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PMP Note 8-Quality Management
The three major processes of quality management: planning quality management, management quality, and quality control.
Edited at 2021-03-22 13:35:11
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- Outline
Quality Control
quality management process
8.1 Planning quality management
8.2 Management quality
8.3 Quality control
quality management theory
Grade vs. Quality
Quality and grade are different concepts
High-grade products may not necessarily be of high quality
Products with lower grades are not necessarily of lower quality
Low-grade products may not cause problems
Low quality is never a good thing
Precision vs. Accuracy
Accuracy
The distance between samples is small
The samples are relatively dense
Accuracy
The distance between these samples and the target is small
Quality management level
User finds bug
The highest cost, damage to goodwill and reputation
QC inspection and correction
Check results and correct defects to control quality
QA process assurance
Process assurance and continuous improvement
DfX design optimization
Integrate quality into planning and design
TAM total quality management
Quality management culture with full participation
development path
1. Craftsman self-inspection
2. Full-time quality inspection
3. QC quality control
4. QA Quality Assurance-Management Quality
5. DfX design optimization
6. TQM total quality management
Development trends and representative figures
development trend
Trend 1: Customer Satisfaction
Zhulan
Core idea: meet the requirements and suitable for use
Defines the differences and connections between grade and quality
Put forward the idea of total quality management
Trend 2: Continuous Improvement
Edward Deming
Deming cycle: PDCA cycle
Plan: plan
Do: execute
Check: check
Action: Improve
Continuous quality improvement
Trend 3: Management Responsibilities
Employees only have 15% responsibility
85% of the responsibilities are the responsibility of systems and processes, that is, the responsibility of management
Trend 4: Continuous cooperation with suppliers for mutual benefit and win-win results
The father of zero defects
Crosby
It's always cheaper to do the job right the first time
Quality comes from prevention, not evaluation
Quality is designed, not inspected
The cost of quality is measured as the "cost of non-compliance"
Taguchi Genichi
The founder of "Quality Engineering"
The greater the quality deviation from the target value, the greater the cost.
The Smile Curve of Quality and Cost
Photography equipment enthusiast
Photography is poor for three generations
SLR ruins life
photographic equipment
you get what you pay for
Two cents for two cents
Three cents for three dollars
Cost of quality COQ
consistency cost
preventive costs
In order to prevent substandard quality and inconsistency with our quality goals
prevention cost
training
Documentation process
Check equipment regularly
Complete time
Evaluate costs
test
Destructive testing losses
examine
cost of inconsistency
corrective costs
In order to compensate for the losses caused by customers due to defects that have already occurred
internal failure costs
Rework
scrapped
Failures found in the project
external failure costs
debt
warranty work
lose business
Customer discovery failure
QA vs. QC
Quality Management Tools
Quality matrix diagram
Analyze the relationship between production technology and quality
Analyze the relationship between indicators
L-shaped matrix: two dimensions
The first dimension: production process
The second dimension: quality indicators
T-shaped matrix
Three series of indicators
Relationship between A and B series indicators
Relationship between A and C series indicators
X-shaped matrix
Four series of indicators
The relationship between two adjacent indicators
Relationship between A and B series indicators
Relationship between A and C series indicators
Relationship between D and B series indicators
Relationship between D and C series indicators
Y-shaped matrix
Three series of indicators
Can analyze the relationship between any two of the three
C-shaped matrix
Real three-dimensional matrix
Can analyze the mutual influence between indicators
The common impact of the three indicators
flow chart
Proposed by Deming
Follow two processes
Process between company and supplier
Provide feedback to company suppliers
Let suppliers provide better materials or accessories
Only in this way can we continue to improve and provide customers with high-quality products.
Process between company and customer
Get timely feedback from customers
To provide customers with better products or services
The company is in the middle of two processes
Design for X
from manufacturing industry
A new product is designed with full consideration
Easy processing, easy assembly, good quality control, easy handling, and easy storage
Easy to use, easy to maintain, easy to repair, easy to recycle, and easy to scrap
Root Cause Analysis
Ishikawa Kaoru
Quality Control Circles (QCC), the father of quality circles
Book: Quality Control
Fishbone diagram - Ishikawa diagram - cause and effect diagram
Find the root cause of a defect
Histogram-Bar graph
Target
Analyze quality results to see if they meet required quality control standards
It can also analyze what causes unqualified quality.
Check whether the statistical distribution shape conforms to the normal distribution
1. Product quality data basically conforms to the normal distribution
2. Product quality data are all within the upper and lower specifications.
3. The mean is consistent with the center of the upper and lower specification lines
4. The upper and lower specification lines are located at 4 times the standard deviation.
Histogram analysis
normal distribution
The production process is normal and the quality is stable
Skewed distribution
Caused by technical and customary reasons and abnormal production conditions
Sawtooth distribution
Improper grouping, or problems with test methods and readings
Island distribution
Caused by unfamiliar workers taking over shifts
steep wall distribution
It is caused by rejecting unqualified products, waiting for external employment or repairing out of tolerance.
bimodal distribution
The result of examining two different distributions mixed together
flat peak distribution
Results in which slowly changing factors dominate
bad histogram
Two-sided no-margin histogram
Too much margin type
mean deviation
Scatter plot
Analyze whether there is a relationship between defects and certain variables, and what kind of relationship it is
Strong positive correlation, weak positive correlation
Strong negative correlation, weak negative correlation
irrelevant
nonlinear correlation
Check List
Check factors related to product quality one by one
Checklist-Counting Sheet
Classify and count defects
One defect will be recorded once detected
Pareto chart
italian economist
The 80/20 principle means that 80% of problems are caused by 20% of the causes
According to the statistical results of the checklist, different types of defects are sorted from left to right in descending order by the number of occurrences.
Find priorities for resolving defects
Help us solve most problems with limited energy
Tools for quality control
statistical sampling
Control Charts
Histogram rotated 90 degrees to the right
The upper and lower control lines are located at 3 times the standard deviation of the mean
1. When the final quality data of the product appears on the side of the mean for 7 consecutive points
2. 7 consecutive points purely monotonic rise or monotonic decline
3. When data appears outside the control range
Non-random events, the cause needs to be found and eliminated
effect
When the above three situations occur, work must be stopped immediately, the cause must be found and solved, and then work can continue.
Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC)