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MindMap Gallery PMP exam knowledge summary
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PMP exam knowledge summary
It summarizes the five major process groups of PMP, the ten major knowledge areas and related ITTOs, and also organizes the calculation questions, motivation theory, and easily confused concepts that are often important in the exam.
Edited at 2020-12-20 23:54:50
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- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
PMP exam knowledge summary
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
PMP Process Group&Knowledge Area&ITTO
1. Start the process group
4.1 Develop a project charter
enter
business documents
business case
Benefit Management Plan
protocol
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Brainstorming
focus group
Interview
Interpersonal and team skills
conflict management
guide
Conference management
Meeting
output
Project Charter
Hypothetical log
13.1 Identifying interested parties
enter
business documents
business case
Benefit Management Plan
protocol
Project Charter
project management plan
communication management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
project files
Change log
Problem log
requirements document
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Brainstorming
Questionnaires and surveys
data analysis
Stakeholder analysis
File analysis
Data performance
Stakeholder mapping analysis/performance
Meeting
output
Interested Party Register
Project Management Plan Update
demand management plan
communication management plan
risk management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
Project file updates
Hypothetical log
Problem log
risk register
2. Planning process group
4.2 Develop project management plan
enter
Project Charter
Other process outputs
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Brainstorming
Checklist
focus group
Interview
Interpersonal and team skills
conflict management
guide
Conference management
Meeting
output
project management plan
5.1 Planning scope management
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
quality management plan
Project life cycle description
development method
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
Meeting
output
scope management plan
demand management plan
5.2 Collect requirements
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
scope management plan
demand management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
project files
Hypothetical log
Lessons Learned Register
Interested Party Register
business documents
business case
protocol
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Brainstorming
Interview
focus group
Questionnaire
Benchmarking
data analysis
File analysis
Data performance
Affinity diagram
mind Mapping
decision making
vote
Multi-criteria decision analysis
Interpersonal and team skills
nominal group technique
observe/talk
guide
System interaction diagram
prototype method
output
requirements document
Requirements Tracking Matrix
5.3 Define scope
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
scope management plan
project files
Hypothetical log
requirements document
risk register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
decision making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
Interpersonal and team skills
guide
product analysis
output
project scope statement
Project file updates
Hypothetical log
requirements document
Requirements Tracking Matrix
Interested Party Register
5.4 Create WBS
enter
project management plan
scope management plan
project files
project scope statement
requirements document
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
break down
output
Scope Baseline
project scope statement
WBS
work package
planning package
WBS Dictionary
6.1 Planning progress management
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
scope management plan
development method
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
Meeting
output
progress management plan
6.2 Define activities
enter
project management plan
progress management plan
Scope Baseline
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
break down
rolling planning
Meeting
output
Activity list
Activity properties
Milestone List
Request a change
Project Management Plan Update
progress baseline
cost basis
6.3 Sequence activities
enter
project management plan
progress management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Activity properties
Activity list
Milestone List
Hypothetical log
Tools & Techniques
predecessor relationship drawing method
Determine and integrate dependencies
lead and lag
project management information system
output
Project progress network diagram
Project file updates
Activity list
Activity properties
Milestone List
Hypothetical log
6.4 Estimate activity duration
enter
project management plan
progress management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Activity properties
Activity list
Milestone List
Project team dispatches work orders
resource breakdown structure
Resource Calendar Day
Resource requirements
Hypothetical log
risk register
Lessons Learned Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
analogy estimation
parameter estimation
three point estimate
Bottom-up estimation
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
Reserve analysis
decision making
vote
Meeting
output
duration estimate
Estimate basis
Project file updates
Activity properties
Hypothetical log
Lessons Learned Register
6.5 Develop a progress plan
enter
project management plan
progress management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Activity properties
Activity list
Milestone List
Project progress network diagram
duration estimate
Estimate basis
Project team dispatches work orders
Resource Calendar
Resource requirements
protocol
Tools & Techniques
Progress network analysis
critical path method
Resource optimization
data analysis
What-if scenario analysis
simulation
lead and lag
Progress compression
project management information system
Agile release planning
output
progress baseline
