Features (2)
①Information source interconnectivity
②Efficiency varies
④Information symbols
Definition: A code that transmits information.
Features (5)
①The ideographic nature of symbols
②The arbitrariness of symbols
③Conventionality of symbols
④Consistency of symbolic form
⑤Inconsistency in symbol content
Information exchange process (2)
①Information transfer
Definition: Refers to the act of moving information from one point in time or space to another through certain media.
Form (2 pieces)
① Classification based on whether the information sender has a confirmed information recipient in advance
Yes: one-way transmission (directed transmission)
None: multi-directional delivery (undirected delivery)
②Divided according to whether the information sender actively transmits information or passively transmits information
The sender chooses a topic: Active delivery
Receiver chooses topic: Passive transmission
Type (4)
①Multi-directional active information transmission
Definition: The information sender processes the information based on the topic of his or her own choosing and then delivers it to the entire society or to recipients not determined in advance. Also called undirected active information transfer.
Features
①Not very targeted
②Wide delivery and wide service range
③Provide information in a timely manner
②One-way active information transmission
Definition: The information sender actively transmits information to the predetermined information recipient based on the topic selected by himself. Also called directed active information transfer.
Features
①Strongly targeted
②The service scope is not large and the service targets are single.
③The information provided is very timely
③Multi-directional passive information transmission
Definition: The information sender provides the transmission of information materials to a wide range of recipients based on their requirements. Also called undirected passive information transfer.
Features
① Be targeted to a certain extent
②Wide range of services
③Transmission speed is slow
④One-way passive information transmission
Definition: It is the information transmission carried out by the information sender based on the topics and requirements raised by the individual information recipients. Also called directed passive transfer.
Features
①Strongly targeted
②Small transmission range
③Transmission speed is slow
The four information transmission methods are not independent of each other, but are interrelated. They cannot replace each other, but must coexist for a long time. (3 reasons)
①The diversity of information needs of information recipients requires a comprehensive information transmission method.
② Various information transmission methods have functional limitations.
③Various delivery methods can promote and complement each other.
②Information feedback
In essence, it is the reverse transmission process of information
Definition: It refers to the process in which the information sender transmits the information to the information receiver, and then sends back the reaction or utilization result of the information receiver, and affects the information transmission of the information sender.
Function (2)
①Improve the quality and effect of information exchange
②Promote the work and research of information senders
Requirements for information feedback (3 items)
①In time
②Accurate
③Moderate
information exchange model
Basic models of information exchange (6)
①Shannon-Weaver Model II
② Schramm Model II: Shared experience; characterized by the introduction of the concept of feedback and the understanding of information exchange as an interactive cyclic process.
③Vickley Model: From Vickery Model I to the modification of Vickery Model I, and then to Vickery Model II: people, documents, machines and nature are four interacting information sources and information sinks.
④Mikhailov model
Definition: Mikhailov believes that the various processes of providing, transmitting and obtaining scientific information in human society are the basic mechanisms for the survival and development of science. The sum of these processes is called scientific communication. This kind of communication has two forms, one is the informal information exchange process; the other is the formal information exchange process.
9 aspects
① Direct dialogue between scientists and experts regarding the research or development they are engaged in
②Scientists and experts visit their colleagues’ laboratories, science and technology exhibitions, etc.
③Scientists and experts give oral lectures to certain audiences
④Exchange letters, preprints and separate copies of publications
⑤Preparation work before publication of research or development results, including selection of publication form and publication location and time
informal information exchange process
⑥Editing, publishing and printing processes necessary for publication of the manuscript, including writing book translations
⑦The distribution process of scientific publications, including commercial activities related to the distribution process
⑧Library quantitative work and archival affairs
⑨Scientific information work itself
formal information exchange process
⑤Lancaster model
⑥Watley-Maclean model
Organizational information exchange model
Definition: Refers to the exchange of information between members, departments, and teams within an organization.
Classification (from the perspective of structural level and flow direction) (3)
①Vertical information exchange
Definition: Refers to the exchange of information between different levels within an organization.
Category (2)
①Download information flow
Definition: Refers to the flow of information from the top to the bottom of the information; dominant position in the organization.
Function (3)
①Maintain organizational functions
②Clear organizational goals
③Maintain the normal operation of the organization
Form (4)
①Notice
②File
③Instructions
④The spirit of the meeting
②Upstream information flow
Definition: Refers to the flow of information from the bottom to the top of an organization; it is the main way for information feedback within the organization.
Function (3)
① Understand the operating status of the organization
② Understand the implementation of organizational functions
③ Understand the organizational benefits
Form (4)
①Work report
②Situation report
③Ask for instructions
④Application
②Horizontal information exchange
Definition: Refers to the exchange of information between the same levels within an organization.
Function (2)
①Coordinate organizational behavior
②Solve practical problems
Form (3)
①Notification
② Copies of relevant documents at the same level
③Communication between functional teams
③ Oblique information exchange: refers to the exchange of information between the top management within the organization and those at the bottom who are not in charge.
Information exchange model in virtual space (5)
①Person-to-person communication model: the communication of one person’s thoughts with another person’s thoughts.
②Communication model between humans and machines: two-way; humans can not only actively communicate with machines, but machines can also actively communicate with humans.
③Machine-to-machine communication model: It is a pure information exchange within the virtual space, that is, without human intervention.
④Human and local composite communication model
⑤Integrated human-machine composite communication model
Factors affecting information exchange
Social factors (7)
①Political factors
②Military factors
③Regulatory factors
④Economic factors
⑤Technological factors
⑥Cultural factors
⑦Educational factors
Language factors (3)
①Natural language factors
Definition: It is a sound symbol system developed by humans to communicate with each other in their social life.
Positive impact: The use of natural language and text makes it possible for complex and convenient information exchanges between people. Therefore, natural language and text play an important role in promoting and promoting information exchange.
Negative impact: Different countries and regions use different languages, which creates great obstacles to information exchange.
Ways to Overcome Natural Language Barriers (3)
① Use a unified language (almost impossible)
② Improve people’s foreign language proficiency (auxiliary method)
③Implement machine translation (main method)
②Professional language factors
Definition: a professional term.
Positive impact: The use of professional language facilitates information exchange within the same subject and can promote information exchange within the subject.
Negative impact: Barriers in information exchange between professionals from different disciplines.
