MindMap Gallery Five basic sentence patterns in English
It seems complicated, but if you look closely, there are only five basic sentence patterns. These five basic sentence patterns can evolve into a variety of complex English sentences. In other words, the vast majority of English sentences are generated from these five basic sentence patterns.
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This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
English
English learning knowledge system
daily spoken language
Basic sentence patterns
Basic sentence patterns
1.as…as is the same as…
The original form of an adjective or adverb must be used in the middle. For example:
This classroom is as big as that one.
This classroom is as big as that one.
He runs as fast as Tom. He runs as fast as Tom.
Negative structure: not as/so…as, “not as good as…”. The two sentences above can be changed to:
This classroom is not as/so large as that one.
This classroom is not as big as that one.
He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom.
He can't run as fast as Tom.
2.as soon as as soon as...
Used to introduce time adverbial clauses. If the main clause is in the future tense, the subordinate clause must be in the present tense. For example:
I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him.
I told him the plan as soon as I saw him.
He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work.
As soon as he finishes his work, he goes home.
3.be busy/enjoy/hate/go on/finish doing sth. be busy/like/hate/continue/finish doing something
After words such as enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy, etc., the -ing form of the verb is generally used as the object. For example:
Lin Tao is busy making a model plane.
Lin Tao is busy making airplane models.
My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper.
My mother likes to take a walk after dinner.
I hate watching Channel Five.
I hate watching Channel 5.
When someone asked him to have a rest, he just went on working.
When someone asked him to take a break, he continued working.
I have finished writing the story.
I've finished writing the story.
4.fill…with fill with…; be filled with filled with…; be full of filled with…
①be filled with indicates this state caused by external things, indicating passivity. For example:
The box is filled with food.
The box is full of food.
②be full of indicates the state of the subject. In addition, it can also express degree, meaning "very". For example:
The patient’s room is full of flowers.
The patient's room was filled with flowers.
The young man is full of pride.
The young man was very proud.
③These two structures can also be rewritten each other. For example:
I fill the box with food.The box is full of food.
5.be good/bad for beneficial/harmful to...
This sentence pattern is: be adj. for n. structure. For example:
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
Always playing computer games is bad for your study.
Playing computer games all the time is bad for your studies.
6.be used to (doing)sth. used to...
It must be followed by a noun or gerund, which can be used in various tenses such as present, past, and future. be can be replaced by get and become. For example:
He is used to life in the country.(He is used to living in the country.)
He was used to country life.
He will get used to getting up early.
He will get used to getting up early.
Note: be used to do means "to be used to do...". For example:
Wood is used to make paper.
Wood is used to make paper.
7.both…and…both…
Used to connect two parallel components; when connecting two parallel subjects, the subsequent predicate verb should be plural. For example:
Both the students and the teachers will go to the History Museum tomorrow.
Both teachers and students will go to the history museum tomorrow.
8.can’t help doing sth.can’t help doing something
Help here means "to suppress, endure", followed by the -ing form of the verb. For example:
His joke is too funny.We can’t help laughing.
His jokes were so funny we couldn't help but laugh.
9.sth.costs sb.some money How much does something cost someone?
The subject of this sentence pattern is things. The word cost takes a double object, and its past tense and past participle are the same as the prototype.
This book costs me five Yuan.
This book cost me five yuan.
10.either…or… either…is…, or…or…
Used to connect two coordinating elements. When connecting coordinating subjects, the predicate verb agrees with the adjacent subject.
You may either stay here or go home.
You can stay here or go home.
Either she or I am right.= Either I or she is right.
Either she is right or I am right.
11.enough (for sb.) to do sth. enough... to do...
In this structure, for is used to introduce the logical subject of the infinitive. For example:
The ice isn’t thick enough for you to walk on.
The ice is not thick enough for you to walk on it.
12.feel like doing sth. want to do something
Here like is a preposition, followed by the -ing form of the verb. This sentence pattern is synonymous with would like to do sth. For example:
I feel like drinking a cup of milk.
I want to drink a glass of milk.
13.feel/find/think it adj./n.to do sth. think something...
In this structure it is the formal object, and the infinitive phrase is the real object. For example:
I find it very interesting to play football.
I find playing football fun.
She thinks it her duty to help us.
She felt it was her duty to help us.
14.get ready for sth./to do sth.
get ready for sth. means "to prepare for something"; get ready to do sth. means "to prepare for something". For example:
We are getting ready for the meeting.
We are preparing for the meeting.
They were getting ready to have a sports meet at that moment.
They were preparing for a sports meeting.
15.get/receive/ a letter from Receive a letter from...
Equivalent to hear from For example:
Did you receive a letter from John?
Have you heard from John?
I got a letter from my brother yesterday.
I received a letter from my brother yesterday.
16. had better (not) do sth. had better (not) do something
Had better is a modal verb, and must be followed by the verb base form. The common abbreviation of had better is 'd better, and its negative form is to add not directly after it. For example:
We had better go now.= We’d better go now.
We'd better go now.
You’d better not go out because it is windy.
It's windy today. You'd better not go out.
17.have sth.done to complete (something) (the action is completed by someone else)
sth. is the object, and done is the past participle as the complement. For example:
We had the machine repaired.
We had someone fix the machine.
Note the distinction: We have repaired the machine. We (ourselves) have repaired the machine.
18.help sb. (to) do sth./with sth. Help someone (do) something
The "to" can be omitted. For example:
I often help my mother with housework.
I often help my mother with housework.
Would you please help me (to)look up these words?
Could you please help me look up these words?
19.How do you like…? What do you think of…?
Synonymous with what do you think of…?. For example:
How do you like the weather in Beijing?
What do you think of the weather in Beijing? What do you think of this new movie?
20.I don’t think/believe that…
The not in it negates the object clause rather than the main clause (negation moves forward). that can be omitted. For example:
I don’t think it will rain.
I don't think it will rain.
I don’t believe the girl will come.
I believe the girl will not come.
21.It happens that…
Equivalent to happen to do. For example:
It happened that I heard their secret.
Can be rewritten as: I happened to hear their secret.
I happened to hear their secret.
22.It’s/has been for a period of time since clause It has been a period of time since you did something at a certain time
In this sentence pattern, the time adverbial clause introduced by since is usually in the past tense. For example:
It’s twenty years since he came here.
He has been here for 20 years.
It has been six years since he married Mary.
He and Mary have been married for six years.
23.It is adj./n. for sb.to do sth. To do something for someone...
It is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive to do sth. For example:
It’s not easy for us to study English well.
It is not easy for us to learn English well.
It’s a good idea for us to travel to the south.
It would be a good idea for us to travel to the South.
24.It’s adj. of sb.to do sth.
It is the formal subject, and to do sth. is the real subject. When the predicate (that is, the adjective) can describe the logical subject, the preposition of is often used instead of for. For example:
It’s very polite of you to give your seat to old people.
You are very polite to give up your seat to the old man.
25.It seems/appears (to sb)that… (in someone’s eyes) seems like…
It in this sentence is the subject, and that introduces the predicative clause. For example:
It seems that he is lying. It seems that he is lying.
It appears to me that he never smiles.
26.It is numeral meters/kilometers long/wide… How many meters (kilometers) long (width) is it?
Used to express the length (width, height) of an object. If the numeral is greater than one, the noun must be plural. For example:
It is 20 meters long from this end to that end.
27.It’s time for sb.to do sth. It’s time for someone to do something
it is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive of the verb to do sth. For example:
It’s time for the child to go to bed.
It's time for the child to sleep.
Compare the following two structures:
① It’s time for n. For example:
It’s time for school.
②It’s time to do sth. For example:
It’s time to go to school.
28.It takes sb.some time to do sth. How much time it takes someone to do something
it is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive of the verb to do sth. For example:
It takes her fifteen minutes to walk to the bus stop from here.
It will take her 15 minutes to walk from here to the bus stop.
It took the old man three days to finish the work.
The old man spent three days completing the work.
29.keep (on)doing sth. keep doing something
keep doing sth. Generally used for static verbs. keep on doing sth. means "continue to do something non-stop" and is generally used in dynamic verbs, but the difference between the two is not very strict and sometimes they can be interchanged. For example:
Don’t keep on doing such foolish things.
Don't do such stupid things again.
He kept sitting there all day.
He sat there all day.
30.keep…from doing sth. to prevent…from doing something
Equivalent to stop…from doing sth., prevent…from doing sth. In active sentences, from after stop and prevent can be omitted, but in passive structures, from cannot be omitted. For example:
Please keep the children from swimming in the sea.
Please don't let your children swim in the sea.
The big noise outside my room stopped me from doing my homework.
The loud noise outside the house prevented me from doing my homework.
31.keep sb.doing sth. Let someone keep doing something
Not to be confused with the keep sb.from doing sth. structure.
For example: Why do you keep me waiting for a long time? Why do you keep me waiting for a long time?
32.make sb.do sth.make someone do something
When make means "to make", it must be followed by the infinitive of the verb without to.
For example: He made me work ten hours a day. He made me work ten hours a day.
Note: If the above sentence is changed to passive voice, the to before work cannot be omitted. For example:
I was made to work ten hours a day.
33.neither…nor… neither…nor…
When connecting two coordinating subjects, the predicate verb agrees with the adjacent subject (the principle of progressive agreement). For example:
Neither we nor Jack knows him. Neither we nor Jack knows him.
He neither knows nor cares what happened. He neither knows nor cares what happened.
34.not…until… not until…
Until can be followed by a noun or clause to express time. For example:
He didn’t come until late in the evening. He didn’t come until late in the evening.
He didn’t arrive until the game began. He didn’t arrive until the game began.
