For example, a company that manufactures cars produces its own car parts and sells them directly to consumers.

Alternatively, the company may choose to sell auto parts to other manufacturers in the automotive market, who will then sell the vehicles to consumers.

Under this model, companies need to invest a lot of resources and energy in production and sales.

For example, automobile manufacturers outsource the production of automobile parts to professional parts manufacturers, and then the automobile manufacturers sell the assembled vehicles to consumers.

Under this model, companies can focus on their areas of expertise and improve production efficiency and product quality.

For example, an e-commerce platform provides an online shopping platform for consumers to purchase products, and also sets up physical stores offline so that consumers can go to the store to purchase products.

Under this model, companies can make full use of online and offline advantages to expand sales channels and increase sales.

For example, an electronics manufacturer launched a crowdfunding program that allows consumers to participate in the entire process of product design, production, and sales.

Under this model, companies can better understand consumer needs and improve product market adaptability and user satisfaction.

At the same time, consumers can also get more personalized and participatory products by participating.

For example, a technology company applies 3D printing technology to product production to achieve personalized customization and rapid delivery.

Under this model, companies can improve production efficiency and product quality through technological and process innovation, and meet the personalized needs of different consumers.

At the same time, companies can also gain first-mover advantages and differentiated competitiveness in market competition.