Methods to overcome professional language barriers (2)
①Expand personal knowledge to facilitate information exchange with professionals in related disciplines
②Edit and publish professional dictionaries for reference by professionals in other disciplines
③Search for language factors
Definition: It is an artificial language specially used to describe the content characteristics and appearance characteristics of documents and express information questions, link the storage and retrieval of information, and connect indexers and searchers to achieve common understanding and communication.
Positive influence (4)
① Using search language can concentrate information with the same and related content or reveal its relevance
② It can centralize and systematize the storage of information, making it easier for searchers to conduct orderly retrieval according to a certain order.
③ Facilitate comparison of the consistency between indexing quotes and search terms, ensuring the consistency of different searchers’ expressions of the same information content, and the consistency of searchers and indexers’ expressions of the same information content.
④ It can ensure that searchers can obtain high recall and precision rates when retrieving information according to different needs.
Negative effects (2)
① It is easy to form information islands, and it is difficult to communicate and share information from different institutions using different search languages.
② It is easy to cause barriers to information exchange. Users do not understand the search language, making it difficult for managers and users to communicate, and it is also detrimental to users' search and utilization.
Methods to overcome search language barriers (2)
① Realize the unification and standardization of information retrieval language
② Strengthen information retrieval language education and training for users
Communication process factors (3)
①Occurring (4)
① Information time lag
②Transformation of language
③Formalization
④Interference
②Transmitting (4 pieces)
①Channel capacity
②Interference during transmission
③Information restoration
④Transmission method
③Accepting (2 pieces)
①Receive requirements
②Ability to accept
Information security factors (5)
① Information pollution: refers to the penetration of useless information, inferior information or harmful information into information resources, causing interference to your collection, development and utilization of information resources, affecting the speed and efficiency of information dissemination, and increasing the difficulty of information screening and screening. Some information It will also cause harm to users and the country.
②Information leakage: refers to stealing personal privacy information, corporate trade secrets, government department and military secrets, computer files and software, etc. through illegal or illegal means.
③Information destruction: refers to the creation and spread of malicious programs, destroying all information and programs stored in the computer, and even destroying computer hardware.
④Information infringement: refers to the infringement of information property rights.
⑤Information aggression: refers to the behavior of developed countries using their information advantages to export their values and political views to developing countries, undermining the political independence and cultural independence of developing countries.
5. Information Management Process
information gathering
The meaning and significance of information collection
Definition: Information collection refers to the process by which relevant institutions and individuals collect and collect various forms of information inside and outside the system according to certain purposes.
Status and role (2)
①Information collection is the starting point of information management activities and the premise and foundation for good information management work.
②The quality of information collection work is the key to determining the quality of information management work.
Principles of information collection (7)
①Principle of pertinence: Collection must be for a certain purpose and centered around the user’s information needs.
② Systematic principle: Comprehensive and systematic collection of local information related to needs is of great help to the thoroughness and completeness of solving user problems.
③Principle of timeliness: It means that the information collected can reflect the current status of social activities, and also includes unique information that has not been discovered and used by others, as well as information that can reflect the personality of affairs in a timely and accurate manner.
④ Principle of predictability: When collecting information, we must focus on the actual needs of users and be proactive. We must pay attention to understanding the potential information needs of users and the future changing trends of information needs, and collect information that can guide future development. Predictive information.
⑤Planning principle: Information collection is a long-term process, and a reasonable information collection plan must be formulated.
⑥Principle of reliability: We must persist in investigation and research, collect true, reliable, and accurate information, and seek truth from facts.
⑦Economic principle: Strive for results and improve the economic and social benefits of information collection.
Basic procedures for information collection (4)
①Determine the collection policy: It is the general principle for collection work. Each information collection agency or department must specify the information collection policy according to its own purposes and tasks.
② Develop a collection plan: a specific implementation plan for the collection policy within a period of time.
③Implementation of collection work: Collectors must obtain relevant information in accordance with the requirements of the collection plan.
④Feedback user information: According to the different information needs of information users, the collected information will be transferred and provided in a targeted manner. Collecting information does not mean that it is an intermediary in the collection process. Information collectors should pay attention to collecting user feedback.
Main methods of information collection (3)
①Direct observation method
Definition: Refers to the act of collecting information at the information source site, relying on one's sense organs and thinking, and using necessary equipment to objectively record the information generated by the information source.
Category (2)
① Uncontrolled observation method (on-site recording): refers to information collection, which involves participating in the activities of the observed person as the person being observed in the information source, but does not make any intervention in the activities of the information source and the behavior of the person being observed, and does not make any plans. Arrange and prepare for direct observation and personal experience in actual activities to obtain first-hand information.
② Controlled observation method (experiment): refers to information collection that uses certain tools, instruments, and equipment to observe specific objects in a planned, purposeful, and prepared manner.
②Social Survey Method (3)
①Interview survey method
②Questionnaire survey method
③Online survey
Definition: Refers to social surveys conducted using the Internet.
Type (3)
① According to the technical means used, there are emails, web pages, etc.
② According to the survey sampling methods, there are open type, screening type and recruitment type.
③ Depending on whether the respondent is given remuneration points, there are non-payment and lottery methods.
Advantages (5)
① The investigation space can be expanded and the investigation time can be greatly increased.
②It can improve the timeliness of investigation.
③It can reduce investigation costs.
④ It can reduce intentional response errors and measurement errors in statistical surveys.
⑤It greatly increases the flexibility of questionnaire design and increases the available techniques.
Applications (4)
①Online market research
②Online opinion poll
③Survey on online sensitive issues
④Network basic data survey
Facing problems (4)
①The problem of how to combine with traditional investigation methods
②Problems of sample deviation and correction
③Safety issues
④Exploration of new fields
③Documentation method
Definition: Refers to the method of obtaining relevant documents through procurement, request, exchange, retrieval, commissioned copying, online downloading and other channels, and obtaining information by reading these documents.
Type (4)
① Procurement: It is an effective way to collect information on a regular, stable and systematic basis. It is very practical for both information service organizations and individuals; especially those with stable quality and high value.
② Request: For information that has not yet been published or is not circulated through formal channels, as well as information sources that have been published or publicly circulated but are not detailed, complete and comprehensive enough, directly contact the person or institution that possesses the required information.
③Exchange: Individuals or institutions use their information sources to exchange with other individuals or institutions to adjust and supplement each other and expand information sources.