35.sb.pays money for sth.Someone spends money to buy something
The subject of this sentence pattern is people. For example:
I’ve already paid 2,000 Yuan for the motor bike. I’ve already paid 2,000 Yuan for the motor bike.
36.spend time/money on sth./(in)doing sth. spend (time, money) on something/do something
Among them, in can be omitted, and usually the subject is "person". For example:
I spent five Yuan on this book. I spent five Yuan on this book.
I spent two hours (in)doing my homework yesterday. I spent two hours (in)doing my homework yesterday.
37.so…that… so…that…
Used in compound sentences, that introduces the result adverbial clause. So is an adverb and should be followed by an adjective or adverb. If it is followed by a noun, such should be used. For example:
The ice is so thin that you can’t walk on it. The ice is so thin that you can’t walk on it.
He is such a kind man that we all like him. He is such a kind man that we all like him.
38.stop to do sth.,stop doing sth.
stop to do sth. means "stop and do another thing", stop doing sth. means "stop what you are doing". For example:
You’re too tired. You’d better stop to have a rest. You’re too tired. You’d better stop to have a rest.
The teacher is coming. Let’s stop talking. The teacher is coming, let’s stop talking.
39.Thank you for doing sth. Thank you for doing something.
After for, in addition to the gerund doing, you can also add a noun. For example:
Thank you for giving me the present.Thank you for giving me the present.
Thank you for your help.=Thank you for helping me.Thank you for your help.
40.thanks to thanks to..., due to...
The s after thanks cannot be omitted, and to is a preposition. For example:
Thanks to my friend Jim, I’ve worked out this problem. Thanks to my friend Jim, I’ve worked out this problem.
41.There be sentence pattern
①In this structure, there is the introductory word, which cannot serve as any component in the sentence and does not need to be translated. The subject in the sentence is someone or something, and the predicate verb be must be consistent with the number of the subject. For example:
There is a man at the door. There is a man at the door.
When the subject is served by two or more nouns, the predicate verb be must agree with the number of the adjacent noun (nearest agreement). For example:
There are two dogs and a cat under the table. There are two dogs and a cat under the table.
Compare: There is a cat and two dogs under the table.
②There be The be in the sentence pattern cannot be replaced by have, but it can be replaced by words such as lie (located, lying), stand (standing), exist (survival), live (life) and other words. For example:
There stand a lot of tall buildings on both sides of the street.
There lies lake in front of our school. There is a lake in front of our school.
Once there lived a king here.
There is going to be a sports meeting next week. There is going to be a sports meeting next week.
Extended structure of there be: there seem(s)/happen(s)to be…
There seems to be one mistake in spelling.
There seems to be a spelling error.
There happened to be a ruler here.
There seemed to be a lot of people there.
42.The adj. comparative form, the adj. comparative form the more..., the more...
This sentence pattern indicates that one party changes as the other party changes. For example:
The harder he works, the happier he feels. The harder he works, the happier he feels.
The more, the better. The more, the better.
43.too adj./adv. to do sth. too... to be able to....
This sentence pattern is a simple sentence, and the "to" behind it expresses a negative meaning. For example:
The ice is too thin for you to walk on. The ice is too thin for you to walk on.
The bag is too heavy to carry. The bag is too heavy to carry.
44. used to do sth. used to do something
Used to is a modal verb that expresses a habitual action or state in the past that no longer exists, so it is only used in the past tense. For example:
He used to get up early. He used to get up early.
When I was young,I used to play tennis very often.
There are two negative forms: didnt use to; used not to, for example:
He didnt use to come.= He used not to come. He didn't use to come.
45.what about…? How about…?
It can be followed by nouns, pronouns, gerunds, etc. Synonymous with "how about...?" For example:
We have been to Hainan.What about you? We have been to Hainan, what about you?
What about going to the park on Sunday? What about going to the park on Sunday?
46.What day/date is it today? What day of the week is it today?
—What day is it today?
—Sunday.
—What date is it today?
—June 24th.
47.What’s wrong (the matter)with…? What’s wrong?
What’s wrong with you, Madam? Madam, what’s wrong with you?
You look worried. What’s wrong with you? You look worried. What’s wrong with you?
48.Why not do…? Why not do…?
Use the base form of predicate verbs. Synonymous with Why don’t you do…?. For example:
Why not go to see the film with us? = Why don’t you go to see the film with us? Why don’t you go to see the film with us?
49. would like to do sth. would like to do sth.
Use the infinitive of the verb as the object. For example:
I would like to drink a cup of tea. I would like to drink a cup of tea.
Interrogative sentence: Would you like (to drink) a cup of tea? Would you like (to drink) a cup of tea?
50.adj./adv. comparative and adj./adv. comparative more and more...
If the adjective/adverb is a disyllabic word or a multi-syllable word, this structure becomes "more and more adjective/adverb". For example:
It’s getting warmer and warmer. The weather is getting warmer.
The little girl becomes more and more beautiful. The little girl becomes more and more beautiful.
51.adj. comparative than
than introduces a typical comparative sentence pattern, which means "one is better than the other...". It is preceded by the comparative form of an adjective or adverb. The than clause can be omitted. For example:
I know you better than she does. I know you better than she does.
This house is bigger than that one. This house is bigger than that one.
52.though-clause
Though introduces the concession adverbial clause, which means "although...but...". But it cannot be used together with but. When expressing "although..., but..." in English, only one of though and but can be used. For example:
Though it was snowing, it was not very cold. Although it was snowing, it was not very cold.
I was late for the last bus though I hurried. Although I rushed hard, I still didn't catch the last bus.
We didn’t feel tired though we walked a long way. Although we walked a long way, we didn’t feel tired.
53.if-clause
If introduces the conditional adverbial clause, "if; if". If the main clause uses the future tense, the if clause must use the present tense (the subject will be present). For example:
If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow, would you like to come along? If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow, would you like to come along?
If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go. If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go.
54.because-clause
Introduce the adverbial clause of reason, "because". For example:
He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio. He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio.
55.so do/be subject
"So be/auxiliary verb/modal verb subject" means that the previous content also applies to another person or thing. The choice of be, auxiliary verb or modal verb depends on the tense form of the predicate verb in the previous declarative sentence. example:
He likes football and so do I. He likes football and so do I.
Jim was playing football just now and so was Tom. Jim was playing football just now and so was Tom.
Compare: "So subject be/auxiliary verb/modal verb." The structure is used to confirm the content expressed in the previous sentence (for emphasis). The choice of be, auxiliary verb or modal verb depends on the tense form of the predicate verb in the previous declarative sentence.
A: It is very hot today. The weather is very hot today.
B: So it is. Indeed.
56.not only…but also… not only…but also…
Often used to connect words, phrases or sentences with the same grammatical function. When connecting two subjects, the predicate verb must agree in person and number with the subject immediately adjacent to it. For example:
She likes not only singing but also dancing. She not only likes singing, but also likes dancing.
He is not only a good doctor but also a good father. He is not only a good doctor but also a good father.
Not only I but also he is hoping to go there. Not only I but also he is hoping to go there.
57.prefer…to… like…better than…
prefer (doing)sth.to (doing)sth. means "prefer (do) one of the two". In this structure, to is a preposition, followed by a noun or gerund, and the following components in the structure are the same. For example:
He prefers tea to coffee. He prefers tea to coffee.
He prefers doing shopping to going fishing. He prefers shopping to fishing.
58.Exclamatory sentence patterns
What (a/an) adj. n. Subject Predicate! How adj./adv. Subject Predicate! For example:
What a clever boy (he is)! =How clever the boy is! How clever this boy is!
What a wonderful film we saw last night! What a wonderful film we saw last night!
How lovely the weather is! How lovely the weather is!
How hard he works! How hard he works!
59.Imperative sentence pattern
The imperative sentence pattern expresses commands, requests, advice, etc. The person speaking is usually in the second person and is customarily omitted. Use a period or exclamation point at the end of the sentence. The affirmative imperative sentence is: the predicate verb is expressed in the base form of the verb. The negative imperative is: add do not (don’t) before the predicate verb. For example:
Be here on time tomorrow. Be here on time tomorrow.
Say it in English! Say it in English!
Don’t be afraid! Don’t be afraid!
Don’t look out of the window! Don’t look out of the window!
60. Parallel sentence patterns
Two or more simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction are called parallel sentences. Commonly used conjunctions to connect parallel sentences are: and, but, or, so, however, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, either…or…, etc. For example:
I help her and she helps me. I help her and she helps me.
He is very old but he is in good health. He is very old but he is in good health.
We must hurry, or we’ll be late. We must hurry, or we’ll be late.
Kate does her work carefully, so she never makes any mistakes. Kate does her work carefully, so she never makes any mistakes.
Common sentence patterns
Common sentence patterns
Sentence pattern 1: There+be+Subject+Adverbial of place/Adverbial of time
There’s a boat in the river. There’s a boat in the river.
Sentence pattern 2: What’s wrong with+sb./sth.?
What’s wrong with your watch? What's wrong with your watch?
Sentence pattern 3: How do you like...?
How do you like China? what do you think about China?
Sentence pattern 4: What do you like about...?
What do you like about China? What do you like about China?
Sentence pattern 5: had better (not) + verb base form
You’d better ask that policeman over there.
Sentence pattern 6: How+adj./ adv.+subject+predicate! What a/ an+adj.+n.+subject+predicate!
How cold it is today! How cold it is today! What a fine picture it is! What a beautiful picture!
Sentence pattern 7: Thank+sb.+for(doing)sth.
Thank you for coming to see me. Thank you for coming to see me.
