MindMap Gallery biochemical nucleic acids
This is a mind map about nucleic acids. The main contents include: physical and chemical properties, structure and function of RNA, structure and function of DNA, and molecular composition.
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This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
nucleic acid
Molecular composition
Pentose
ß-D-2‘-deoxyribose
ß-D-ribose
base
adenine
guanine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine (DNA)
Phosphoric acid
DNA structure and function
primary structure of nucleic acids
Refers to the sequence of bases from the 5’ end to the 3’ end.
DNA secondary structure
antiparallel double-stranded structure
Strict complementary base pairing between the double strands
Hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds maintain the stability of the DNA double helix structure
The bases are on the inside and the hydrophilic backbone is on the outside.
The major groove and minor groove are the structural basis for proteins to recognize DNA base sequences and interact with each other.
One helix, ten base pairs
Tertiary structure of DNA (supercoiled is the most common)
positive supercoil
Negative supercoil (double-stranded DNA)
Function
Replicates itself, passing genetic information on to future generations
Transcription is passed to RNA, and RNA translation guides protein synthesis.
RNA structure and function
coding RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
non-coding RNA
constitutive
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Secondary structure (hairpin structure)
DHU ring
T⫝C ring
anticodon loop
tertiary structure
RNA can become an active molecule only if it has a tertiary structure
Inverted L shape
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of large and small subunits that are easily depolymerized.
Regulatory
Other RNA
nuclear small RNA
nucleolar small RNA
cytoplasmic small RNA
catalytic small RNA
small interfering RNA
microRNA
circular RNA
long non-coding RNA
Physical and chemical properties
General physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids
Strongly acidic
DNA has a high viscosity in the solution and is easily broken during extraction, while RNA is smaller
It has conjugated double bonds and has a maximum absorption peak at the ultraviolet wavelength of 260nm.
Denaturation and renaturation of DNA
transsexual
The essence is to destroy the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases but not the phosphodiester bonds. Only the spatial structure of DNA is destroyed, the primary structure is not affected
Completely transgender
local degeneration
Restoration
subtopic
DNA molecules are large and renature slowly
High DNA concentration and fast renaturation
Nucleic acid molecule hybridization
Based on the denaturation and renaturation of nucleic acids
Color enhancement effect
Eukaryotes (precursor is nuclear heterogeneous RNA)
5’ end cap structure
5‘-Untranslated area
start codon
stop codon
coding region
3’ untranslated area
Poly A tail structure at the 3' end
Nucleosome (the basic unit of chromatin)
Histones
DNA
nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Phosphoric acid
nucleoside
base
Pentose
An acidic biological macromolecular compound with nucleotides as the basic unit and rich in phosphorus.