Project schedule
progress data
Project Calendar
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
7.1 Planning cost management
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
progress management plan
risk management plan
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
Data analysis - analysis of alternatives
Meeting
output
cost management plan
7.2 Estimating costs
enter
project management plan
cost management plan
quality management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Project schedule
Resource requirements
risk register
Lessons Learned Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
analogy estimation
parameter estimation
Bottom-up estimation
three point estimate
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
Reserve analysis
quality cost
project management information system
Decision-voting
output
Cost Estimate
Estimate basis
Project file updates
7.3 Develop a budget
enter
project management plan
cost management plan
resource management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Cost Estimate
Estimate basis
Project schedule
risk register
business documents
business case
Benefit Management Plan
protocol
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
cost summary
data analysis
Reserve analysis
Historical information review
Funding Limit Balance
Financing
output
cost basis
Project funding requirements
Project file updates
Cost Estimate
Project schedule
risk register
8.1 Planning quality management
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
demand management plan
risk management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Hypothetical log
requirements document
Requirements Tracking Matrix
risk register
Interested Party Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Benchmarking
Brainstorming
Interview
data analysis
Cost-benefit analysis
quality cost
decision making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
Data performance
flow chart
logical data model
Matrix diagram
mind Mapping
Test and inspection planning
Meeting
output
quality management plan
quality measures
Project Management Plan Update
risk management plan
Scope Baseline
Project file updates
9.1 Planning resource management
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
quality management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Project schedule
requirements document
risk register
Interested Party Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
Data performance
hierarchical
Responsibility Assignment Matrix
text type
organization theory
Meeting
output
resource management plan
Team charter
Project file updates
9.2 Estimating activity resources
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Activity list
Activity properties
Cost Estimate
Resource Calendar
Hypothetical log
risk register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
Bottom-up estimation
analogy estimation
parameter estimation
Data analysis - analysis of alternatives
project management information system
Meeting
output
Resource requirements
Estimate basis
resource breakdown structure
10.1 Planning and communication management
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
resource management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
project files
requirements document
Interested Party Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
Communication needs analysis
communication technology
communication method
communication model
Interpersonal and team skills
communication style assessment
political awareness
cultural awareness
Data performance
Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix
Meeting
output
communication management plan
Project Management Plan Update
Stakeholder Engagement Program Update
Project file updates
Project schedule
Interested Party Register
11.1 Planning risk management
enter
Project Charter
All components of the project management plan
project files
Interested Party Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data analysis
Stakeholder analysis
Meeting
output
risk management plan
11.2 Identify risks
enter
project management plan
demand management plan
progress management plan
cost management plan
quality management plan
resource management plan
risk management plan
Three major benchmarks
project files
Cost Estimate
duration estimate
requirements document
Resource requirements
Hypothetical log
Problem log
Lessons Learned Register
Interested Party Register
protocol
Procurement documents
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Brainstorming
Checklist
Interview
data analysis
Root Cause Analysis
Assumptions and constraints analysis
SWOT analysis
File analysis
Tip list
Interpersonal and team skills
guide
Meeting
output
risk register
risk report
Project file updates
11.3 Conduct qualitative risk analysis
enter
project management plan
risk management plan
project files
risk register
Hypothetical log
Interested Party Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Interview
data analysis
Risk data quality assessment
Risk probability and impact assessment
Assessment of other risk parameters
urgency
Proximity
incubation period
Manageability
Controllability
Monitorability
connectivity
strategic influence
closeness
Interpersonal and team skills
guide
Risk classification
Data performance
Probability and Impact Matrix
hierarchical
Meeting
output
Project file updates
risk register
risk report
Problem log
Hypothetical log
11.4 Implement quantitative risk analysis
enter
project management plan
risk management plan
Three major benchmarks
project files
risk register
risk report
Cost Estimate
Estimate basis
duration estimate
Milestone List
cost forecast
progress forecast
Resource requirements
Hypothetical log
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Interview
data analysis
simulation
sensitivity analysis
Decision tree analysis
influence diagram
How uncertainty manifests
Interpersonal and team skills
guide
output
Project file updates
risk report
11.5 Planning risk responses
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
risk management plan
cost basis
project files
risk register
risk report