Sentence pattern 8: So+be/ modal verb/ auxiliary verb + subject
He is a student.So am I. He is a student, so am I.
fireworks
Sentence pattern 9: ...not ...until ...
He didn’t have supper until his parents came back.
Sentence pattern 10: comparative + and + comparative
The baby cried harder and harder. The baby cried harder and harder.
Sentence pattern 11: the + comparative, the + comparative
The more one has, the more one wants. The more one has, the more greedy.
Sentence pattern 12: ...as +adj./ adv.+as ...
…not as(so)+adj./ adv.+as ...Do you think that art is as important as music? Do you think art is as important as music? Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today. Last Sunday the weather was not as wet as it is today.
Sentence pattern 13: more/less +adj.+than...
I think art is less important than music. I think art is less important than music.
Sentence pattern 14: stop…from doing sth.
The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
Sentence pattern 15: both ...and ...
Both you and I are students. Both you and I are students.
Sentence pattern 16: either ...or...
Either you or he is wrong. Either you or he is wrong.
Sentence pattern 17: neither ... nor ...
Neither he nor I am a student. Neither he nor I am a student.
Sentence pattern 18:...as soon as...
As soon as I see him, I’ll give him the message. As soon as I see him, I’ll give him your message.
Sentence pattern 19:...so+adj./ adv.+that ...
I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak. I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak.
Sentence pattern 20: Thought... + main clause
Though I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time. Although I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time.
Negative sentence pattern:
Negative sentence pattern:
1. There is not a moment to be lost. Every second counts.
2. There is no holding back the wheel of history. The wheel of history is unstoppable.
3.Not a soul was anywhere visible. Not a soul was visible anywhere.
4.I felt sorry for not coming in time. I felt sorry for not coming in time.
5.I dont think it is right to make such a hasty decision. I don’t think it is right to make such a hasty decision.
6.Everybody, it is true, wouldn't like it. Indeed, not everyone likes it.
7.I dont wholly agree.
8.All my plans came to nothing. All my plans came to nothing.
9.I shall never do it, not under any circumstances.
10.Ill not do such a thing, not I. I will not do such a thing, never.
11.I could not assent to,much less participate in such proceedings.
12.I did not even see him, still less shake hands with him. I didn’t even see him, how could I still shake hands with him?
13.I never thought of it, let alone did I do it. I never thought of it, let alone did it.
14.Little remains to be said. There is simply nothing to say.
15.I have hardly ever been out of Beijing. I have hardly ever been out of Beijing.
16.I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone. I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone. It can be said that I rarely saw him at all.
17.I could not help showing my pleasure.
18.I cannot but admire his courage. I cannot but admire his courage.
19.I never see you but I think of my brother. Every time I see you I think of my brother. (There is never a time when I see you without thinking of my brother.)
20.It simply will not do. That is absolutely not possible.
Number sentence patterns:
Number sentence patterns:
21.It takes me three clear / cleanly days.
22. There are fifty and odd (or and more) students in our class. There are more than fifty students in our class.
23.The total expense amount to a hundred dollars.
24.We were fifteen, all told. We were fifteen in total.
25.The delegation consisted of 15, inclusive of (including) two interpreters.
26. There were fifty people present, not counting (excluding) the children. There were fifty people present, not counting (excluding) the children.
27.We take a rest at intervals of two hours.
28.I ask you to teach me every other day. I ask you to teach me every other day.
29.Beijing is ten times as big as my home town. Beijing is ten times as big as my home town.
30. The sun is a huge blazing ball, a million times larger than the earth. The sun is a huge blazing ball, a million times larger than the earth.
31.By comparison with 1992, the foreign trade turnover of that country in 2003 increased (to)3.5 times.
32.That table measures three feet by three. That table measures three feet by three.
33.He valued the house for me at ?,500. He valued the house for me at ?,500.
34.His coat is rated at 20 yuan. His coat is worth twenty yuan.
35.The job was finished at a sitting (a stretch). The job was finished at a sitting (a stretch).
Passive sentence pattern:
Passive sentence pattern:
36.I got plucked. I was not admitted.
37.He got dismissed. He was fired.
38.You are bound to be received warmly. You are bound to be received warmly.
39.I preferred to be assigned something more difficult to do. I preferred to be assigned (get) something more difficult to do.
40.He was often spoken about. He was often spoken about.
41.It is considered a shame to cheat in examination. Cheating in examination is shameful.
42.It was found difficult for us to understand him. We found it difficult to understand him.
43. It was proved wrong to say things like that. It was proved wrong to say things like that.
44.It is requested that you kindly take immediate action in the matter. Please handle this matter quickly.
45.It hasn't been made clear when the new road is open to traffic. It hasn't been made clear when the new road is open to traffic.
46.Has it been decided where we are to hold the conference? Has it been decided where we are to hold the conference?
47.I was warned not to be late. I was warned not to be late.
48.I am supposed to know something about science. Someone suggested that I know something about science.
49.The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. These books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.
Compare sentence patterns:
Compare sentence patterns:
50.She is no less diligent than her elder sister. She is as diligent as her elder sister.
51.One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour (is). One minute too late is no more on time than half an hour late.
52.His strength is superior to mine. His strength is greater than mine.
53.Colored people are by no means inferior to white people.Colored people are by no means inferior to white people.
54.My arrival in New York is posterior to that of my friend. I arrived in New York later than my friend.
55.We love truth above everything else. We love truth above everything else.
56.It is worth next to nothing. That is almost worthless.
57.How could he compare with Bill Gates? How could he compare with Bill Gates?nbsp;
58. Easier said than done. Easier said than done.
59.I like that best of all / least of all. I like that best / least of all.
60.I cant think of a better idea. I can’t think of a better idea.
61.No other book has had a greater influence on my life. No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
62. Nothing is so easy as this. Nothing is easier than this.
63. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.
64.So much the worse. Even worse.
65.Better late than never. Better late than never.
66.Better to do well than to say well. Better to do well than to say well.
67.I would sooner die than do such a thing.
68. Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. Wise men love truth, while fools shun it.
69.I would do anything before that. I would do anything but not that thing.
Inverted sentence pattern:
Inverted sentence pattern:
70.There must be something wrong. There must be something wrong.
71.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. The moment we longed for finally arrived.
72.Now comes your turn.Now it’s your turn.
73.Not a finger did I lay on him. I never blamed him.
74.Never had I had any experience like that.
75. Well do I remember the day when it happened. I clearly remember the day when it happened.
76.Enclosed are some pictures Ive just taken. (Enclosed) Attached are some recent photos.
77.Dont let go the rope. Hold on to the rope and don’t let go.
78.I would not let drop a word. I will never say a word.
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Sentence pattern 1: There+be+Subject+Adverbial of place/Adverbial of time
There’s a boat in the river.
Sentence pattern 2: What’s wrong with+sb. / sth.?
What’s wrong with your watch? What's wrong with your watch?
Sentence pattern 3: How do you like...?
How do you like China? what do you think about China?
Sentence pattern 4: What do you like about...?
What do you like about China? What do you like about China?
Sentence pattern 5: had better (not) + verb base form
You’d better ask that policeman over there.
Sentence pattern 6: How+adj. / adv. + subject + predicate!
What a/ an+adj. +n. + subject + predicate!
How cold it is today! How cold it is today!
What a fine picture it is! What a beautiful picture!
Sentence pattern 7: Thank+sb. +for(doing)sth.
Thank you for coming to see me. Thank you for coming to see me.
Sentence pattern 8: So+be/ modal verb/ auxiliary verb + subject
He is a student. So am I. He is a student, so am I.
Sentence pattern 9:... not... until...
He didn’t have supper until his parents came back. He didn’t have supper until his parents came back.
Sentence pattern 10: comparative + and + comparative
The baby cried harder and harder. The baby cried harder and harder.
Sentence pattern 11: the + comparative, the + comparative
The more one has, the more one wants. The more one has, the more greedy.
Sentence pattern 12:... as +adj./ adv.+as ...
…not as(so) +adj. / adv. +as ...
Do you think that art is as important as music? Do you think art is as important as music?
Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today. Last Sunday the weather was not as wet as it is today.
Sentence pattern 13: more/less +adj.+than...
I think art is less important than music. I think art is less important than music.
Sentence pattern 14: stop…from doing sth.
The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
Sentence pattern 15: both ... and ...
Both you and I are students. Both you and I are students.
Sentence pattern 16: either... or...
Either you or he is wrong. Either you or he is wrong.
Sentence pattern 17: neither ... nor ...
Neither he nor I am a student. Neither he nor I am a student.
Sentence pattern 18:... as soon as...
As soon as I see him, I’ll give him the message. As soon as I see him, I’ll give him your message.
Sentence pattern 19:... so+adj. / adv.+that ...
I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak.
Sentence pattern 20: Thought... + main clause
Though I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time.
Sentence pattern 21: be going to
This afternoon I’m going to buy a Qisu English book. This afternoon I’m going to buy a Qisu English book.
Sentence pattern 22: be different from
I think this is different from Chinese names.
Sentence pattern 23: Welcome (back) to...
Welcome back to school! Welcome back to school!
Sentence pattern 24: have fun doing
We’re going to have fun learning and speaking English this term.
Sentence pattern 25:... because.../..., so...
I don’t know all your names because this is our first lesson.
Sentence pattern 26: Why don’t you.../Why not...
Why don’t you come to school a little earlier? Why don’t you come to school a little earlier?
Sentence pattern 27: make it
Let’s make it half past nine. Let’s make it half past nine.
Sentence pattern 28: have nothing to do
They have nothing to do every day. They have nothing to do every day.