④Retrieval: The process by which information collectors collect required information from various information systems and databases manually or through computers.
information organization
The meaning and work content of information organization
Definition: Refers to the activity of ordering the collected information according to its formal characteristics and content characteristics, and then reorganizing and controlling it.
Content (4)
①Information disclosure: Also called information indexing, it is the process of selecting, summarizing, and refining the main content and other formal characteristics of information.
②Information description: Also known as information description, it is the process of describing and recording the external characteristics and partial content characteristics of information according to certain management rules and technical standards.
③Information ordering: The process of organizing disordered information into ordered information according to a certain method. There are two aspects: the serialization of information items and the serialization of information entities.
④Information storage: It is the storage of organized information on a certain carrier or in a certain space in a certain structure. It is a manifestation of organized information. Including the storage of secondary information and the storage of information entities (original information).
Principles of information organization (4)
①Principle of objectivity: When describing and revealing information, it must be objective and accurate, and it must be scientifically reflected and sequenced according to the various characteristics reflected by the information itself.
② Systematic principle: Carry out systematic information organization work to achieve the overall goal of information organization. Grasp several relationships.
①The relationship between macro information organization and peripheral information organization
②The relationship between the information organization department and other departments
③The relationship between various aspects of information organization work
④The relationship between different information processing methods
③Purpose principle: Work must be carried out around the information needs of users, paying attention to the demand status and changing characteristics of the target market of information institutions.
④Standardization principle: Mainly reflected in the unity of information organization work, the standardization of information organization methods, the compatibility of information organization systems and the universality of information organization results. There are several criteria.
①Basic terminology standards
②Related information technology standards
③Information organization technical standards
④Other related standards
Basic methods of information organization
①Information disclosure methods (3)
① Classification: It is a method of giving classification labels to the content or formal characteristics of information.
①Grade system classification method
②Faceted combination classification method
③Hybrid classification method
②Theme method: Use words in natural language or standardized words as identifiers to reveal the theme of the document.
③ Method of revealing information form characteristics: refers to the title, author, code, formation time, publication or release place, etc. of the information.
②Information description method (3)
① Document information description: A consistent bibliographic information language to unify the description of document characteristics and reporting, and the method of retrieving documents.
②MARC format: machine-readable directory.
③Dublin Core Standard
③Information sequencing methods (5)
①Code serialization method
②Word sequencing method
③Sequential method
④Geographic order method
⑤Importance ordering method
④Information storage method (2)
①Storage of information on the carrier:
①Sequential storage
②Random storage
③Hybrid storage
②Storage of information (entity) in space
①Division of storage space
②Arrangement of information entities
Ways to organize network information (5)
① Search engine method: It is the main form of organizing secondary information on the Internet. Its essence is a retrieval tool for reporting and storing primary information on the Internet.
②Theme tree method
Definition: All the information resources obtained in the selected subject field are organized layer by layer according to a certain predetermined conceptual system structure. The user selects layer by layer through browsing and traverses layer by layer until the desired location is found. Need information clues.
Advantages: simple and easy to use, shielding users from the complexity of network information resource systems, and providing a browsing interface based on tree browsing, that is, information is viewed one by one according to a certain architecture, so it is purposeful for users. Strong, high accuracy.
Disadvantages: The architecture should not be too complex, and there should not be too many subdivided topics under each category, which limits the number of Internet information resources it can accommodate.
③Library cataloging method: Use traditional machine-readable catalog format to organize network information resources.
④Digital library method: The collection is stored and digitized for retrieval, which is a huge digital database.
⑤Virtual library method: Different from digital libraries that appear in physical form, it selects subject areas of information resources based on specific goals, collects web pages that store relevant information on the Internet, identifies and verifies them, and Properly organize the verified URL to provide a collection of information that can be retrieved, browsed, and linked.
information analysis
The meaning of information analysis
Characteristics of information analysis
Information analysis work steps
information analysis methods
Information provision
The meaning and significance of information provision
Meaning: Refers to the activity of providing users with information collected by information institutions or information acquisition and query tools based on specific needs of users.
Significance (status and role): It is the starting point and destination of information management activities, and the most important link in the information management process. Activities such as information collection, information organization, and information analysis are aimed at finally putting the information stored in the information organization to some use. Otherwise, all the previous links are meaningless.
Principles of information provision (4)
①Principle of pertinence: Any information is effective in the specific needs of specific users, so the information provided must closely focus on the specific information needs of specific users, and pay attention to the pertinence of the information provided.
②Principle of timeliness: Information is timely, that is, it can be effective within a specific time range. Only by choosing the appropriate time to provide services and providing them at the right time can we strive for the best service results.
③Principle of ease of use: Users’ use of information is affected by availability and ease of use.
④Economic principle: We must pay attention to both social design and economic benefits.
Main ways of providing information (6)
①Information reporting and publishing services
Definition: That is, the information provider reports the collected information in a timely manner to meet the information needs of users.
Category (3)
①Text report
②Oral report
③Intuitive dissemination of reports
② Document lending and copying services (3)
①Document loan service
②Literature reading service
③Document copy service
③Information retrieval service: It is to quickly and accurately find out all valuable information and data that matches the user's needs from various retrieval tools or retrieval systems based on the user's needs or questions.
④Information consulting services: refers to the consulting party using its professional knowledge, information, skills and experience and using scientific methods and means to conduct investigations, research, analysis, predictions and objectively provide the best or most accurate information based on the requirements put forward by the client. alternatives.
⑤Title information service
Definition: It refers to a kind of literature information service in which the literature information organization selects an important topic in certain aspects according to the needs of users, goes deep into it, carries out investigation and research, uses a variety of information service methods, and provides tracking services until the topic is completed.
Features (5)
①Purpose of content
②Diversity of methods
③Timeliness of providing information
④Significance of the effect
⑤Service initiative
Process (4)
①Select service topics
② Develop service plan
③Carry out information tracking
④Evaluate service effects
In the selected service topics, three aspects of work should be done well:
①Conduct topic investigation
② Review and select topics
③Select service topics
⑥Network information service mode
Definition: It relies on the Internet or the organization's internal LAN to provide information services.
Type (5)
①WWW type information service
②FTP type information service
③BBS type information service
④E-mail type information services
⑤Other network-based information services
6. Information management technology
An overview of information management technology
Concepts and levels of information technology
Information technology: refers to technical equipment used to manage, develop and utilize information resources that can expand the functions of human information organs and their corresponding usage methods and operating skills.
