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MindMap Gallery Cell and tissue adaptation and damage

Cell and tissue adaptation and damage

This is a mind map about adaptation and damage of cells and tissues, important concepts in biology that play a vital role in maintaining the health and function of organisms.

Edited at 2024-03-15 00:12:52

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Cell and tissue adaptation and damage

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Outline

Cell and tissue adaptation and damage

adapt

shrink

definition

Reduction in size of normally developed cells, tissues, and organs

Classification

Physiological atrophy

Pathological atrophy: ① dystrophic atrophy ② compression atrophy ③ apraxia of atrophy ④ Denervation atrophy ⑤ Endocrine atrophy ⑥ Aging and injury atrophy

Light microscopy

Parenchymal cells shrink in size, weight, and color become darker

Lipofuscin granules may appear in the cytoplasm of atrophic cells such as cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes.

Hyperplasia of fibrous tissue or adipose tissue in the interstitium

naked eye

Atrophic tissue and organ volume uniformity are reduced, weight is reduced, and color becomes darker

Pros: Adapt to a living environment with low nutritional levels Disadvantages: reduced protein synthesis, increased decomposition, massive degradation of cell organelles, and decreased function

Fat

definition

Due to increased functions and strong anabolism, the size of cells, tissues or organs increases

Classification

physiological hypertrophy

compensatory hypertrophy

Thickening and hypertrophy of upper limb skeletal muscles in weightlifters under physiological conditions

endocrine hypertrophy

During pregnancy, uterine smooth muscle cells hypertrophy due to the effects of estrogen, progesterone and their receptors

pathological hypertrophy

compensatory hypertrophy

Hypertension can lead to left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy

endocrine hypertrophy

Hyperthyroidism can cause hypertrophy of thyroid follicular epithelial cells

Light microscopy

The size of parenchymal cells increases, and the nuclei are hypertrophied and deeply stained.

Reduction of fibrous and fatty tissue in the interstitium and compression of blood vessels

naked eye

Hypertrophic tissue and organ size increase uniformly

Pros: Compensatory significance Disadvantages: excessive hypertrophy → decompensation

hyperplasia

definition

The phenomenon of active cell mitosis leading to an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Classification

physiological hyperplasia

compensatory hyperplasia

Hyperplasia of remaining liver cells after partial liver resection

endocrine hyperplasia

Hyperplasia of endometrial glands during the menstrual cycle

Pathological hyperplasia

compensatory hyperplasia

Chronic inflammation or long-term exposure to physical and chemical factors often causes the proliferation of tissue cells, especially cells covering the skin and certain organs.

endocrine hyperplasia

Absolute or relative increase in estrogen can cause endometrial gland hyperplasia

under the mirror

Increased number of cells, normal or slightly enlarged nuclei

naked eye

Proliferated tissues and organs are uniformly and diffusely enlarged

Pros: Compensatory significance Disadvantages: excessive proliferation → tumor

Metaplasia

definition

The process by which one mature cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type

Classification

There are many types of metaplasia, which usually occur in homologous cells and are unlikely to occur in nerve cells.

metaplasia of epithelial tissue (It may be recoverable after the cause is eliminated)

metaplasia of squamous epithelium

metaplasia of columnar epithelium

Metaplasia of mesenchymal tissue (mostly irreversible)

Benefits: It can strengthen the local ability to resist external stimulation. Disadvantages: Metaplasia is a precancerous lesion related to multi-step tumor cell evolution.

Reversible cell damage (degeneration)

Cellular edema (water degeneration)

Gross eyes: The affected organs are enlarged in size, the edges are rounded, the capsule is tense, the cut surface is everted, and the color becomes lighter.

Under the microscope: cells are swollen, cytoplasm is sparse, red-stained fine particles appear in the cytoplasm, and balloon-like degeneration occurs.

Clinical manifestations: organomegaly, pain, dysfunction

fatty change

Triglycerides accumulate in the cytoplasm of non-adipocytes, mostly in liver cells, cardiomyocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, and skeletal muscle cells.

Naked eyes: Fatty organs increase in size, are light yellow, have rounded edges, and have a greasy feel when cut.

Under the microscope: Spherical lipid droplets of varying sizes appear in the cytoplasm. Large ones can fill the entire cell and push the nucleus to one side.

hyalinization

Translucent protein accumulation occurs within cells or in the interstitium, also known as hyaline change (homogeneous red staining, ground glass, translucent, structureless)

similar lesions

in the cell

Usually a homogeneously red-stained round body located in the cytoplasm.

fibrous connective tissue

Seen in physiological and pathological connective tissue hyperplasia, it is a manifestation of aging of fibrous tissue.

small artery wall

The elasticity of small arterial walls weakens and the fragility increases, making them prone to secondary dilation, rupture and bleeding.

amyloidosis

Aggregation of amyloid protein and mucopolysaccharide complexes in the intercellular substance

Myxoid change

Microscopically, it is characterized by multi-protruding star-shaped fibroblasts scattered in the gray-blue mucus matrix in the loose interstitium.

Common in mesenchymal tumors, rheumatism, and atherosclerosis

pathological pigmentation

Hemosiderin, lipofuscin, melanin, bilirubin

pathological calcification

cell death

Necrosis

mechanism

Accidental cell death, passive (homicidal)

changes in cell nuclei

nuclear pyknosis

nuclear fragmentation

nuclear lysis

Nuclear changes are the main morphological sign of cell necrosis.

type

coagulative necrosis

The characteristic under the microscope is that the fine cell structure disappears, but the outline of the tissue structure can still be preserved. A zone of congestion, hemorrhage and inflammatory reaction forms around the necrotic area

liquefaction necrosis

Microscopically, it is characterized by complete digestion of dead cells and rapid dissolution of local tissues.

fibrinoid necrosis

The lesions form filaments, granules or small strips of structureless material

caseous necrosis

Under the microscope, there is no structure, granular red stain, and no residual image of the original tissue structure of the necrotic area is visible. Even nuclear debris is not visible. It is a special type of coagulation necrosis with more complete necrosis.

fat necrosis

Hard white spots or small nodules visible to the naked eye

gangrene

dry gangrene

Clear boundaries with normal organizations, and relatively minor changes in corruption

wet gangrene

The swelling is blue-green and has unclear boundaries with surrounding normal tissue.

gas gangrene

Combined with infection by anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens and a twirling sensation when pressing the necrotic area

Wet gangrene and gas gangrene are often accompanied by symptoms of systemic poisoning. Dry gangrene is mostly coagulative necrosis, while Wet gangrene can be a mixture of coagulative necrosis and liquefaction necrosis

Necrotic ending

①Dissolution and absorption ②Separation and discharge ③Mechanization and encapsulation ④Calcification

apoptosis

mechanism

Genetically regulated programmed cell death, proactive (suicidal)

Features

The plasma membrane of apoptotic cells does not rupture, does not trigger cell autolysis, and does not trigger acute inflammatory reactions.

Morphological characteristics

① Cell shrinkage ② Chromatin condensation ③ Apoptotic body formation ④ Plasma membrane integrity