Sentence pattern 29: be sure/ be sure of/ about sth. / be sure to do sb.
I think so, but I’m not sure. I think so, but I’m not sure.
I was not sure of / about the way, so I asked someone. I was not sure of / about the way, so I asked someone.
Sentence pattern 30: between ... and ...
There is a shop between the hospital and the school. There is a shop between the hospital and the school.
Sentence pattern 31: keep sb. / sth. +adj./ V-ing/ prepositional complement/ adv.
You must keep your classroom clean. You must keep your classroom clean.
Sorry to have kept you waiting. Sorry to have kept you waiting.
Can you keep him in the room? Can you let him in this room? Keep them here. Keep them here.
Sentence pattern 32: find + object + object complement
He finds it very hard to travel around the big city. He finds it very hard to travel around the big city.
Sentence pattern 33:... not ... anymore/ longer
The old man doesn’t travel any more. The old man doesn’t travel any more.
He isn’t a thief any longer.
Sentence pattern 34: What’s the weather like...?
What’s the weather like in spring in your hometown? How is the weather in spring in your hometown?
Sentence pattern 35: There is no time to do/have no time to do
There was no time to think.
I have no time to go home for lunch. I have no time to go home for lunch.
Sentence pattern 36: Help oneself to...
Help yourself to some fish. Eat fish!
Sentence pattern 37: used to do
I used to read this kind of story books. I used to read this kind of story books.
Sentence pattern 38: borrow ... from
I borrowed a Qisu English book from him.
Sentence pattern 39: lend sb. sth. / lend sth. to sb.
He lent me a story book / He lent a story book to me. He lent me a story book.
Sentence pattern 40: have been to
Have you ever been to Haw aii? Have you ever been to Hawaii?
Sentence pattern 41: have gone to
Where’s he? He’s gone to Washington. Where is he? He went to Washington.
Sentence pattern 42: be famous for
Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches. Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches.
Sentence pattern 43: No matter + question + main clause
No matter when you come, you are welcomed.
Sentence pattern 44: be afraid (of / todo / that...)
I’m afraid not. I’m afraid not.
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English.
Sentence pattern 45: ... as ... as possible / ... as ... as sb
Can I hope to see him as soon as possible. I hope to see him as soon as possible.
He ran here as fast as he could. He ran here as fast as he could.
Sentence pattern 46: practice / enjoy / finish doing
A young man practiced speaking English with Mr Green. A young man practiced speaking English with Mr Green.
Tom enjoys playing football very much. Tom enjoys playing football very much.
He finished reading the story book. He finished reading the story book.
Sentence pattern 47: It’s said that...
It’s said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the Great White Shark.
Sentence pattern 48: Not all / everyone...
Not all sharks are alike. Not all sharks are alike.
Not everyone likes dumplings. Not everyone likes dumplings.
Sentence pattern 49: be based on
His argument is based on facts. His argument is based on facts.
Sentence pattern 50:... so that...
Put the tree in the hole so that it is straight.
complex statement
work related terms
specification English/ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n
1.technical specification technical specification; technical description 2.product specification product specification; product technical specification 3.design specification; design specifications; design brief; design details 4. System Specification
function definition British/ˌdefɪˈnɪʃ(ə)n function definition
System Block DiagramSystem Block Diagram
Manual Transmission Manual Transmission
Automatic Transmission
Antenna English/ænˈtenə
Internal Antenna
Bumper Antenna bumper English/ˈbʌmpə(r)
Antenna of Door Handle
IMMO Immobilizer
peps
RKE Remote Keyless Entry
PKE Passive Keyless Entry
PKS Passive Keyless Start
ESCL Electric Steering Column Lock
PDU Power Distribution Unit
BMS Backup Mode Start
abbreviation and full name
work, communication
Common fruits, etc., tools. .
Introduce everything around you to others,
Collect continuous reading
vocabulary
subtopic
01Learning Category
book book
pen pen
pencil box pencil box
ruler ruler
pencil pencil
eraser eraser
crayon crayon
bag bag
schoolbag schoolbag
word word
word book word book
dictionary dictionary
lesson lesson
problem problem
notebook notebook
homework homework
blackboard blackboard
teacher's desk podium
studies (*
*Third person singular form of *study) study**
English class English class
music class music class
PE class physical education class
science science
maths book maths book
English book English book
Chinese book Chinese book
school school
class class; class
classroom classroom
playground playground
teachers'office teachers' office
library library
art room art classroom
music room music classroom
computer room computer room
gym gymnasium
02Sports
sport sports
race race
ice-skate skating
hiking
fish fishing; fishing
boating
cycling sport (or activity)
badminton badminton
basketball basketball
goal
football player football player
03Extracurricular life category
computer computer
Internet Internet
email email
robot robot
storybook storybook
comic book (children's) comic book
cartoon comics
magazine magazine
song song
dancing dancing; dance
picture picture
kung fu kung fu; martial arts
play drama; script
part role
film movie
trip travel
exhibition exhibition
party party; party
meet gathering; meeting
contest contest; contest
exercise activity; exercise
vacation vacation
game game
camp camping
hobby hobby
gift gift
postcard postcard
poem poem
dream dream
shadow shadow; shadow
noise sound; sound; noise
thing thing
idea idea; idea
puzzle puzzle
attention attention
feature feature
diary diary
letter letter
Dear (used before the name or title on the letterhead) Dear
Love (warm greeting at the end of a letter) Love you*
*of**
RSVP (especially used on invitations) please reply
04 Home Category
door door
window window
wall wall
floor floor
bed bed
table table
sofa couch
light electric light
lamp table lamp
phone phone
clock clock; clock
fridge refrigerator
TV television
fan fan
basket basket; basket
bottle bottle
water bottle water bottle
photo photo; photo
bike bicycle; bicycle
key key
toys toys
umbrella umbrella; umbrella
bedroom bedroom
living room living room; living room
study study
kitchen kitchen
bathroom bathroom; toilet
05Place type
park park
garden garden; vegetable garden
farm farm
zoo zoo
museum museum
post office post office
bookstore bookstore
cinema cinema
hospital hospital
restaurant restaurant
hotel hotel
supermarket supermarket
club club
factory factory
countryside countryside
university university
dining hall dining room
hall hall
bridge bridge
building building; house; building
village village; village or town
house house; house; residence
street street; street
crossing crossroads
first floor first floor
second floor second floor
06Natural category
nature nature; nature
space space
moon moon
star star
sea sea
river river; river
lake lake; lake
mountain high mountain; mountain
hill hill; hill
cave cave; cave
island island
beach beach; sandy beach
mud mud
forest forest; forest area
plant plant
tree tree; tree; tree
bamboo bamboo
jasmine jasmine
grass lawn
flower flower; flower
leaf leaves (plural leaves)
weather weather
snow snow
snowman snowman
07 human beings
Grandparent grandfather; grandmother; maternal grandfather; maternal grandmother
grandmother(maternal)grandmother
grandma (colloquial) (maternal) grandmother
grandfather (maternal) grandfather
grandpa (colloquial) (maternal) grandfather
parents parents
father father; father
dad (colloquial) father; daddy
mother mother; mother
mum mother (American English: mom)
uncle uncle; uncle; uncle; uncle; uncle
aunt aunt; aunt
sister; younger sister
brother; brother
baby brother baby brother
cousin cousin of the same generation (or cousin)
08 characters
people people
*
family home; family *
friend friend *
man man *
woman woman *
girl girl *
boy boy*
children (plural of child) children *
kid child *
Sir (a polite term for a man) Sir *
Mrs*
Ms (used before a woman’s surname or given name, without specifying whether she is married) Ms. *
pen pal pen pal *
fool; fool *
09 Clothing category
glove (fingered) gloves
*
scarf scarf; shawl *
clothes clothes; clothing *
pants pants *
hat (often refers to a hat with a brim) *
dress dress *
skirt women's skirt *
coat coat; coat *
sweater sweater*
sock socks *
shorts shorts *
jacket jacket*
shirt (especially men's) shirt *
sunglasses sunglasses *
hat (often refers to a hat with a brim) *
helmet helmet *
glasses glasses *
shoe shoes *
10 color categories
red red; red
*
green green; green *
yellow yellow; yellow *
blue blue; blue *
black black; black *
brown brown; brown *
white white; white *
orange orange; orange *
pink pink; pink *
11Body Category
face face
*
ear ear *
eye eye *
nose nose *
mouth mouth *
arm arm*
hand *
head head *
body body *
leg leg *
foot foot *
tail tail *
hair hair*
fur (some animals) thick soft hair *
12 animals
animal beast; animal
*
duck duck *
pig pig *
cat cat *
kitten kitten *
dog dog *
puppy puppy *
elephant elephant *
monkey monkey *
bird bird *
tiger tiger *
cheetah cheetah*
bear bear *
panda giant panda *
dinosaur dinosaur *
giraffe giraffe *
horse horse *
cow cow; cow *
mule mule *
sheep sheep; sheep *
goat goat *
hen hen *
mouse mouse *
mice (plural of mouse) mouse *
rabbit rabbit; hare *
bunny (used as baby talk) rabbit*
ant ant*
13 Catering categories
food food
*
egg egg *
cake cake*
hamburger hamburger *
sandwich sandwich *
sushi sushi *
bread bread *
juice juice *
milk milk *
tea tea; tea*
water water *
pizza pizza*
mooncake mooncake *
rice rice *
noodles noodles *
soup soup *
fish fish meat; fish *
beef beef *
chicken chicken *
vegetable vegetables *
tomato tomato *
potato potato; potato *
green beans; green beans*
carrot carrot *
salad vegetable salad; mixed salad *
onion onion; onion *
candy candy *
chocolate chocolate *
ice cream ice cream *
bowl bowl *
plate plate *
chopsticks chopsticks *
spoon spoon *
knife knife *
fork fork *
breakfast breakfast; breakfast *
lunch lunch; lunch *
dinner (lunch or dinner) meal *
picnic picnic *
14Transportation
traffic traffic
*
traffic lights traffic lights *
bus bus *
plane aircraft *
taxi taxi *
ship (big) ship *
ferry ferry *
subway subway *
train train *
sled sled*
15 place names
China China
*
Turpan Turpan *
world world *
country country *
UK United Kingdom *
Canada Canada *
USA United States *
Germany Germany *
Scotland Scotland *
Spain Spain *
New York New York *
Singapore Singapore (city) *
London London *
Moscow Moscow *
Sydney Sydney *
Canberra Canberra (Australia’s capital) *
Munich Munich (German city) *
Alaska Alaska (US state name) *
Papa Westray Papa Westray Island *
national *
American American *
Canadian *
Spanish Spanish *
Italian Italian *
16 professional categories
job work
*
doctor doctor *
cook chef*
driver driver *
farmer farmer *
nurse nurse *
teacher teacher *