Modern information technology: refers to electronic information technology equipment and its corresponding usage methods and operating skills developed on the basis of modern science and technology, especially the advancement of microelectronics technology, laser technology and network technology.
Hierarchy of modern information technology
①Basic level information technology
①Sensing technology
②Computer technology
③Modern communication technology
④Audio and video technology
⑤Optical information storage technology
②Application level information technology
①Multimedia technology
②Hypertext technology
③Database technology
④Information network technology
⑤Compact disc technology
⑥Visual text technology
…
The concept and impact of information management technology
Definition: Information management technology refers to the collective name of modern information technology used for information acquisition, organization, processing, storage, retrieval, dissemination, delivery and ensuring the security of information management.
Classification (by function) (8)
①Information acquisition technology: refers to technology that extends human sensory organs to collect information.
②Information processing technology: refers to the technology that uses computers to convert, compare, operate, analyze and reason various forms of information.
Information acquisition and processing technology
①Remote sensing technology (acquisition)
Definition: Mainly uses remote sensing devices such as light, pressure, temperature, gas, magnetism, radiation, optical fiber, etc. to collect various forms of information technology at a long distance, with high precision and with high efficiency.
Features (4)
①The remote sensing detection range, speed and period of obtaining information, etc., vary depending on the flight altitude of the sensor vehicle.
② Modern remote sensing technology can not only detect objects using visible light bands, but also use ultraviolet, infrared and microwave bands that are invisible to the human eye.
③The amount of information obtained by remote sensing technology is very large.
④The application cost of remote sensing technology is low and the benefits are high.
②Computer technology (processing)
Definition: It is the central nervous system of information technology.
Operating system (2 functions)
①Manage various software and hardware resources of the computer system.
② Provide human-computer interaction interface
③Multimedia technology (processing)
Definition: It is an information processing technology that integrates text, images and sounds.
④Artificial intelligence technology (processing)
Definition: A technology that uses computers to simulate human beings' ability to process information so that computers can display intelligent human behaviors.
Data mining technology: The process of extracting information and knowledge that people do not know in advance but are potentially useful from a large amount of incomplete, noisy, fuzzy, and random practical application data.
③Information organization technology: refers to the technology that enables organic connection and ordering of scattered and disordered information.
④Information storage technology: refers to technology that saves information across time.
Information organization and storage technology
①File organization technology
Definition: A file is an ordered sequence of a set of associated elements with symbols. Files can contain a very wide range of content.
Basic methods (3)
①Sequential method: It is the simplest method of storing and retrieving records. In a sequential folder, the physical order and logical order are consistent, and records are stored on the storage medium in the order in which they are entered.
②Index method: A file with an index becomes an index file, which consists of two parts: the index and the file itself. The index of the index file must be stored in keyword order, and the file itself can be stored in order or not.
③Direct method: There is no index for direct access to files. Instead, some addressing methods are used to find the corresponding relationship between the recorded keywords and the storage address, and then direct access is performed.
Features (4)
① Poor data sharing and high redundancy
②Data inconsistency
③Poor data independence
④The data structure is low
②Database technology
Database: refers to a warehouse that organizes, stores and manages data according to data structure.
Database technology: refers to the establishment, maintenance, and utilization of database technology; in essence, it uses a database management system to manage the database.
DBMS functions (4)
①Define the functions of the database
②Function of managing database
③Maintain database functions
④Data communication function
Characteristics of database systems (5)
①Information is complete, abstract, and less redundant
②Represents the complex relationship between data
③Program and data are independent
④Support different views and sharing of data
⑤Restrict unauthorized access
Full text database technology
Definition: It is a source database that stores the full text of a document or its main part and provides full-text retrieval.
Features (6)
① Contains the originality of information
② Thoroughness of information retrieval
③The naturalness of the search language used
④ Relative stability of data
⑤Accuracy of search results
⑥Non-structural nature of data structure
③Hypertext technology
Definition: Hypertext organizes information into a series of discrete information nodes, establishes connections between nodes through links, and forms a network information structure composed of nodes and links. Hypertext is actually some data that has a link relationship with other data.
Composition: No completely unified structure.
④Information compression technology
Definition: It is a key technology for the organization and storage of multimedia information.
Prerequisites for information compression (2)
①Data redundancy (7)
Redundancy refers to the excess useless space in the various properties of information, and the degree of excess is called redundancy.
① Space redundancy
②Time redundancy
③Statistical redundancy
④Structural redundancy
⑤Information entropy redundancy
⑥Visual redundancy
⑦Knowledge redundancy
②Human insensitivity factors
⑤ Optical disc storage technology: It is an information storage technology that reads and writes data through optical methods.
⑤Information retrieval technology: The technology of finding required information in established databases and computer networks.
⑥Information dissemination technology: refers to the technology that actively or passively transmits processed information to users.
Information retrieval and communication technology
① CD information retrieval technology
Definition: Use a computer to find the required information from the purchased public security database
Advantages (5)
① Low search cost
②Easy to operate
③Higher retrieval efficiency
④ Fast running speed
⑤Good safety performance
Disadvantages (3)
①The update cycle of the CD-ROM database is long and the novelty of the information is affected.
②It is necessary to constantly update the CD during retrieval, which is a waste of time
③CD databases produced by different publishers
②Online information retrieval technology
Definition: Users use terminal equipment, use certain instructions to input search terms and search strategies, connect to the central computer of the online information center through the communication network, conduct human-computer dialogue, and search for the required information from the database of the online information center through the operation of search software. the process of.
Features (5)
①Information retrieval breaks through space limitations
②Wide range of information content
③The latest information can be retrieved
④Retrieval speed is faster
⑤Retrieval costs are high
③Internet information retrieval technology: Use networks of different transmission protocols and retrieval tools and methods to query rich information resources on the Internet.
④Digital information dissemination technology
⑦Information transmission technology: refers to all technologies that enable information to flow across space.
⑧Information security technology: modern information technology that ensures the security of information management systems, information networks and the information itself.
Information transmission and security technology
①Data communication technology: transmit data information from one machine to another through appropriate transmission media.
②Computer network technology
Definition: The product of the combination of modern communication technology and computer technology
Type (3)
① Local area network: refers to a computer network formed by interconnecting computers in office buildings or campuses within a few hundred meters to several kilometers.