Interested Party Register
Project schedule
Project team dispatches work orders
Resource Calendar
Lessons Learned Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
Interview
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
Cost-benefit analysis
Threat response strategy
Opportunity coping strategies
emergency response strategies
Overall project risk response strategy
decision making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
Interpersonal and team skills
guide
output
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
12.1 Planning and Procurement Management
enter
Project Charter
business documents
business case
Benefit Management Plan
project management plan
scope management plan
quality management plan
resource management plan
Scope Baseline
project files
Milestone List
Project team dispatches work orders
requirements document
Requirements Tracking Matrix
Resource requirements
risk register
Interested Party Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data collection
market research
data analysis
Make-or-Buy Analysis
Supplier selection analysis
Meeting
output
Procurement Management Plan
Procurement strategy
Bidding Documents
Purchasing Statement of Work
Supplier selection criteria
Make or buy decision
independent cost estimate
change request
Project file updates
13.2 Planning stakeholder participation
3. Execution process group
4.3 Direct and manage project work
enter
project management plan
Top Ten Sub-Management Plans
scope management plan
demand management plan
progress management plan
cost management plan
quality management plan
resource management plan
communication management plan
risk management plan
Procurement Management Plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
Three major benchmarks
Scope Baseline
progress baseline
cost basis
Other components
configuration management plan
change management plan
performance measurement benchmarks
project life cycle
development method
project files
Change log
Lessons Learned Register
Milestone List
Project communication record
Project schedule
Requirements Tracking Matrix
risk register
risk report
Approved change request
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
project management information system
Meeting
output
Deliverables
job performance data
Problem log
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
Organizational process asset updates
4.4 Management project knowledge
enter
project management plan
All components
project files
Lessons Learned Register
Project team dispatches work orders
resource breakdown structure
Interested Party Register
Deliverables
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
knowledge management
information management
Interpersonal and team skills
active listening
guide
leadership
interpersonal communication
political awareness
output
Lessons Learned Register
Project Management Plan Update
Organizational process asset updates
8.2 Management quality
enter
project management plan
quality management plan
project files
quality measures
Quality control measurement results
Lessons Learned Register
risk report
Tools & Techniques
data collection
Checklist
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
File analysis
process analysis
Root Cause Analysis
decision making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
Data performance
Affinity diagram
cause and effect diagram
flow chart
Histogram
Matrix diagram
Scatter plot
audit
Design for X
problem solved
quality improvement methods
Deming Circle PDCA
Six Sigma
output
quality report
Test and Evaluation Documents
change request
Project Management Plan Update
quality management plan
Three benchmarks for scope, cost and schedule
Project file updates
9.3 Obtaining resources
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
Procurement Management Plan
cost basis
project files
Project schedule
Resource Calendar
Resource requirements
Interested Party Register
Tools & Techniques
Decision-Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis
Interpersonal and Team Skills-Negotiation
pre-dispatch
virtual team
output
physical resource allocation sheet
Project team dispatches work orders
Resource Calendar
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
9.4 Building the team
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
project files
Project schedule
Project team dispatches work orders
Resource Calendar
Team charter
Lessons Learned Register
Tools & Techniques
Centralized office
virtual team
communication technology
Interpersonal and team skills
conflict management
Influence
excitation
negotiation
Team building
Recognition and Rewards
training
Individual and team assessment
Meeting
output
Team performance evaluation
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
9.5 Management Team
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
project files
Project team dispatches work orders
Team charter
Problem log
Lessons Learned Register
job performance report
Team performance evaluation
Tools & Techniques
Interpersonal and team skills
conflict management
Make decisions
Emotional intelligence
Influence
leadership
project management information system
output
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
10.2 Management communication
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
communication management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
project files
Change log
Problem log
quality report
risk report
Interested Party Register
Lessons Learned Register
job performance report
Tools & Techniques
communication technology
communication method
communication skills
communication competency
feedback
Nonverbal
Demo
project management information system
Project report released
Interpersonal and team skills
active listening
conflict management
political awareness
cultural awareness
interpersonal communication
Conference management
Meeting
output
Project communication record
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
11.6 Implement risk responses
enter
project management plan
risk management plan
project files
risk register
risk report
Lessons Learned Register