student student *
pupil student; (especially) primary school student *
worker worker *
postman postman *
businessman businessman; entrepreneur *
police officer police *
fisherman fisherman *
scientist scientist *
pilot pilot *
coach coach *
head teacher principal *
reporter reporter *
secretary secretary *
17Numbers
one one
*
two two *
three three *
four four *
five five*
six six *
seven seven *
eight eight *
nine nine *
ten ten *
thirty thirty *
forty *
eighty eighty*
first (1st) first (of) *
second (2nd) second *
third (3rd) third *
fourth (4th) fourth (of) *
fifth (5th) fifth (of) *
twelfth (12th) twelfth *
twentieth (20th) twentieth (of) *
twenty-first (21st) twenty-first *
twenty-third (23rd) twenty-third *
thirtieth (30th) Thirtieth *
18 time categories
Monday Monday
Tuesday Tuesday *
Wednesday Wednesday *
Thursday Thursday *
Friday Friday *
Saturday Saturday *
Sunday Sunday *
day day; one day *
today today *
tonight tonight *
yesterday yesterday *
tomorrow tomorrow *
weekend weekend *
next week next week *
now now; currently *
a.m. before noon; morning *
p.m. afternoon; afternoon *
evening evening; evening *
spring spring *
summer summer *
autumn autumn *
winter winter *
season season *
year year *
January January *
February February*
March March*
April April*
May May*
June June*
July July*
August August*
September September *
October October*
November November *
December December *
holiday holiday; festival *
National Day National Day *
Labor Day Labor Day*
Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival *
Thanksgiving Thanksgiving *
* Easter Easter * * * *
Christmas Christmas *
19 Adjectives and adverbs
new new
*
thin *
fat fat; fat *
tall *
short short; short *
long long *
little small *
small small *
big big *
windy windy; windy *
cloudy cloudy; cloudy *
snowy snowy (a lot) *
rainy rainy; rainy *
funny funny; funny *
cute cute *
strong strong *
friendly friendly *
quiet quiet *
right correct; right *
cold cold; cold *
cool cool; cool *
warm warm; warm *
hot hot; hot *
sunny sunny *
pretty beautiful; exquisite *
expensive expensive; spending a lot of money *
cheap costs less; cheap *
nice good *
tired tired *
fresh; freshly picked *
healthy healthy *
well health; good health *
ill sick; uncomfortable *
delicious delicious; delicious *
hot spicy; spicy *
sweet sugary; sweet *
old old; older *
young young; young *
funny funny; ridiculous *
kind considerate; kind; tolerant *
strict demanding; severe *
polite polite; polite *
hard-working; hard-working *
helpful useful; willing to help *
clever clever; intelligent *
shy; shy; shy *
thirsty; thirsty *
favorite *
wonderful excellent; remarkable *
dirty dirty *
high high *
lovely lovely; beautiful *
special special; special *
open *
excited; excited *
angry angry *
afraid *
sad sad *
worried; worried *
happy happy *
more more *
deep deep *
bad evil; bad *
wrong There is something wrong *
early arrive early *
late late; late *
busy busy *
interesting interesting *
far far *
comic funny *
amazing amazing *
fast fast *
slow (to make) slow down; slow *
broken broken *
loud noisy; loud *
easy easy *
different different *
active active; active *
last The most recent; the previous *
next next; immediately following; next *
any any; any *
ready ready *
quickly quickly *
usually; customarily *
straight *
down reduce; lower *
there (meaning existence or occurrence) *
younger (comparative form of young) younger *
older (comparative form of old) older *
taller (comparative form of tall) higher *
shorter (comparative form of short) shorter; shorter *
longer (comparative form of long) longer *
thinner (comparative form of thin) thinner*
heavier (comparative form of heavy) heavier *
bigger (comparative form of big) bigger *
smaller (comparative form of small) smaller *
stronger (comparative form of strong) stronger *
lower (comparative form of low) lower *
smarter (comparative form of smart) smarter *
better (comparative form of well) better *
faster (comparative form of fast) faster *
best most; to the highest extent *
20th generation part of speech
mine my
*
us we *
our our *
your your *
yours yours; yours *
she she *
her her *
he he *
him (used as object or predicate) he *
his his *
them him (her, it) *
their their; their; their *
hers her *
theirs theirs; theirs; theirs *
ours our *
its (referring to things, animals or children) its; his; her *
21 verb categories
eat eat
*
fly (kite, etc.) *
pack pack (luggage) *
wait wait *
know know; understand *
wash wash *
watch watch *
do do; do *
read see; read *
play kick; play; participate in (sports) *
drink drink; drink *
sing sing; sing *
paint paint with paint *
cook cooking; cooking *
swim swimming *
ping-pong table tennis *
learn learn; study; learn *
want; want *
send mail; send *
speak can speak; speak (a certain language); speak in (a certain language) *
finish complete; do a good job *
dance dance *
draw draw *
move move *
live live; live *
clean clean *
help help *
find find *
pass to; hand over *
try try; try *
walk walk *
keep maintain a certain state *
show to show to others; guide *
say; talk *
teach teach *
follow follow *
tell tell *
visit visit *
travel (especially long-distance) travel *
join join *
share share *
stay keep *
use use *
type typing *
wear wear *
breath breath *
count count *
chase chase *
hurt (make) hurt *
feel feel; feel *
sit sit *
hear hear *
pull pull; pull *
become Begin to become; become *
live live *
win win *
stop stop *
wear wear *
worry worry; worry *
stuck stuck; unable to move *
enjoy enjoy⋯⋯fun; love *
stay temporary stay; stay *
trip trip *
plant planting *
roll roll *
take study; take (class) *
start start *
shop to buy things; shopping *
work work *
sound sounds like *
pick pick; collect *
fall fall; [Beauty] autumn *
turn turn *
ask*
get arrive *
need need *
shall means soliciting opinions *
must must *
should should *
will (talking about the future) will *
should (often used to correct others) should, should *
22 verb past tense
cleaned (past tense of clean) cleaned
*
stayed (past tense of stay) stay; stay *
washed (past tense of wash) wash *
watched (past tense of watch) watch *
had (past tense of have) to be sick; to get sick *
slept (past tense of sleep) sleep *
fixed (past tense of fix) repair *
rode (past tense of ride) ride (horse; bicycle) *
read (past tense of read) read *
saw (past tense of see) see *
drank (past tense of drink) drink *
went (past tense of go) went *
hurt (past tense of hurt) (to cause) injury *
ate (past tense of eat) eat *
took (past tense of take) took pictures *
bought (past tense of buy) bought *
fell (past tense of fall) fell *
could (past tense of can) can *
licked (past tense of lick) licked *
laughed (past tense of laugh) laugh*
thought (past tense of think) think*
felt (past tense of feel) feeling *
woke (past tense of wake) woke *
lost (past tense form of lose) lost *
gave (past tense of give) provide; hand over *
23 present participle of verb
climbing (-ing form of climb) (being) climbing; climbing
*
eating (-ing form of eat) (being) eating *
playing (-ing form of play) (being) playing *
jumping (-ing form of jump) (being) jumping *
drinking (-ing form of drink) (being) drinking (water) *
sleeping (-ing form of sleep) (being) sleeping *
cooking cooking; cooking *
24 other words
GPS global (satellite) positioning system
*
way direction *
turn order *
front front *
after after (time) *
near distance *
left left *
right right *
outside in the outdoors *
in front of in front of ⋯⋯ *
before before ⋯⋯ *
between in the middle of ⋯⋯ *
beside (nearby) *
behind in (or toward) ⋯⋯behind *
above on (or toward) ⋯⋯*
schedule work plan; schedule *
sometimes sometimes; occasionally *
often often; often *
always always; always *
together together *
over over *
lot a lot; many *
few not many; very few *
a few *
all completely; completely *
half half *
these (plural form of this) these *
those (plural form of that) those *
everyone *
everywhere everywhere; everywhere *
every every one, every *
anything anything *
each each; each *
both both *
other other *
nothing nothing *
which which *
whose *
when when; when *
why why *
OK OK; OK *
no *
sure (agree) of course *
really (expressing interest or surprise) really *
wow wow; ah *
yum (means tastes or smells very good) *
or or *
so so; then *
and and; with *
too too; too *
just exactly; just right *
but p.58 *
if if *
by (expression) multiply *
till *
ago ago *
than *
off falling from (somewhere) *
also *
by before ⋯⋯ *
still still; still; still *
like like ⋯⋯*
else else; other *
at (followed by email address) *
because because *
price price *
sale special sale; big sale *
dollar yuan (currency unit of the United States, Canada and other countries) *
size size; number *
degree degree; degree *
meter (American English: meter ) *
kilogram kilogram; kilogram *
25 commonly used expressions
aren’t = are not
*
we’ll = we will*
so much very *
next to next to; next to ⋯⋯*
get up get up *
go to school go to school *
go home go home *
go to bed go to bed *
just a minute wait a moment *
how about… ⋯⋯? ⋯⋯How is the situation? *
be careful be careful *
try on try on *
of course course *
how much how much *
hurry up hurry up *
come on quickly; come on *
help yourself use for (oneself) *
sing English songs sing English songs *
play the pipa play the pipa *
do kung fu practice martial arts *
draw cartoons draw cartoons *
play basketball play basketball *
play ping-pong play table tennis *
speak English speak English *
no problem no problem *
go boating go boating *
wash my clothes wash my clothes *
watch TV watch TV *
do homework do homework *
play football play football *
play sports do sports *
read books read books *
lots of lots; many *
each other mutual *
doing morning exercises (doing morning exercises *
having … class (being) taking ⋯⋯ class *
eating lunch (being) having lunch *
reading a book (currently) reading a book *
listening to music (listening to music *
keep to the right keep to the right *
keep your desk clean keep your desk clean *
talk quietly speak quietly *
take turns in order *
have a look take a look *
eat breakfast eat breakfast *
have … class take ⋯⋯ class *
play sports perform sports *
do morning exercises do morning exercises *
eat dinner eat dinner *
clean my room clean my room *
go for a walk take a walk *
go shopping go shopping; shopping *
take a dancing class take a dancing class *
go swimming go swimming *
go on a picnic go on a picnic *
pick apples pick apples *
make a snowman make a snowman *
good job well done *
sports meet sports meeting *
the Great Wall Great Wall *
look for *
on foot walking *
slow down slow down *
see a film watch a movie *
take a trip go on a trip *
get together party *
see a doctor see a doctor *
take a deep breath take a deep breath *
count to ten count to ten *
had a cold cold *
went camping (especially on holiday) *
went fishing went fishing *
took pictures *
go cycling go cycling *
look up (in a dictionary or on a computer) look up *
pay attention to pay attention *
o’clock (meaning the hour)⋯⋯clock *
tense
subtopic
1. Present tense (do/does; is/am/are)
①Indicate the current situation, status or characteristics.