② Metropolitan area network: a high-speed network between the wide area network and the local area network; the design purpose is to meet the transmission function between multiple local area networks within a range of dozens of kilometers.
③Wide area network: also known as long-distance network, covering a range from dozens of kilometers to thousands of kilometers; covering a country, region or across several continents, forming an international long-distance network; interconnecting local area networks or computer systems in different regions, To achieve the purpose of resource sharing.
③Information security technology
① Access control technology: used to control users’ access to network resources.
② Encryption technology: Use a certain encryption algorithm to convert plain text of information into cipher text for transmission, making it impossible to decipher the intercepted information, thereby achieving secure transmission of information.
③Authentication technology: Authentication of the identity of both parties, mainly including digital signature, identity verification and digital certification.
④ Anti-virus technology: There are virus prevention technology, virus detection technology and virus elimination technology, which can effectively prevent virus invasion.
⑤Firewall technology: a technical measure to protect network information security. It uses one or a group of network devices to construct a protective layer barrier between the internal network and the external network, detects all internal and external links, limits illegal access in both internal and external directions, and protects the system itself from the impact of information traversal. Specifically, there are packet filtering gateways, application layer gateways, and proxy services.
The impact of information management technology on information management (4)
① Expand the social function of information management: The application of information management technology has strengthened and extended the functions of traditional information management; promoted the development of the traditional information service industry and the birth of the emerging information service industry, making information management activities an independent undertaking.
② Change the working model of information management (3 items)
① Changed the original information management business structure and established a new information management business system
② Changed the manual working methods of traditional information management organizations
③Has a great impact on the management of organizations within information management institutions
③Promote information management process reengineering: Provide technical support for information management process reengineering.
④ Improve the comprehensive benefits of information management: It can save information management time, improve the quality of information management, increase information storage capacity, reduce information management costs, and enhance information management effects.
Challenges brought by modern information management technology (3)
① The difficulty of information content management continues to increase: There is a large amount of junk information, invalid information, redundant information, harassing information and harmful information on the Internet, which is not only harmful to society, but also makes information management more difficult.
②Managers who are not familiar with modern information management technology are in trouble: completely subverting the manual operation of traditional information management.
③Information security issues have become the top priority of information management: The "irrational" use of Internet technology has greatly accelerated the generation, dissemination and diffusion of bad information, greatly enhanced its destructive power, increased social instability factors, and users privacy protection issues are more prominent.
7. Information management system
Overview of systems and information management systems
System Overview
Basic points (5)
①The system must achieve a specific goal
②The system has clear boundaries
③The system can be divided into several interconnected parts
④ There is material flow or information flow between various parts within the system
⑤The system is dynamic, changing, and developing
Features (7)
① Purpose
②Integrity
③Hierarchy
④Relevance
⑤Adaptability
⑥Complexity
⑦Dynamic
Information Management System Overview
definition
Broadly speaking: Information management system is formed by the interconnection and interaction of information resources, information management talents, information management technology equipment, information management methods and other elements, which can collect, sort, store, process, transmit and provide utilization of information. organic whole.
Narrow sense: An information management system is a computer system that uses computer hardware and software, various analysis plans, control and decision-making models and databases to collect, sort, store, process, transmit and utilize information.
Classification (according to physical structure) (3)
①Centralized: A host computer carries several terminals and runs a multi-user operating system for use by multiple users.
② Distributed-centralized: Use a microcomputer or workstation to execute application software and database management software, and connect through a local area network to one or several minicomputers or even mainframes that are the host and information processing and switching center of the entire system.
③Distributed: A microcomputer or workstation acts as a client and is responsible for performing front-end functions; one or multiple microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers or mainframes scattered in different locations act as servers, responsible for performing back-end functions, and then use a bus structure The network connects clients and servers.
Basic structure (3 pieces)
①Vertical information management follows the Anthony model
② Horizontal information management follows a tree model
③Integrated structure of vertical and horizontal structures
Main types of information management systems
information storage and retrieval system
Definition: An information management system that uses computers to store and retrieve large amounts of information.
Mechanism principle: A large amount of original information and processed secondary information are input into the computer in a certain format. After computer processing, a database with a certain structure for retrieval is generated. User questions are input into the computer according to certain requirements. , the computer processes it and searches and matches it with the database stored in the machine, and finally outputs the results that meet the searcher's requirements to the user in the required format.
MIS
Management information system is the specific practice and a technical means of information management system, while information management system is the general name of management information system; the two are included and contained.
Definition: It is a system composed of people, computers, etc. that can collect, transmit, store, maintain and use information. It can measure various operating conditions of the organization and use past historical data to predict the future. From the overall perspective of the organization Start to assist the organization in making decisions, use information to control the organization's behavior, and help the organization achieve its planning goals.
Main tasks (4)
① Strict management of basic data requires the standardization of measurement tools and the correct use of procedures and methods to smooth information circulation channels and ensure the accuracy and consistency of information.
② Determine the standardization of the information processing process and unify the standard format of data and reports in order to establish a centralized and unified database.
③ Complete daily affairs processing business efficiently and cost-effectively, and optimize the allocation of various resources, including human, physical, financial, etc.
④ Make full use of existing resources, including existing and historical data information, etc., use various management models to process data, and support management and decision-making in order to achieve organizational goals.
office automation system
Definition: Refers to a human/machine information system that uses advanced technology to materialize part of people's office work into various equipment other than people, and uses these equipment and office personnel to complete office work together.
Basic tasks: Use advanced science and technology to enable people to use various equipment to handle part of office business, to achieve the purpose of improving productivity, work efficiency and quality, and facilitating management and decision-making.
Features (4)
①For unstructured management issues
②The work object is mainly transaction processing type office business
③Emphasis on impromptu working style
④Device driver
Function (5)
① Work plan management
②Notice information management
③Official document information management
④ Communication data management
⑤System management
Decision Support Systems
Definition: It is an intelligent human/machine system that is based on management disciplines, operations research, cybernetics and behavioral science, and uses computer technology, simulation technology and information technology as means to support decision-making activities for semi-structured decision-making problems. .
Features (5)
① Use for decision-makers
②The problem solved is a semi-structured decision-making problem
③The emphasis is on the concept of support
④The driving force comes from models and users
⑤Operation emphasizes interactive processing
Supervisor Information Systems
Definition: It is a special type of information system that serves managers at this level of the organization and meets the strategic information needs of senior managers.
