MindMap Gallery GMAT Grammar Compilation Second Edition (20190101)
GMAT grammar is organized, and the knowledge points can basically cover more than 90 test points
Edited at 2019-01-12 10:35:02This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
grammar
juxtapose
Common conjunctions
not...but
not only...but also
rather than
as well as
and/but/yet/or/so/for (because)
neither...nor/either...or
both...and...
The parts of speech before and after are consistent. When S is consistent, one S can be omitted.
Multiple sets of parallel
A,B,C and D
A, B and C, and D
Minor parallel: B and C
Great Parallel: A and B&C and C
Big first, then small
Parallel omission
Infinitives, modal verbs, and auxiliary verbs can be omitted in parallel.
Two items tied
to do A and (to) do B
can do A and (can) do B
have done A and (have) done B
Two or more items tied
to do A, to do B, and to do C
(to) do A, (to) do B, and (to) do C
The key is to look at the form of item B
Clauses guide parallelism
noun clause, attributive clause
The conjunction after and cannot be omitted
I believe that SVO and that SVO
adverbial clause
and post-conjunction can be omitted
I love Tom because SVO and (because) SVO
Consistent in form and equivalent in meaning
Parallel terms need to be of the same type
Gerunds and nouns can be parallel
Gerunds and nouns with objects are not parallel
tense
present tense
Definition: regular, habitual action
Objective facts, objective laws (tense may be mixed)
Past Tense
Definition: An action that ended in the past (it ended in the past)
present perfect tense
definition
An action that occurred in the past and continues to the present
Actions in the past have an impact on the present, and there is no clear past time in the sentence
perfect past tense
Definition: An action that occurred before an action in the past
Usually used for comparison and with the past tense. But it has nothing to do with the distance from now
subject-verb agreement
prepositional phrase
A (prep B) Verb: The singular and plural of Verb are consistent with A
Special fixed collocation: A (prep B) Verb: The singular and plural of Verb are consistent with B
a number of/a lot of/10 percent of B
parenthesis
A, B, Verb: The singular and plural of Verb are consistent with A
Inverted sentence pattern (cannot find S before V)
adj./adv./The guest cannot be S
Verb singular and plural are consistent with the actual S
Nearest agreement
not only A, but also B V,Verb singular and plural are consistent with B
neither...not.../either...or...
compound subject
A and B are...(use are whether A\B is countable or not)
A and B are the same thing (book title, song title, a person) is
J
Basic usage
Used for various components other than predicates
Gerund: used as a noun, can be subject, object, or expression
Participle
Present participle doing, past participle done, definite, adjective
logical subject of participle
Definition: The sender or recipient of the doing/done action at the beginning of the sentence is its logical subject = the subject of the main clause
form
Doing/Done...,SVO
prep doing...,SVO
adj. prep n.,SVO
(Being) adj. prep n.,SVO (being can be omitted)
participle at the end of the sentence
SVO doing/done (as an attributive, modifying O)
SVO, doing (as an accompanying adverbial, modifying S)
SVO, doing (adverbial of result, modifying a sentence of SVO)
pronoun
Singular and plural
substitute object
No substitute = false
cannot replace sentences
Any pronoun cannot replace a sentence, such as: which, that, etc.
The same pronouns should represent the same content
it serves as formal subject and formal object
The only case where sentences can be substituted
The pronoun that serves as the subject first refers to the subject. The subject does not correspond to the object. When the subject and object are singular and plural, pay attention to the ambiguity issue.
Attributive clause guide words (who/what/which)
nearest reference
that can only refer to "thing"
A V. B, which...(which cannot refer to A)
adj./adv.
effect
adj.Modify n.
adv.Modify adj./adv./verb/a sentence
formula
adj. adj. n
adj. adj. both modify n
adv. adj. n.
adv. Modifies adj./adj. Modifies n. (note the ambiguity issue)
most/more is adj.&adv., so more/most adj. n will be ambiguous
adv. doing/done n.
adv. Modifies doing, done./doing, done. Modifies n. (note the ambiguity issue)
special ingredients
appositive
preferred structure
complement
Main complement, guest complement
n. adj. act as
The difference between double objects and object complements
Object complement: The object is immediately followed by the object complement, that is, it is followed by n./adj.
Object complement: object be can form a sentence, double object: cannot
Bin supplement: call find elect consider make etc.
Double guests: give show buy, etc.
Formal object (it) object complement (adj) true object
Right: S V it adj. to do
Wrong: S V it adj. in doing
omitted form of adverbial clause
constitute
Introductory words (because\if) Clause S Clause V Clause O, SVO
omit condition
Specific guide words: when/while, if/unless, although/even though
The clause must be of S be structure (S be can be omitted)
The subject S of the clause = the subject of the sentence it modifies, that is, the clause S = the main clause S
special structure
compare structures
General principle: the comparison objects must be consistent
Frequently asked sentence patterns
more...than/as...as
>=Situation: at least as...as/as...as or more...than
A&B need to be equal
like A, B V C
in contract to A, B V C.
just as A V 1, so B V 2
Just as A did 1 and B did 2
Flip: just as A V 1, so V 2 B, that is, it can be flipped after so
Exclude yourself when comparing
When as is used as "like", it must be conj. It must be a sentence, and the sentence introduced by as must correspond to the main clause SV
multiples problem
verb double
Not comparing, doubling...
Active means passive (eg: grew taste prove)
determiner, adjective double, twice
as...as
comparative than
Abstract noun (number\price...)
Subjunctive
Subjunctive in conditional sentences: if
Virtuality in object clauses (all 3 points must be met)
Consider virtual test points after suggestions, orders, and requirements: suggest\advise\recommend\order\demand\require\mandate, etc.
v. should be followed closely by that SVO.
The that clause must use should do, and should must be omitted
Modify
Attributive (modifying noun—S, O)
adj
single word
phrase
aware of methods
prepositional phrase
in\on\from...
doing\done
doing(no comma)
done (no punctuation limit)
attributive clause
Need related words
Person: who whose
Object: that which whose
that can be omitted when it is the object of a clause
where=in which...
Which is used as a clause S or O. It requires a comma and is a non-limiting modification.
The preposition which does not need a comma
infinitive to do
Specific nouns: ability attempt chance decision effort evidence failure means measure reason refusal promise right way plan
appositive
explain
repeat
Repeated expressions with the main clause noun
generalize
a fact that
a finding that
Adverbials (modify the time, conditions, reasons, concessions, accompaniments, results, and purposes of action)
adv
subtopic
prepositional phrase
preposition doing sth
by attending my class
doing (comma required)
table reason
Table results
table accompanying
infinitive to do
Purpose
adverbial clause
adverbial clause of reason
because
conditional adverbial clause
Need related words
if
while
(vs with composite structure) analogy event; happening simultaneously
when
Independent nominative case (with comma)
Noun/pronoun (S) present or past participle/infinitive/adj./adv./prepositional phrase/noun
The logical subject is different from the main subject and exists independently (that is, it has its own logical S), but the two S are related.
with compound structure (can be without commas)
adverbial of reason; adverbial of manner
with noun(S)
cause; accompanying; time; condition
with noun/pronoun (S) present or past participle/infinitive/adj./adv./prepositional phrase/noun
The logical subject is different from the main subject and exists independently (that is, it has its own logical S), but are there any connections between the two S's?
Generally, the noun part will not carry too many modifying articles or ad., etc.
When with is at the beginning of a sentence, logical S defaults to subject S