Example: He is a student.
He is a student.
②Indicates regular and habitual actions.
Example: He always helps others.
He always helps others.
③Objective facts and universal truth.
Example: The earth moves the sun.
The Earth goes around the sun.
④ Indicates an action that is to occur according to regulations, plans or arrangements.
It is limited to certain verbs that express "come, go, move, stop, start, end, continue", etc., and can be used with adverbials expressing future time.
Common usages are: transportation modes that run regularly and at fixed points, such as airplanes, trains, ships, and automobiles.
Example: The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
The next train leaves at 3pm today.
⑤ In time, condition and concession adverbial clauses, the present simple (sometimes also the present perfect tense) is often used to express future events. (i.e.: the principle of master-slave presentation)
Example: I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
I'll call you as soon as I get to the airport.
When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.
By the time you finish this report, I have been waiting for nearly 3 hours.
2. Present continuous tense (am/is/are doing)
①Indicates what is happening at this moment.
Example: He is listening to the music now.
He is listening to music now.
② Indicates something that has been done for a period of time, but not necessarily at this moment.
Example: I am studying computer this term.
I have been studying computers this semester.
③The present continuous tense can express the meaning of the future.
The progressive part of the instant verb must indicate the future.
Example: I am leaving.
I'm leaving.
The continuous verb can express the future only if it has a future time adverbial or a future context.
Example: I am traveling next month.
I'm going to travel next month.
④The present continuous tense is used with adverbs of frequency to express the speaker's emotional tone, whether it is positive or negative.
Example: He is always helping others.
He always helps others. (praise)
3. Present perfect tense (have/has done)
① Indicates that the action has been completed so far or has just been completed, emphasizing the impact on the present.
Example: I bought a new house, but I haven't sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
I bought a new house but haven't sold the old one yet, so now I'm two houses down.
② Indicates an action or situation that started at a certain time in the past and has continued to the present, and may continue. Continuous verbs are often used here.
Time adverbials often use since plus a past time point, or for plus a period of time, or by plus a present time.
Example: Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
Although Newton was a great man, many of his insights are still being challenged today and revised by the work of modern scientists
4. Present perfect continuous tense (have/has been doing)
It means that an action started at a certain time in the past, has continued or repeated to the present, or will continue into the future.
Example: We have been working on this project for over a month now.
We've been working on that project for over a month now.
5. Simple past tense (did; was/were)
① Indicates an action or situation that occurred at a certain time in the past.
Example: I bought some fruits yesterday.
I bought some fruits yesterday.
② Indicates past habitual actions.
Example: When I was a boy, I often swam in that river.
would/used to do: expresses that in the past...
Example: The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.
The old man used to sit on a bench in a quiet park, watching other people, for hours, doing nothing or talking to anyone.
He used to visit his mother once a week.
He used to visit his mother once a week.
6. Past perfect tense (had done)
Indicates an action that has occurred or a state that has existed before a certain time or action in the past. It is what we often call "the past of the past".
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.
By then the family had not heard from him for six months.
7. Past future tense (would do)
Denotes something that will happen from a certain time in the past.
Example: I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.
I said on Thursday that I would visit my friend the next day.
8. Past continuous tense (was/were doing)
① Indicates an action that was taking place at a specific time in the past.
Example: Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.
10 minutes ago, Mary was listening to soft music.
② Indicates something that has been happening during a certain period of time in the past.
Example: I was traveling in London last summer vacation.
Last summer I traveled to London.
③The past continuous tense can express the past and future meaning.
The past continuous tense of the instant verb must express the meaning of the past and future.
Example: Then she said she was leaving.
Then she said she was leaving.
The past continuous tense of continuous verbs can express the past future only when there is a past-future time adverbial or a past-future context.
Example: She said that she was traveling the next day.
She said she was going on a trip the next day.
④The past continuous tense can be used with adverbs of frequency to express the speaker's emotional tone, whether it is positive or negative.
9. Simple future tense
(1) will do
① Indicates the future of the subject’s subjective wishes.
Example: I will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
I will give her a glass handicraft as a birthday gift to her.
②Indicates the objective future.
Example: Fish will die without water.
Out of water, fish will die.
③Indicates a temporary decision.
Example:——Mary has been ill for a week.
——Oh, I didn't know. I will go and see her.
(2) am/is/are going to do
①It means planning and intending to do something.
Example: This is just what I am going to say.
That's exactly what I want to say.
② Indicates that based on certain signs, something is likely to happen or is about to happen, indicating speculation.
Example: Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.
Look at the dark clouds in the sky, it's going to rain.
(3)
am/is/are about to do
It can be used when it means "about to, about to". Emphasize what needs to be done in the near future or immediately.
Example: Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.
Don't worry, I'll give you a careful check right away.
(4)
be to do
①It means "something is about to happen or plan to do something as planned or arranged".
Example: She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.
You'll see her in the lab on Monday.
②Things that should or should not be done (similar in tone to should, must, ought to, have to), expressing a commanding and persuasive tone.
Example: You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.
Children, you must go to bed and no noise is allowed. Our guests will be arriving in 5 minutes.
10. Future continuous tense (will be doing)
Emphasize an action or thing that is happening at a specific time in the future.
Example: Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
Don't worry, you won't recognize her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt.
11. Future perfect tense (will have done)
It represents an action or state that starts at a certain time in the future and continues to another future time, or an action or state that is completed at a certain future time but has an impact on another future time. It's like moving the present perfect tense to the future tense period of the timeline.
Example: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
The conference will last a full week from start to finish.
12. Future perfect continuous tense: (will have been doing)
Example: By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.
By the end of next month, the project will have been underway for three years.
13. Past perfect continuous tense: had been doing
Example: The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.
My 10-year-old son had disassembled and reassembled the old clock several times before I got home.
14. Past future continuous tense: (would be doing)
Example: The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.
The government promised that a new highway would be under construction by July of the following year.
15. Past future perfect tense: (would have done)
Example: I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.
I firmly believe that by the end of that year, a new version of that software will be developed. But I was wrong.
16. Past future perfect continuous tense: (would have been doing)
Example: They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.
They said that by the end of the second month, this project
It has been going on non-stop for 3 years.
daily spoken language
Basic sentence patterns
Basic sentence patterns
1.as…as is the same as…
The original form of an adjective or adverb must be used in the middle. For example:
This classroom is as big as that one.
This classroom is as big as that one.
He runs as fast as Tom. He runs as fast as Tom.
Negative structure: not as/so…as, “not as good as…”. The two sentences above can be changed to:
This classroom is not as/so large as that one.
This classroom is not as big as that one.
He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom.
He can't run as fast as Tom.
2.as soon as as soon as...
Used to introduce time adverbial clauses. If the main clause is in the future tense, the subordinate clause must be in the present tense. For example:
I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him.
I told him the plan as soon as I saw him.
He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work.
As soon as he finishes his work, he goes home.
3.be busy/enjoy/hate/go on/finish doing sth. be busy/like/hate/continue/finish doing something
After words such as enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy, etc., the -ing form of the verb is generally used as the object. For example:
Lin Tao is busy making a model plane.
Lin Tao is busy making airplane models.
My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper.
My mother likes to take a walk after dinner.
I hate watching Channel Five.