Features (3)
①Externalization and intelligence of data
②Structural flexibility and flexibility
③Collaboration and distribution of the system
MRP and MRPⅡ
MRP: Material requirements planning, which can calculate the accurate time and quantity of relevant material requirements based on relevant data.
MRPⅡ: Develop production plans based on corporate business objectives, organize manufacturing resources around material conversion, and achieve production on demand and on time; effectively plan and rationally utilize various limited manufacturing resources of the company to improve the competitiveness of the company.
enterprise resource planning system
Definition: It refers to a management platform based on information technology and using systematic management ideas to provide decision-making and operation methods for enterprise decision-makers and employees; it integrates customer needs with internal manufacturing activities of the enterprise and the manufacturing resources of suppliers. Form a complete supply chain.
Applications (3)
① Realize supply chain resource management
②Achieve lean production, synchronous engineering and agile manufacturing
③Reflect the idea of advance planning and in-process control
Signs of success (advantages) (4)
① System operation integration: software operation spans multiple departments.
②Business process rationalization: Business departments at all levels are rebuilt based on fully optimized processes.
③ Dynamic performance monitoring: The performance system can provide immediate feedback to correct problems in management.
④ Continuous management improvement: The enterprise establishes a mechanism for continuous self-evaluation and continuous improvement of management.
Development and management of information management systems
Development of information management systems
Development Principles (4)
①System principles
②Economic principles
③Scientific principles
④Professional principles
Basic conditions (3)
① Leaders pay attention and business staff are highly motivated
②Complete and accurate basic data and standardized basic work
③Professional and technical talents
Development methods (4)
① Spontaneous development: development directly relying on the strength of the unit.
②Entrusted development: The unit entrusts computer companies, scientific research institutions or universities with strong technical strength and rich development experience to develop.
③Joint development: The unit cooperates with relevant computer companies, colleges and universities or scientific research units to jointly develop information management systems.
④Purchase software package: Directly purchase commercialized software.
Development methods (3)
①Structured life cycle development method
Definition: Use systems thinking and system engineering methods to analyze and design the life cycle from top to bottom in a structured and modular manner based on the user-first principle.
Stages (4)
①Planning
②Analysis
③Design
④Implementation
②Object-oriented development method
Definition: When designing a system, design the system into a minimum set of immutable parts that meet the requirements.
Stages (3)
①Analysis
②Design
③Programming
③Software re-engineering method
Definition: Refers to the development process of investigating existing object systems and reorganizing them into new forms of code.
Stages (3)
①Reanalyze
②Reencoding
③Test again
Management(8)
①Goal planning
②Dynamic control
③Progress management
④Quality management
⑤Expense control
⑥Contract management
⑦Information management
⑧Organization and coordination
Operation, maintenance and evaluation of information management systems
Run(3)
① Direct conversion: The new system completely replaces the old system; it is simple and saves money.
② Parallel conversion: After the new system is put into operation for a period of time, the old system continues to run; the overhead is large but guaranteed.
③ Pilot conversion: combines the first two.
Maintenance (2 pieces)
①Daily maintenance
Mainly completed by system personnel on duty
①System software and hardware maintenance
②Program code maintenance
③Maintenance of data files
④Handling of emergencies
②Software maintenance
Done by programmers or maintainers
①Positive maintenance
②Adaptive maintenance
③Perfect maintenance
④Preventive maintenance
Reviews (4)
①Economic rationality
②Implementation effectiveness
③Technological advancement
④Time saving
8. Information management talents
Concept and types of information management talents
definition
Broadly speaking: refers to information professionals who specialize in information work in information management organizations in various industries, including document information management talents, information technology management talents, economic information management talents, and government information management talents.
Narrow sense: refers to personnel engaged in information collection, organization, research and service and management work in full-time information management institutions and enterprises and institutions, excluding information management technology development, information management research and teaching personnel.
Types of information management talents (5)
①Information management research talents
Definition: Refers to talents engaged in research on information management theories, methods and practical activities.
Nature of work: exploratory, academic and creative.
Work content: Discuss the subject theory of information management, the basic principles and operating methods of information management, the aspects and approaches of the application of modern information technology in information management, the organization and management of information management activities, and the development mechanism and development strategy of the information industry.
Distribution: colleges and universities, scientific research institutes.
②Information management education talents
Definition: Refers to talents who teach information management knowledge and skills to others.
Main responsibilities: Cultivate new information management talents according to society's demand for information management talents, and provide continuing education to original information management talents.
Distribution: teachers engaged in information management education in schools at all levels and staff engaged in information management skills training in public institutions.
③Information management technical talents
Definition: Refers to talents engaged in the development and maintenance of information management technology in various departments and industries of society.
Main responsibilities: Ensure the construction of information management infrastructure for various departments or industries, maintain the normal operation of information management equipment, ensure the connectivity and security management of department or industry LANs and the Internet, and provide comprehensive technical support for the informatization work of enterprises or organizations. and protection.
Distribution: Information management system designers, information management network system administrators, information management application developers, database administrators, data communication experts, etc.
④Information management business talents
Definition: Refers to talents who use various information skills and information management systems to collect, organize, analyze and provide information.
Distribution: Various websites, information centers, libraries, information institutes, archives, etc. are the main body of information management talents, with a large proportion.
⑤ Senior information manager
Definition: CIO, also known as chief information officer, chief information manager; a senior official responsible for all areas of a company or enterprise's information technology and systems.
Functions (8)
①Participate in organizational decision-making
② Develop appropriate information strategies based on the organization’s development strategic goals
③Coordinate the information needs of various departments and be responsible for the organization’s information integration
④ Preside over the formulation of the overall framework of the organization's information process and standardize the basic standards for information management
⑤ Pay attention to the development and changes of information technology, select and apply information technology from the perspective of organizational management, and provide effective information technology support for the organization's operation and management.
⑥Evaluate the return on investment of information technology
⑦Propaganda, consultation and training work
⑧Information communication and organizational coordination
Quality requirements and social needs of information management talents
Quality requirements for information management talents
Basic qualities: ideological and moral character, professional ethics, physical fitness, and psychological character.
Knowledge structure: Individually, the knowledge structure of information management talents at different levels and in different departments can be focused on this basis.
