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MindMap Gallery GMAT Grammar Compilation Second Edition (20190101)

GMAT Grammar Compilation Second Edition (20190101)

GMAT grammar is organized, and the knowledge points can basically cover more than 90 test points

Edited at 2019-01-12 10:35:02

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GMAT Grammar Compilation Second Edition (20190101)

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Outline

grammar

juxtapose

Common conjunctions

not...but

not only...but also

rather than

as well as

and/but/yet/or/so/for (because)

neither...nor/either...or

both...and...

The parts of speech before and after are consistent. When S is consistent, one S can be omitted.

Multiple sets of parallel

A,B,C and D

A, B and C, and D

Minor parallel: B and C

Great Parallel: A and B&C and C

Big first, then small

Parallel omission

Infinitives, modal verbs, and auxiliary verbs can be omitted in parallel.

Two items tied

to do A and (to) do B

can do A and (can) do B

have done A and (have) done B

Two or more items tied

to do A, to do B, and to do C

(to) do A, (to) do B, and (to) do C

The key is to look at the form of item B

Clauses guide parallelism

noun clause, attributive clause

The conjunction after and cannot be omitted

I believe that SVO and that SVO

adverbial clause

and post-conjunction can be omitted

I love Tom because SVO and (because) SVO

Consistent in form and equivalent in meaning

Parallel terms need to be of the same type

Gerunds and nouns can be parallel

Gerunds and nouns with objects are not parallel

tense

present tense

Definition: regular, habitual action

Objective facts, objective laws (tense may be mixed)

Past Tense

Definition: An action that ended in the past (it ended in the past)

present perfect tense

definition

An action that occurred in the past and continues to the present

Actions in the past have an impact on the present, and there is no clear past time in the sentence

perfect past tense

Definition: An action that occurred before an action in the past

Usually used for comparison and with the past tense. But it has nothing to do with the distance from now

subject-verb agreement

prepositional phrase

A (prep B) Verb: The singular and plural of Verb are consistent with A

Special fixed collocation: A (prep B) Verb: The singular and plural of Verb are consistent with B

a number of/a lot of/10 percent of B

parenthesis

A, B, Verb: The singular and plural of Verb are consistent with A

Inverted sentence pattern (cannot find S before V)

adj./adv./The guest cannot be S

Verb singular and plural are consistent with the actual S

Nearest agreement

not only A, but also B V,Verb singular and plural are consistent with B

neither...not.../either...or...

compound subject

A and B are...(use are whether A\B is countable or not)

A and B are the same thing (book title, song title, a person) is

Basic usage

Used for various components other than predicates

Gerund: used as a noun, can be subject, object, or expression

Participle

Present participle doing, past participle done, definite, adjective

logical subject of participle

Definition: The sender or recipient of the doing/done action at the beginning of the sentence is its logical subject = the subject of the main clause

form

Doing/Done...,SVO

prep doing...,SVO

adj. prep n.,SVO

(Being) adj. prep n.,SVO (being can be omitted)

participle at the end of the sentence

SVO doing/done (as an attributive, modifying O)

SVO, doing (as an accompanying adverbial, modifying S)

SVO, doing (adverbial of result, modifying a sentence of SVO)

pronoun

Singular and plural

substitute object

No substitute = false

cannot replace sentences

Any pronoun cannot replace a sentence, such as: which, that, etc.

The same pronouns should represent the same content

it serves as formal subject and formal object

The only case where sentences can be substituted

The pronoun that serves as the subject first refers to the subject. The subject does not correspond to the object. When the subject and object are singular and plural, pay attention to the ambiguity issue.

Attributive clause guide words (who/what/which)

nearest reference

that can only refer to "thing"

A V. B, which...(which cannot refer to A)

adj./adv.

effect

adj.Modify n.

adv.Modify adj./adv./verb/a sentence

formula

adj. adj. n

adj. adj. both modify n

adv. adj. n.

adv. Modifies adj./adj. Modifies n. (note the ambiguity issue)

most/more is adj.&adv., so more/most adj. n will be ambiguous

adv. doing/done n.

adv. Modifies doing, done./doing, done. Modifies n. (note the ambiguity issue)

special ingredients

appositive

preferred structure

complement

Main complement, guest complement

n. adj. act as

The difference between double objects and object complements

Object complement: The object is immediately followed by the object complement, that is, it is followed by n./adj.

Object complement: object be can form a sentence, double object: cannot

Bin supplement: call find elect consider make etc.

Double guests: give show buy, etc.

Formal object (it) object complement (adj) true object

Right: S V it adj. to do

Wrong: S V it adj. in doing

omitted form of adverbial clause

constitute

Introductory words (because\if) Clause S Clause V Clause O, SVO

omit condition

Specific guide words: when/while, if/unless, although/even though

The clause must be of S be structure (S be can be omitted)

The subject S of the clause = the subject of the sentence it modifies, that is, the clause S = the main clause S

special structure

compare structures

General principle: the comparison objects must be consistent

Frequently asked sentence patterns

more...than/as...as

>=Situation: at least as...as/as...as or more...than

A&B need to be equal

like A, B V C

in contract to A, B V C.

just as A V 1, so B V 2

Just as A did 1 and B did 2

Flip: just as A V 1, so V 2 B, that is, it can be flipped after so

Exclude yourself when comparing

When as is used as "like", it must be conj. It must be a sentence, and the sentence introduced by as must correspond to the main clause SV

multiples problem

verb double

Not comparing, doubling...

Active means passive (eg: grew taste prove)

determiner, adjective double, twice

as...as

comparative than

Abstract noun (number\price...)

Subjunctive

Subjunctive in conditional sentences: if

Virtuality in object clauses (all 3 points must be met)

Consider virtual test points after suggestions, orders, and requirements: suggest\advise\recommend\order\demand\require\mandate, etc.

v. should be followed closely by that SVO.

The that clause must use should do, and should must be omitted

Modify

Attributive (modifying noun—S, O)

adj

single word

phrase

aware of methods

prepositional phrase

in\on\from...

doing\done

doing(no comma)

done (no punctuation limit)

attributive clause

Need related words

Person: who whose

Object: that which whose

that can be omitted when it is the object of a clause

where=in which...

Which is used as a clause S or O. It requires a comma and is a non-limiting modification.

The preposition which does not need a comma

infinitive to do

Specific nouns: ability attempt chance decision effort evidence failure means measure reason refusal promise right way plan

appositive

explain

repeat

Repeated expressions with the main clause noun

generalize

a fact that

a finding that

Adverbials (modify the time, conditions, reasons, concessions, accompaniments, results, and purposes of action)

adv

subtopic

prepositional phrase

preposition doing sth

by attending my class

doing (comma required)

table reason

Table results

table accompanying

infinitive to do

Purpose

adverbial clause

adverbial clause of reason

because

conditional adverbial clause

Need related words

while

(vs with composite structure) analogy event; happening simultaneously

when

Independent nominative case (with comma)

Noun/pronoun (S) present or past participle/infinitive/adj./adv./prepositional phrase/noun

The logical subject is different from the main subject and exists independently (that is, it has its own logical S), but the two S are related.

with compound structure (can be without commas)

adverbial of reason; adverbial of manner

with noun(S)

cause; accompanying; time; condition

with noun/pronoun (S) present or past participle/infinitive/adj./adv./prepositional phrase/noun

The logical subject is different from the main subject and exists independently (that is, it has its own logical S), but are there any connections between the two S's?

Generally, the noun part will not carry too many modifying articles or ad., etc.

When with is at the beginning of a sentence, logical S defaults to subject S