I hate watching Channel 5.
When someone asked him to have a rest, he just went on working.
When someone asked him to take a break, he continued working.
I have finished writing the story.
I've finished writing the story.
4.fill…with fill with…; be filled with filled with…; be full of filled with…
①be filled with indicates this state caused by external things, indicating passivity. For example:
The box is filled with food.
The box is full of food.
②be full of indicates the state of the subject. In addition, it can also express degree, meaning "very". For example:
The patient’s room is full of flowers.
The patient's room was filled with flowers.
The young man is full of pride.
The young man was very proud.
③These two structures can also be rewritten each other. For example:
I fill the box with food.The box is full of food.
5.be good/bad for beneficial/harmful to...
This sentence pattern is: be adj. for n. structure. For example:
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
Always playing computer games is bad for your study.
Playing computer games all the time is bad for your studies.
6.be used to (doing)sth. used to...
It must be followed by a noun or gerund, which can be used in various tenses such as present, past, and future. be can be replaced by get and become. For example:
He is used to life in the country.(He is used to living in the country.)
He was used to country life.
He will get used to getting up early.
He will get used to getting up early.
Note: be used to do means "to be used to do...". For example:
Wood is used to make paper.
Wood is used to make paper.
7.both…and…both…
Used to connect two parallel components; when connecting two parallel subjects, the subsequent predicate verb should be plural. For example:
Both the students and the teachers will go to the History Museum tomorrow.
Both teachers and students will go to the history museum tomorrow.
8.can’t help doing sth.can’t help doing something
Help here means "to suppress, endure", followed by the -ing form of the verb. For example:
His joke is too funny.We can’t help laughing.
His jokes were so funny we couldn't help but laugh.
9.sth.costs sb.some money How much does something cost someone?
The subject of this sentence pattern is things. The word cost takes a double object, and its past tense and past participle are the same as the prototype.
This book costs me five Yuan.
This book cost me five yuan.
10.either…or… either…is…, or…or…
Used to connect two coordinating elements. When connecting coordinating subjects, the predicate verb agrees with the adjacent subject.
You may either stay here or go home.
You can stay here or go home.
Either she or I am right.= Either I or she is right.
Either she is right or I am right.
11.enough (for sb.) to do sth. enough... to do...
In this structure, for is used to introduce the logical subject of the infinitive. For example:
The ice isn’t thick enough for you to walk on.
The ice is not thick enough for you to walk on it.
12.feel like doing sth. want to do something
Here like is a preposition, followed by the -ing form of the verb. This sentence pattern is synonymous with would like to do sth. For example:
I feel like drinking a cup of milk.
I want to drink a glass of milk.
13.feel/find/think it adj./n.to do sth. think something...
In this structure it is the formal object, and the infinitive phrase is the real object. For example:
I find it very interesting to play football.
I find playing football fun.
She thinks it her duty to help us.
She felt it was her duty to help us.
14.get ready for sth./to do sth.
get ready for sth. means "to prepare for something"; get ready to do sth. means "to prepare for something". For example:
We are getting ready for the meeting.
We are preparing for the meeting.
They were getting ready to have a sports meet at that moment.
They were preparing for a sports meeting.
15.get/receive/ a letter from Receive a letter from...
Equivalent to hear from For example:
Did you receive a letter from John?
Have you heard from John?
I got a letter from my brother yesterday.
I received a letter from my brother yesterday.
16. had better (not) do sth. had better (not) do something
Had better is a modal verb, and must be followed by the verb base form. The common abbreviation of had better is 'd better, and its negative form is to add not directly after it. For example:
We had better go now.= We’d better go now.
We'd better go now.
You’d better not go out because it is windy.
It's windy today. You'd better not go out.
17.have sth.done to complete (something) (the action is completed by someone else)
sth. is the object, and done is the past participle as the complement. For example:
We had the machine repaired.
We had someone fix the machine.
Note the distinction: We have repaired the machine. We (ourselves) have repaired the machine.
18.help sb. (to) do sth./with sth. Help someone (do) something
The "to" can be omitted. For example:
I often help my mother with housework.
I often help my mother with housework.
Would you please help me (to)look up these words?
Could you please help me look up these words?
19.How do you like…? What do you think of…?
Synonymous with what do you think of…?. For example:
How do you like the weather in Beijing?
What do you think of the weather in Beijing? What do you think of this new movie?
20.I don’t think/believe that…
The not in it negates the object clause rather than the main clause (negation moves forward). that can be omitted. For example:
I don’t think it will rain.
I don't think it will rain.
I don’t believe the girl will come.
I believe the girl will not come.
21.It happens that…
Equivalent to happen to do. For example:
It happened that I heard their secret.
Can be rewritten as: I happened to hear their secret.
I happened to hear their secret.
22.It’s/has been for a period of time since clause It has been a period of time since you did something at a certain time
In this sentence pattern, the time adverbial clause introduced by since is usually in the past tense. For example:
It’s twenty years since he came here.
He has been here for 20 years.
It has been six years since he married Mary.
He and Mary have been married for six years.
23.It is adj./n. for sb.to do sth. To do something for someone...
It is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive to do sth. For example:
It’s not easy for us to study English well.
It is not easy for us to learn English well.
It’s a good idea for us to travel to the south.
It would be a good idea for us to travel to the South.
24.It’s adj. of sb.to do sth.
It is the formal subject, and to do sth. is the real subject. When the predicate (that is, the adjective) can describe the logical subject, the preposition of is often used instead of for. For example:
It’s very polite of you to give your seat to old people.
You are very polite to give up your seat to the old man.
25.It seems/appears (to sb)that… (in someone’s eyes) seems like…
It in this sentence is the subject, and that introduces the predicative clause. For example:
It seems that he is lying. It seems that he is lying.
It appears to me that he never smiles.
26.It is numeral meters/kilometers long/wide… How many meters (kilometers) long (width) is it?
Used to express the length (width, height) of an object. If the numeral is greater than one, the noun must be plural. For example:
It is 20 meters long from this end to that end.
27.It’s time for sb.to do sth. It’s time for someone to do something
it is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive of the verb to do sth. For example:
It’s time for the child to go to bed.
It's time for the child to sleep.
Compare the following two structures:
① It’s time for n. For example:
It’s time for school.
②It’s time to do sth. For example:
It’s time to go to school.
28.It takes sb.some time to do sth. How much time it takes someone to do something
it is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive of the verb to do sth. For example:
It takes her fifteen minutes to walk to the bus stop from here.
It will take her 15 minutes to walk from here to the bus stop.
It took the old man three days to finish the work.
The old man spent three days completing the work.
29.keep (on)doing sth. keep doing something
keep doing sth. Generally used for static verbs. keep on doing sth. means "continue to do something non-stop" and is generally used in dynamic verbs, but the difference between the two is not very strict and sometimes they can be interchanged. For example:
Don’t keep on doing such foolish things.
Don't do such stupid things again.
He kept sitting there all day.
He sat there all day.
30.keep…from doing sth. to prevent…from doing something
Equivalent to stop…from doing sth., prevent…from doing sth. In active sentences, from after stop and prevent can be omitted, but in passive structures, from cannot be omitted. For example:
Please keep the children from swimming in the sea.
Please don't let your children swim in the sea.
The big noise outside my room stopped me from doing my homework.
The loud noise outside the house prevented me from doing my homework.
31.keep sb.doing sth. Let someone keep doing something
Not to be confused with the keep sb.from doing sth. structure.
For example: Why do you keep me waiting for a long time? Why do you keep me waiting for a long time?
32.make sb.do sth.make someone do something
When make means "to make", it must be followed by the infinitive of the verb without to.
For example: He made me work ten hours a day. He made me work ten hours a day.
Note: If the above sentence is changed to passive voice, the to before work cannot be omitted. For example:
I was made to work ten hours a day.
33.neither…nor… neither…nor…
When connecting two coordinating subjects, the predicate verb agrees with the adjacent subject (the principle of progressive agreement). For example:
Neither we nor Jack knows him. Neither we nor Jack knows him.
He neither knows nor cares what happened. He neither knows nor cares what happened.
34.not…until… not until…
Until can be followed by a noun or clause to express time. For example:
He didn’t come until late in the evening. He didn’t come until late in the evening.
He didn’t arrive until the game began. He didn’t arrive until the game began.
35.sb.pays money for sth.Someone spends money to buy something
The subject of this sentence pattern is people. For example:
I’ve already paid 2,000 Yuan for the motor bike. I’ve already paid 2,000 Yuan for the motor bike.
36.spend time/money on sth./(in)doing sth. spend (time, money) on something/do something
Among them, in can be omitted, and usually the subject is "person". For example:
I spent five Yuan on this book. I spent five Yuan on this book.
I spent two hours (in)doing my homework yesterday. I spent two hours (in)doing my homework yesterday.
37.so…that… so…that…
Used in compound sentences, that introduces the result adverbial clause. So is an adverb and should be followed by an adjective or adverb. If it is followed by a noun, such should be used. For example:
The ice is so thin that you can’t walk on it. The ice is so thin that you can’t walk on it.
He is such a kind man that we all like him. He is such a kind man that we all like him.
38.stop to do sth.,stop doing sth.
stop to do sth. means "stop and do another thing", stop doing sth. means "stop what you are doing". For example:
You’re too tired. You’d better stop to have a rest. You’re too tired. You’d better stop to have a rest.
The teacher is coming. Let’s stop talking. The teacher is coming, let’s stop talking.
39.Thank you for doing sth. Thank you for doing something.
After for, in addition to the gerund doing, you can also add a noun. For example:
Thank you for giving me the present.Thank you for giving me the present.