Smart structures (5)
①In general, information management talents must have a common professional foundation and certain professional skills to adapt to work environments with different social divisions of labor as soon as possible.
② It should have broad adaptability.
③ Should have strong hands-on skills and strong expression skills; be cheerful and good at communication; have an active mind, be good at observation, and have rigorous thinking; and have certain organizational and management capabilities.
④ You should have strong re-learning ability. You must continue to learn, constantly enrich yourself, and improve your various abilities so that you have good re-learning potential so that you can quickly adapt to the changes in information technology itself in the future. to meet the new challenges coming and adapt to the needs of future informatization.
⑤Respective focus, that is, ability and quality.
A brief list of the composition and quality requirements of information management talents (P263)
Social demand for information management talents (my country) (2)
①Multi-level demand structure: my country’s demand for talents is also multi-level. It requires both theoretical research talents and applied talents who can solve practical problems and carry out modern management. First of all, what is urgently needed is a large number of junior and intermediate application technical talents, followed by information management talents at this level.
②Differential needs of regions and departments: The eastern coastal areas are too densely populated with professional talents, while the lack of professional talents in backward provinces and regions in the west and central China cannot be alleviated; upper-level information institutions are saturated with talents and grassroots departments are hungry for talents.
Education and training of information management talents
The basic situation of the establishment of information management majors in colleges and universities in my country
Information management talent training model (5)
① Determine the guiding ideology for the training of information management talents: first, follow the laws of external relationships in education; second, follow the laws of internal relationships in education. In the future, the guiding ideology for the training of information management talents should be to take information resource management and information technology application as the core, and consider professional settings based on the laws and basic principles of the entire process of information exchange, so as to cultivate broad knowledge and strong adaptability for national informatization. applied talents.
② Clarify the training objectives of information management talents: it should be to cultivate general talents, specialized talents and compound talents; for graduate students majoring in information management, the cultivation of specialized talents and compound talents should be the main focus.
③ Form a multi-type and multi-level information management talent training system: first, improve the quality of undergraduate talent training education; secondly, clarify the direction of graduate talent training; and then appropriately expand the scale of training vocational and technical talents.
④Improving the information management professional education curriculum system (Backbone X)
①First of all, the core of the professional knowledge system is reflected through the main courses and becomes the basis for the quality evaluation of similar professional education.
② Secondly, this model provides a broad space for each school's information management major to conduct personalized teaching according to the school's characteristics, social environment, and historical background.
③Thirdly, this model not only solves the contradiction between the commonality and individuality of the majors passed by each school, but also better handles the contradiction between subject stability and advancement with the times.
④Finally, it provides conditions for macro-control by education authorities and independent innovation by teaching units.
It not only has overall planning and unified deployment, but also takes into account the actual conditions of colleges and universities in various regions.
⑤ Implement various forms of school-running systems (5)
①Cross-department alliance
②School-institution cooperation
③Factory-system alliance
④ Cross-border alliances
⑤ Implement the national vocational qualification certificate system
9. Information service industry
The information service industry is an industry that collects, organizes, analyzes, transmits and provides information services. In other words, the information service industry usually refers to various industries that are directly engaged in the collection, storage, processing, transmission, and exchange of information and provide services to the society in the form of information products.
Most of them are big topics, so you have to go back and read the explanations in the book for detailed explanations.
The composition, characteristics and status of the information service industry
The composition of the information service industry
①From the perspective of information service business provided (6)
① Information storage industry: refers to the information service industry that continuously collects, stores, and processes various information and provides users with required data and information, such as database service agencies, libraries, document information centers, archives, patent offices, and Bureau of Standards etc.
②Information communication industry: refers to the information service industry that provides mass information communication services.
③Information consulting industry: refers to the information service industry that uses the knowledge and intelligence of information personnel to provide information consulting.
④Information transmission industry: refers to the industry that provides channels and places for information exchange.
⑤ Information technology service industry: refers to the industry that provides information technology services and maintenance services for information equipment.
⑥Information teaching industry: refers to an industry that mainly imparts knowledge-based information.
②From the perspective of the economic nature of the industry (2)
①Public information service industry: an information service industry that provides free information services to the society, such as libraries, archives, information centers, etc.
②Industrial information service industry: refers to the information service industry that provides information products in the information market, such as advertising industry, intermediary service industry, consulting industry, etc.
③From the perspective of information content provided (2)
① Professional information service industry: refers to the information content provided is limited to a certain professional field.
② Comprehensive information service industry: refers to the information services provided covering multiple professional fields.
④From the perspective of information service scope and objects (2)
① Internal information service department: refers to the information service department that exists within enterprises and institutions, provides information services such as management, planning, communication, documentation, etc. to the unit, and conducts economic accounting internally.
②Public information service department: It is an information service department that is independently established and provides information services to the society.
Characteristics of the information service industry (5)
①The information service industry is a mental labor sector
②The information service industry is a special industry that uses information processing tools to provide services
③The information service industry is a department that provides services for the labor object of information.
④The labor products of the information service industry are information attached to various carriers
⑤The information service industry is a service industry that meets people’s spiritual needs.
The status and role of the information service industry (3 items)
According to Porat's view, the information service industry belongs to the fourth industry besides industry, agriculture, and service industries.
①The information service industry is an important part of the information industry, and the information service industry is gradually becoming the pillar of the information industry.
②The information service industry is an important industry engaged in the development and utilization of information resources, and is directly related to the success or failure of the entire country’s information industry.
③The information service industry is an important industry related to the development and take-off of the entire social economy and culture.
Development of information service industry
Development mechanism (strategy) of the information service industry (3 items)
①The development of the information service industry must have strong development momentum (2 aspects)
① From the expansion and deepening of society's information needs: The fundamental purpose and purpose of the information service industry is to meet society's information needs to the greatest extent.
② Comes from the formation and enhancement of social information awareness: Only when social information awareness is strengthened will the demand for information increase, which will stimulate the information service industry to provide high-quality information services.
②The development of the information service industry must have a complete support system (2)
①Basic conditions for the development of the information service industry (hardware support) (3)
①The information service industry requires corresponding technology and equipment (power)
②To develop your career, talent is the key
③The development of the information service industry must be supported by funds (essential condition)
②The fundamental guarantee for the development of the information service industry (software support) (3)
① Information service policy: It is a relevant policy formulated by the state and government departments for the macro management of the information service industry. It is a guideline and action plan for carrying out information service work and developing the information service industry.