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
Interpersonal and team skills
Influence
project management information system
output
change request
Project file updates
12.2 Implement procurement
enter
project management plan
scope management plan
demand management plan
communication management plan
risk management plan
Procurement Management Plan
configuration management plan
cost basis
project files
requirements document
Project schedule
risk register
Interested Party Register
Lessons Learned Register
Procurement documents
seller proposal
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
advertise
bidders meeting
data analysis
Proposal evaluation
Interpersonal and team skills
negotiation
output
bidders meeting
protocol
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
13.3Manage stakeholder participation
4. Monitoring process group
4.5 Monitor project work
enter
project management plan
All components
project files
Hypothetical log
Estimate basis
cost forecast
progress forecast
Problem log
Lessons Learned Register
Milestone List
quality report
risk register
risk report
job performance information
protocol
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data analysis
Deviation analysis
Root Cause Analysis
Earned value analysis
Cost-benefit analysis
Alternatives Analysis
trend analysis
decision making
vote
Meeting
output
job performance report
change request
Project management plan changes
Project file updates
cost forecast
progress forecast
4.6 Implement overall change control
enter
project management plan
change management plan
configuration management plan
Scope/Schedule/Cost Baseline
project files
Estimate basis
Requirements Tracking Matrix
risk report
job performance report
change request
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
change control tools
Cost-benefit analysis
Alternatives Analysis
branch topic
decision making
vote
autocratic decision making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
Meeting
output
Approved change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
5.5 Confirmation scope
enter
project management plan
scope management plan
demand management plan
Scope Baseline
Verified deliverables
job performance data
project files
quality report
requirements document
Requirements Tracking Matrix
Lessons Learned Register
Tools & Techniques
examine
decision making
vote
output
Deliverables for acceptance
job performance information
change request
Project file updates
5.6 Control scope
enter
project management plan
scope management plan
demand management plan
change management plan
configuration management plan
Scope Baseline
performance measurement benchmarks
job performance data
project files
requirements document
Requirements Tracking Matrix
Lessons Learned Register
Tools & Techniques
data analysis
Deviation analysis
trend analysis
output
job performance information
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
6.6 Control progress
enter
project management plan
progress management plan
progress baseline
performance measurement benchmarks
Scope Baseline
project files
Project Calendar
Project schedule
Resource Calendar
progress data
Lessons Learned Register
job performance data
Progress compression
data analysis
Earned value analysis
Iterative burndown chart
performance review
trend analysis
Deviation analysis
What-if scenario analysis
critical path method
project management information system
Resource optimization
lead and lag
branch topic
output
job performance information
progress forecast
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
7.4 Control costs
enter
project management plan
cost management plan
cost basis
performance measurement benchmarks
project files
Lessons Learned Register
Project funding requirements
job performance data
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data analysis
Earned value analysis
Deviation analysis
trend analysis
Reserve analysis
Performance index to completion
project management information system
output
job performance information
cost forecast
change request
Project Management Plan Update
cost management plan
cost basis
performance measurement benchmarks
Project file updates
8.3 Control quality
enter
project management plan
quality management plan
project files
quality measures
Test and Evaluation Documents
Lessons Learned Register
Deliverables
job performance data
Approved change request
Tools & Techniques
data collection
Checklist
Checklist
statistical sampling
Questionnaire
data analysis
performance review
Root Cause Analysis
examine
Testing/Product Evaluation
Data performance
cause and effect diagram
Control Charts
Histogram
Scatter plot
Meeting
output
Verified deliverables
Quality control measurement results
job performance information
change request
Project Management Plan Update
quality management plan
Project file updates
9.6 Controlling resources
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
project files
physical resource allocation sheet
resource breakdown structure
Project schedule
Resource requirements
risk register
Lessons Learned Register
Problem log
job performance data
protocol
Tools & Techniques
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
Cost-benefit analysis
performance review
trend analysis
problem solved
Relationships and team skills
negotiation
Influence
project management information system
output
job performance information
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
10.3 Supervisory communication
enter
project management plan
resource management plan
communication management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
project files
Project communication record
Problem log
Lessons Learned Register
job performance data
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
project management information system
data analysis
Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix
Interpersonal and team skills
observe/talk
Meeting
output
job performance information
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
11.7 Supervision risks
enter
project management plan
risk management plan
project files
risk report
risk register
Problem log
