MindMap Gallery Cell and tissue adaptation and damage
This is a mind map about adaptation and damage of cells and tissues, important concepts in biology that play a vital role in maintaining the health and function of organisms.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Cell and tissue adaptation and damage
adapt
shrink
definition
Reduction in size of normally developed cells, tissues, and organs
Classification
Physiological atrophy
Pathological atrophy: ① dystrophic atrophy ② compression atrophy ③ apraxia of atrophy ④ Denervation atrophy ⑤ Endocrine atrophy ⑥ Aging and injury atrophy
Light microscopy
Parenchymal cells shrink in size, weight, and color become darker
Lipofuscin granules may appear in the cytoplasm of atrophic cells such as cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes.
Hyperplasia of fibrous tissue or adipose tissue in the interstitium
naked eye
Atrophic tissue and organ volume uniformity are reduced, weight is reduced, and color becomes darker
Pros: Adapt to a living environment with low nutritional levels Disadvantages: reduced protein synthesis, increased decomposition, massive degradation of cell organelles, and decreased function
Fat
definition
Due to increased functions and strong anabolism, the size of cells, tissues or organs increases
Classification
physiological hypertrophy
compensatory hypertrophy
Thickening and hypertrophy of upper limb skeletal muscles in weightlifters under physiological conditions
endocrine hypertrophy
During pregnancy, uterine smooth muscle cells hypertrophy due to the effects of estrogen, progesterone and their receptors
pathological hypertrophy
compensatory hypertrophy
Hypertension can lead to left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy
endocrine hypertrophy
Hyperthyroidism can cause hypertrophy of thyroid follicular epithelial cells
Light microscopy
The size of parenchymal cells increases, and the nuclei are hypertrophied and deeply stained.
Reduction of fibrous and fatty tissue in the interstitium and compression of blood vessels
naked eye
Hypertrophic tissue and organ size increase uniformly
Pros: Compensatory significance Disadvantages: excessive hypertrophy → decompensation
hyperplasia
definition
The phenomenon of active cell mitosis leading to an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
Classification
physiological hyperplasia
compensatory hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of remaining liver cells after partial liver resection
endocrine hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of endometrial glands during the menstrual cycle
Pathological hyperplasia
compensatory hyperplasia
Chronic inflammation or long-term exposure to physical and chemical factors often causes the proliferation of tissue cells, especially cells covering the skin and certain organs.
endocrine hyperplasia
Absolute or relative increase in estrogen can cause endometrial gland hyperplasia
under the mirror
Increased number of cells, normal or slightly enlarged nuclei
naked eye
Proliferated tissues and organs are uniformly and diffusely enlarged
Pros: Compensatory significance Disadvantages: excessive proliferation → tumor
Metaplasia
definition
The process by which one mature cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type
Classification
There are many types of metaplasia, which usually occur in homologous cells and are unlikely to occur in nerve cells.
metaplasia of epithelial tissue (It may be recoverable after the cause is eliminated)
metaplasia of squamous epithelium
metaplasia of columnar epithelium
Metaplasia of mesenchymal tissue (mostly irreversible)
Benefits: It can strengthen the local ability to resist external stimulation. Disadvantages: Metaplasia is a precancerous lesion related to multi-step tumor cell evolution.
Reversible cell damage (degeneration)
Cellular edema (water degeneration)
Gross eyes: The affected organs are enlarged in size, the edges are rounded, the capsule is tense, the cut surface is everted, and the color becomes lighter.
Under the microscope: cells are swollen, cytoplasm is sparse, red-stained fine particles appear in the cytoplasm, and balloon-like degeneration occurs.
Clinical manifestations: organomegaly, pain, dysfunction
fatty change
Triglycerides accumulate in the cytoplasm of non-adipocytes, mostly in liver cells, cardiomyocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, and skeletal muscle cells.
Naked eyes: Fatty organs increase in size, are light yellow, have rounded edges, and have a greasy feel when cut.
Under the microscope: Spherical lipid droplets of varying sizes appear in the cytoplasm. Large ones can fill the entire cell and push the nucleus to one side.
hyalinization
Translucent protein accumulation occurs within cells or in the interstitium, also known as hyaline change (homogeneous red staining, ground glass, translucent, structureless)
similar lesions
in the cell
Usually a homogeneously red-stained round body located in the cytoplasm.
fibrous connective tissue
Seen in physiological and pathological connective tissue hyperplasia, it is a manifestation of aging of fibrous tissue.
small artery wall
The elasticity of small arterial walls weakens and the fragility increases, making them prone to secondary dilation, rupture and bleeding.
amyloidosis
Aggregation of amyloid protein and mucopolysaccharide complexes in the intercellular substance
Myxoid change
Microscopically, it is characterized by multi-protruding star-shaped fibroblasts scattered in the gray-blue mucus matrix in the loose interstitium.
Common in mesenchymal tumors, rheumatism, and atherosclerosis
pathological pigmentation
Hemosiderin, lipofuscin, melanin, bilirubin
pathological calcification
cell death
Necrosis
mechanism
Accidental cell death, passive (homicidal)
changes in cell nuclei
nuclear pyknosis
nuclear fragmentation
nuclear lysis
Nuclear changes are the main morphological sign of cell necrosis.
type
coagulative necrosis
The characteristic under the microscope is that the fine cell structure disappears, but the outline of the tissue structure can still be preserved. A zone of congestion, hemorrhage and inflammatory reaction forms around the necrotic area
liquefaction necrosis
Microscopically, it is characterized by complete digestion of dead cells and rapid dissolution of local tissues.
fibrinoid necrosis
The lesions form filaments, granules or small strips of structureless material
caseous necrosis
Under the microscope, there is no structure, granular red stain, and no residual image of the original tissue structure of the necrotic area is visible. Even nuclear debris is not visible. It is a special type of coagulation necrosis with more complete necrosis.
fat necrosis
Hard white spots or small nodules visible to the naked eye
gangrene
dry gangrene
Clear boundaries with normal organizations, and relatively minor changes in corruption
wet gangrene
The swelling is blue-green and has unclear boundaries with surrounding normal tissue.
gas gangrene
Combined with infection by anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens and a twirling sensation when pressing the necrotic area
Wet gangrene and gas gangrene are often accompanied by symptoms of systemic poisoning. Dry gangrene is mostly coagulative necrosis, while Wet gangrene can be a mixture of coagulative necrosis and liquefaction necrosis
Necrotic ending
①Dissolution and absorption ②Separation and discharge ③Mechanization and encapsulation ④Calcification
apoptosis
mechanism
Genetically regulated programmed cell death, proactive (suicidal)
Features
The plasma membrane of apoptotic cells does not rupture, does not trigger cell autolysis, and does not trigger acute inflammatory reactions.
Morphological characteristics
① Cell shrinkage ② Chromatin condensation ③ Apoptotic body formation ④ Plasma membrane integrity