The concrete reflection of the guarantee functionP284
②Information service regulations: It is the embodiment of information service policy, the code of conduct for information service activities, and it is to protect the rights and obligations of information service institutions and users, reduce infringements, criminal acts and various disputes in information activities, and make the information service industry An important measure to move from rule of man to rule of law.
③ Management: It is an activity that uses human, financial and material resources in the most reasonable manner through planning, organization, command, coordination and control to maximize their effectiveness and achieve expected goals.
③The development of the information service industry must have a good social environment (2)
Improvements to ① and ②
① A good social environment can increase the development momentum of the information service industry (2)
① A good social environment will increase social demand, thereby increasing the development momentum of the information service industry.
② A good social environment can improve social information awareness, thereby increasing the development momentum of the information service industry.
② A good social environment can improve the support system of the information service industry (3)
①The development of science and technology and economy will promote the improvement of supporting hardware in the information service industry.
②The development of political culture will promote the improvement of supporting software for the information service industry.
③The development of education plays a great role in improving the supporting hardware and software of the information service industry.
The development and current situation of information service industry at home and abroad
Mainly domestic, understanding and memory
The development history of the information service industry (3)
①Traditional information service industry stage (3 characteristics)
① Information service methods are mainly manual and mechanical services
②The industry structure of the information service industry and the types of information service institutions are monotonous
③Information services have limited objects and not a wide scope
②Modern information service industry stage (4)
① Modern telecommunications and electronic technologies have been widely used in information services
②The service methods and means are a combination of public service and modern information technology
③The scope and speed of information services and transmission are expanded and accelerated
④The information service industry has many industry compositions and types of institutions
③Modern information service industry stage (2)
① Modern information technology is widely used in document information service agencies, consulting agencies, postal and telecommunications agencies and mass communication agencies to improve the modernization and information service level of existing information service agencies.
② New information service organizations using modern information technology as the main means are constantly emerging, becoming an important component of the modern information service industry, and gradually developing into the main body of the modern information service industry.
The current situation of domestic information service industry (6 aspects)
①There are many information service industries, but their development is uneven
② There are various types of information service organizations, but they lack unified management
③The information service team is large in scale but poorly structured.
① As far as personal knowledge is concerned, the scope of knowledge is generally narrow, and knowledge updating cannot meet the objective needs of social development;
② From the perspective of the group structure of the information service industry talent team, the occupational structure, professional structure, academic structure and professional title structure are all unreasonable;
④ Information service technology updates quickly, but the degree of modernization is low
⑤The information resources of the information service department are relatively abundant, but their development and utilization are insufficient.
⑥The information service market is taking shape, but is underdeveloped.
my country's information service market is still in its infancy and underdeveloped. See P296 for its performance.
Development trends of the information service industry (5)
①Networking trend
②Industrialization trend (3 meanings)
See P297 for performance
① Can enhance the self-development ability of the information service industry
②Promote national economic development
③Expand the content of information management
③Collection trend (2 meanings)
① Connect with the international information service market as soon as possible
② Further enhance the competitiveness of my country’s information service enterprises
④Socialization trends (2 aspects)
①The main body of the information service industry is becoming increasingly socialized
② Socialization and opening up of information services of traditional library and information institutions
⑤Internationalization trend: The process of global information integration is accelerating
Management and Regulation of Information Service Industry
Micromanagement of the information service industry (4 items)
Micromanagement of the information service industry refers to the management of information service organizations, that is, the decision-making, organization, leadership, regulation, and control implemented by information service organizations based on their respective development goals, business directions, product types, service objects, market conditions, and national policies. The entire process of operations and other management activities.
①Organization and management of information service agencies
①Explain organizational management
②How to arrange the organizational structure
①Individual perspective
②Information service industry perspective
②Human resources management of information service organizations (4)
① Scientifically allocate information management talents according to actual needs
② Develop preferential policies to attract and retain information management talents
③Standardize the employment system and rationally use information management talents
④ Improve the competition mechanism and fully motivate information management talents
③Quality management of information service organizations (5)
①Establish the belief that users come first
②Focus on prevention and combine prevention with inspection
③Management of all employees
④Full process management
⑤ Comprehensive use of various scientific management methods
④Operation and management of information service enterprises (3)
①Strategic planning (6 items)
① Determination of tasks
②Evaluate competitors’ behavior
③Evaluation of external environment
④ Forecast of expenses and income
⑤Set specific goals
⑥Establish work specifications and feedback mechanism
②Marketing plan (4 pieces)
① Determine the core competitiveness of the organization
② Determine consumer needs
③Design specific tactics
④ Contents that make up the sales plan
③Budget: Information services are professional services. In terms of service quality requirements and production management requirements, the budget must be reasonable.
Macro-control of the information service industry (6 items)
① Optimize the structure of the information service industry
Optimization criteria (2)
① Rationalization
②Advanced
Handle two relationships well when optimizing
① Handle the relationship between the emerging information service industry and the traditional information service industry
② Handle the relationship between information enterprises and information organization reform
② Optimize the management system of the information service industry: Currently, there is a lack of a dedicated industry management department to manage it; it should be subject to effective supervision and restraint by the social supervision system; the government's industrial and commercial, technical supervision and other functional departments supervise the information service industry Very limited; users are the objects of information services, and user supervision is the most direct and effective supervision.
③Strengthen the legal construction of information services
10 policies
①Information organization management policy
②Information fund investment policy
③Information resource policy
④Information service industry policy
⑤Information market policy
⑥Information technology policy
⑦Information education policy
⑧Information talent policy
⑨Information reward policy
⑩Information Cooperation Policy
4 laws
①Information Property Law
②Information Security Law
③Information Market Law
④Information Industry Law
④Improving the ethics of information activities (3 items)
①Ethics for information producers
②Ethics of information service providers
③Ethics of information users
⑤Cultivation and standardization of information service market (4)
① Carry out unified planning and management of the national information market
② Combined with economic system reform, develop information market economy
③Strengthen the modernization of the information market
④Construct modern information marketization
⑥Establish a talent market that is conducive to the reasonable flow of information management talents
① Clarify the guiding ideology, principles and goals of cultivating and developing the talent market
② Give full play to the role of talent agency service agencies
③Strengthen the management of the talent market and cooperate with the state and individual organizational departments