Lessons Learned Register
job performance data
job performance report
Tools & Techniques
data analysis
Technical performance analysis
Reserve analysis
audit
Meeting
output
job performance information
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
12.3 Control purchasing
enter
project management plan
project files
protocol
Procurement documents
Approved change request
Project performance data
business environment factors
organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
Claims management
data analysis
performance review
Earned value analysis
trend analysis
examine
audit
output
Procurement closed
job performance information
Procurement document updates
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
Organizational process asset updates
13.4 Supervise the participation of relevant parties
enter
project management plan
project files
job performance data
business environment factors
organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques
data analysis
Alternatives Analysis
Root Cause Analysis
Stakeholder analysis
decision making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
vote
Data performance
communication skills
feedback
Demo
Relationships and skills
active listening
cultural awareness
leadership
interpersonal communication
political awareness
Meeting
output
job performance information
change request
Project Management Plan Update
Project file updates
5. Closing process group
4.7 End the project or phase
enter
Project Charter
project management plan
project files
Deliverables for acceptance
business documents
protocol
Procurement documents
Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
data analysis
File analysis
regression analysis
trend analysis
Deviation analysis
Meeting
output
Project file updates
Lessons Learned Register
Organizational process asset updates
6.Others
business environment factors
environmental factors within the organization
environment system
governance framework
organizational structure
project management information system
Personnel management system
work authorization system
communication system
Resources and Environment
infrastructure
physical resources
human Resources
cultural environment
group Culture
political atmosphere
management practices
external environmental factors
Macro environment
Industry environment
stakeholder environment
physical environment
Summary of calculation questions
start process group
Project selection method
Dynamic indicators
NPV net present value
The net present value takes into account the time value of the project. If NPV=0, the project benchmark rate of return is reached; if NPV<0, the project is rejected. A positive NPV indicates that the company will get benefits greater than the capital cost, and the bigger the better.
IRR internal rate of return
The bigger the better
static indicator
BCR return on investment, return on investment
The bigger the BCR, the better
ROI return on investment profit rate on investment
The bigger the ROI, the better
payback period
The shorter the better
planning process group
PERT Plan Review Technique (Three-Point Estimation)
This technique can be used for CPM critical path analysis.
Average expectation=(O 4M P)/6 Standard deviation=(P-O)/6
68.3%
95.5%
99.7%
CPM critical path method
1. The critical path is relative and can change. 2. There can be one or more critical paths. The more critical paths there are, the greater the risk. 3. The time difference between activities on the critical path is 0. 4. If there are questions on the critical path in the exam, do not use forward and reverse reasoning. It is not necessary.
communication channels
Number of communication channels = n(n-1)/2 1. Pay attention to whether the question asks how many communication channels there are in total, or how many communication channels have been increased? 2. If the project manager is mentioned separately in the question, analyze whether n includes the project manager.
EMV expected monetary value analysis
1. Used to decide which project should be selected. 2. Used together with the decision tree, taking into account the two factors of probability and influence. 3. It is necessary to estimate the probability and chance of an event occurring. Probability is generally estimated by experts. 4. Risk event probability * risk event monetary value
contract
lump sum contract
1. Set a total price for the product or service 2. The seller’s cost risk is high and the seller’s risk is the lowest 3. It is used for projects with a clear scope of work. If the scope changes, the total price is also allowed to be adjusted.
Fixed price contract FFP
1. The contract price is fixed unless the scope of work changes. 2. The seller has the greatest risk.
Total price plus incentive fee contract FPIF
Total price plus economic price adjustment contract FP-EPA
cost reimbursement contract
Work and materials contract
PMP three major audits
quality audit
Execution Process Group 1. Identify all good and best practices being implemented. 2. Identify all violations, gaps and deficiencies. 3. Share good practices from similar projects in your organization and industry. 4. Actively and proactively provide assistance to improve process execution, thereby helping the team improve productivity. 5. Emphasize that each audit contributes to the accumulation of organizational lessons learned. 6. Can confirm the implementation status of approved change requests (including updates, corrective actions, defect remediation and preventive measures).
A structured, independent process used to determine whether project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures
risk audit
Monitoring process group summarizes experiences and lessons learned to improve future risk management work
Examine and document the effectiveness of risk responses in addressing known risks and their root causes, as well as the effectiveness of the risk management process.
Procurement audit
The closing process group identifies successful experiences and failures in contract preparation or management and provides reference for procurement contracts for future projects.
Structured review of all procurement processes from planning to controlling the procurement management process
5 motivational theories
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
1. Physiological needs
food, water, clothing, air
2. Security requirements
Safe, stable and free from harm
3.Social needs
camaraderie, belonging, friends
4. Respect needs
Achieve, be respected, attract others' attention
5.Self-actualization
Learn, develop, improve
McGregor Theory X Theory Y
1. Theory
2. Theory Y: People are proactive, willing to work, willing to make progress, and willing to take responsibility
McClelland's theory of achievement motivation
1. Need for achievement
2. The need for power
3. Affinity needs
Vroom's expectancy theory
Motivational power = Expectation value X Valence
Herzberg's two-factor theory
1. Health factors
Refers to factors related to people’s dissatisfaction, including company policies, management measures, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, wages and benefits, etc. When these factors deteriorate to below their acceptance level, they will feel dissatisfied with their work, but if they do well At good times, it only eliminates dissatisfaction but does not lead to a positive attitude. Hygiene factors are equivalent to the lower level needs of Maslow's theory: physiological and safety needs.
2. Motivating factors
Motivating factors are factors that motivate people to feel satisfied with their work, such as responsibility, self-realization, career development, etc. Equivalent to the high-level needs of Maslow's theory: esteem and self-actualization.
Confusing concepts
focus group; facilitated workshop; nominal group
Focus Group: A gathering of pre-selected stakeholders and subject matter experts to understand their expectations and attitudes toward a proposed product, service, or outcome. A trained moderator leads the interactive discussion. Focus groups tend to be more engaging than “one-on-one” interviews.
Facilitated workshops: By inviting key cross-functional stakeholders to participate in the meeting, guided workshops focus on discussing and defining product requirements. Workshops are an important technique for quickly defining cross-functional requirements and reconciling differences among stakeholders. Due to the characteristics of group interaction, effectively guided workshops help build trust, promote relationships, improve communication, and thus help participants reach consensus. Another benefit of this technology is the ability to identify and resolve issues faster than a single meeting. Common forms: Joint Application Development (JAD), Quality Function Deployment (QFD), on-site meetings
Difference: The formats of the two are very similar. The fundamental difference is that the members participating in the guided seminar are cross-functional and cross-department, while the focus group is usually conducted within the functional department where the project team is located. In terms of scale, focus group meetings are usually limited to 8-12 people, while guided workshops do not have this limit.
Nominal group meeting: In collective decision-making, if the nature of the problem is not fully understood and there are serious differences of opinion, the nominal group method can be used. In this method, group members do not communicate with each other, nor do they discuss or negotiate together. The group is only in name only. This nominal group can effectively stimulate individual creativity and imagination; managers first select some people who have research or experience in the problem to be solved as group members and provide them with information related to the decision-making problem. The group members are asked to think independently and write down their alternatives and opinions as much as possible. Then let them state their plans and opinions one by one in order. On this basis, the group members vote on all the alternatives proposed. According to the voting results, the alternative with the most votes in favor is the desired alternative. Of course, the manager still has the final right to decide whether to accept or reject the alternative. plan.
The differences between the various stages of Tuckman’s ladder theory
Formation stage: Team members get to know each other and understand the project and their formal roles and responsibilities in the project. During this stage, team members tend to be independent of each other and not open and honest.
Shock phase: The team begins working on the project, making technical decisions and discussing project management methods. If team members are unable to be cooperative and open to different perspectives and opinions, the team environment can become counterproductive.
In the norming stage, team members begin to work together and adjust their work habits and behaviors to support the team, and team members learn to trust each other.
Mature stage: The team works like an organized unit, with team members relying on each other to solve problems smoothly and efficiently.
Disbandment phase: The team completes all work and team members leave the project. Typically, people are released and teams are disbanded after project deliverables are completed, or during the closing of a project or phase.
Keywords: Awareness, independence, peace - the formation stage; Conflict, differentiation, disharmony - the shock stage; Adjusting personal behavior and learning mutual trust - norms; Cooperation, stability and efficiency, mutual dependence - maturity.
Different leadership styles corresponding to different team members and stages: 1. Formation: Command 2. Shock: Persuasion 3. Norm: Participatory 4. Maturity: Authorization 5. Disband: Command