Thank you for your help.=Thank you for helping me.Thank you for your help.
40.thanks to thanks to..., due to...
The s after thanks cannot be omitted, and to is a preposition. For example:
Thanks to my friend Jim, I’ve worked out this problem. Thanks to my friend Jim, I’ve worked out this problem.
41.There be sentence pattern
①In this structure, there is the introductory word, which cannot serve as any component in the sentence and does not need to be translated. The subject in the sentence is someone or something, and the predicate verb be must be consistent with the number of the subject. For example:
There is a man at the door. There is a man at the door.
When the subject is served by two or more nouns, the predicate verb be must agree with the number of the adjacent noun (nearest agreement). For example:
There are two dogs and a cat under the table. There are two dogs and a cat under the table.
Compare: There is a cat and two dogs under the table.
②There be The be in the sentence pattern cannot be replaced by have, but it can be replaced by words such as lie (located, lying), stand (standing), exist (survival), live (life) and other words. For example:
There stand a lot of tall buildings on both sides of the street.
There lies lake in front of our school. There is a lake in front of our school.
Once there lived a king here.
There is going to be a sports meeting next week. There is going to be a sports meeting next week.
Extended structure of there be: there seem(s)/happen(s)to be…
There seems to be one mistake in spelling.
There seems to be a spelling error.
There happened to be a ruler here.
There seemed to be a lot of people there.
42.The adj. comparative form, the adj. comparative form the more..., the more...
This sentence pattern indicates that one party changes as the other party changes. For example:
The harder he works, the happier he feels. The harder he works, the happier he feels.
The more, the better. The more, the better.
43.too adj./adv. to do sth. too... to be able to....
This sentence pattern is a simple sentence, and the "to" behind it expresses a negative meaning. For example:
The ice is too thin for you to walk on. The ice is too thin for you to walk on.
The bag is too heavy to carry. The bag is too heavy to carry.
44. used to do sth. used to do something
Used to is a modal verb that expresses a habitual action or state in the past that no longer exists, so it is only used in the past tense. For example:
He used to get up early. He used to get up early.
When I was young,I used to play tennis very often.
There are two negative forms: didnt use to; used not to, for example:
He didnt use to come.= He used not to come. He didn't use to come.
45.what about…? How about…?
It can be followed by nouns, pronouns, gerunds, etc. Synonymous with "how about...?" For example:
We have been to Hainan.What about you? We have been to Hainan, what about you?
What about going to the park on Sunday? What about going to the park on Sunday?
46.What day/date is it today? What day of the week is it today?
—What day is it today?
—Sunday.
—What date is it today?
—June 24th.
47.What’s wrong (the matter)with…? What’s wrong?
What’s wrong with you, Madam? Madam, what’s wrong with you?
You look worried. What’s wrong with you? You look worried. What’s wrong with you?
48.Why not do…? Why not do…?
Use the base form of predicate verbs. Synonymous with Why don’t you do…?. For example:
Why not go to see the film with us? = Why don’t you go to see the film with us? Why don’t you go to see the film with us?
49. would like to do sth. would like to do sth.
Use the infinitive of the verb as the object. For example:
I would like to drink a cup of tea. I would like to drink a cup of tea.
Interrogative sentence: Would you like (to drink) a cup of tea? Would you like (to drink) a cup of tea?
50.adj./adv. comparative and adj./adv. comparative more and more...
If the adjective/adverb is a disyllabic word or a multi-syllable word, this structure becomes "more and more adjective/adverb". For example:
It’s getting warmer and warmer. The weather is getting warmer.
The little girl becomes more and more beautiful. The little girl becomes more and more beautiful.
51.adj. comparative than
than introduces a typical comparative sentence pattern, which means "one is better than the other...". It is preceded by the comparative form of an adjective or adverb. The than clause can be omitted. For example:
I know you better than she does. I know you better than she does.
This house is bigger than that one. This house is bigger than that one.
52.though-clause
Though introduces the concession adverbial clause, which means "although...but...". But it cannot be used together with but. When expressing "although..., but..." in English, only one of though and but can be used. For example:
Though it was snowing, it was not very cold. Although it was snowing, it was not very cold.
I was late for the last bus though I hurried. Although I rushed hard, I still didn't catch the last bus.
We didn’t feel tired though we walked a long way. Although we walked a long way, we didn’t feel tired.
53.if-clause
If introduces the conditional adverbial clause, "if; if". If the main clause uses the future tense, the if clause must use the present tense (the subject will be present). For example:
If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow, would you like to come along? If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow, would you like to come along?
If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go. If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go.
54.because-clause
Introduce the adverbial clause of reason, "because". For example:
He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio. He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio.
55.so do/be subject
"So be/auxiliary verb/modal verb subject" means that the previous content also applies to another person or thing. The choice of be, auxiliary verb or modal verb depends on the tense form of the predicate verb in the previous declarative sentence. example:
He likes football and so do I. He likes football and so do I.
Jim was playing football just now and so was Tom. Jim was playing football just now and so was Tom.
Compare: "So subject be/auxiliary verb/modal verb." The structure is used to confirm the content expressed in the previous sentence (for emphasis). The choice of be, auxiliary verb or modal verb depends on the tense form of the predicate verb in the previous declarative sentence.
A: It is very hot today. The weather is very hot today.
B: So it is. Indeed.
56.not only…but also… not only…but also…
Often used to connect words, phrases or sentences with the same grammatical function. When connecting two subjects, the predicate verb must agree in person and number with the subject immediately adjacent to it. For example:
She likes not only singing but also dancing. She not only likes singing, but also likes dancing.
He is not only a good doctor but also a good father. He is not only a good doctor but also a good father.
Not only I but also he is hoping to go there. Not only I but also he is hoping to go there.
57.prefer…to… like…better than…
prefer (doing)sth.to (doing)sth. means "prefer (do) one of the two". In this structure, to is a preposition, followed by a noun or gerund, and the following components in the structure are the same. For example:
He prefers tea to coffee. He prefers tea to coffee.
He prefers doing shopping to going fishing. He prefers shopping to fishing.
58.Exclamatory sentence patterns
What (a/an) adj. n. Subject Predicate! How adj./adv. Subject Predicate! For example:
What a clever boy (he is)! =How clever the boy is! How clever this boy is!
What a wonderful film we saw last night! What a wonderful film we saw last night!
How lovely the weather is! How lovely the weather is!
How hard he works! How hard he works!
59.Imperative sentence pattern
The imperative sentence pattern expresses commands, requests, advice, etc. The person speaking is usually in the second person and is customarily omitted. Use a period or exclamation point at the end of the sentence. The affirmative imperative sentence is: the predicate verb is expressed in the base form of the verb. The negative imperative is: add do not (don’t) before the predicate verb. For example:
Be here on time tomorrow. Be here on time tomorrow.
Say it in English! Say it in English!
Don’t be afraid! Don’t be afraid!
Don’t look out of the window! Don’t look out of the window!
60. Parallel sentence patterns
Two or more simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction are called parallel sentences. Commonly used conjunctions to connect parallel sentences are: and, but, or, so, however, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, either…or…, etc. For example:
I help her and she helps me. I help her and she helps me.
He is very old but he is in good health. He is very old but he is in good health.
We must hurry, or we’ll be late. We must hurry, or we’ll be late.
Kate does her work carefully, so she never makes any mistakes. Kate does her work carefully, so she never makes any mistakes.
Common sentence patterns
Common sentence patterns
Sentence pattern 1: There+be+Subject+Adverbial of place/Adverbial of time
There’s a boat in the river. There’s a boat in the river.
Sentence pattern 2: What’s wrong with+sb./sth.?
What’s wrong with your watch? What's wrong with your watch?
Sentence pattern 3: How do you like...?
How do you like China? what do you think about China?
Sentence pattern 4: What do you like about...?
What do you like about China? What do you like about China?
Sentence pattern 5: had better (not) + verb base form
You’d better ask that policeman over there.
Sentence pattern 6: How+adj./ adv.+subject+predicate! What a/ an+adj.+n.+subject+predicate!
How cold it is today! How cold it is today! What a fine picture it is! What a beautiful picture!
Sentence pattern 7: Thank+sb.+for(doing)sth.
Thank you for coming to see me. Thank you for coming to see me.
Sentence pattern 8: So+be/ modal verb/ auxiliary verb + subject
He is a student.So am I. He is a student, so am I.
fireworks
Sentence pattern 9: ...not ...until ...
He didn’t have supper until his parents came back.
Sentence pattern 10: comparative + and + comparative
The baby cried harder and harder. The baby cried harder and harder.
Sentence pattern 11: the + comparative, the + comparative
The more one has, the more one wants. The more one has, the more greedy.
Sentence pattern 12: ...as +adj./ adv.+as ...
…not as(so)+adj./ adv.+as ...Do you think that art is as important as music? Do you think art is as important as music? Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today. Last Sunday the weather was not as wet as it is today.
Sentence pattern 13: more/less +adj.+than...
I think art is less important than music. I think art is less important than music.
Sentence pattern 14: stop…from doing sth.
The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
Sentence pattern 15: both ...and ...
Both you and I are students. Both you and I are students.
Sentence pattern 16: either ...or...
Either you or he is wrong. Either you or he is wrong.
Sentence pattern 17: neither ... nor ...
Neither he nor I am a student. Neither he nor I am a student.
Sentence pattern 18:...as soon as...
As soon as I see him, I’ll give him the message. As soon as I see him, I’ll give him your message.
Sentence pattern 19:...so+adj./ adv.+that ...
I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak. I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak.
Sentence pattern 20: Thought... + main clause
Though I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time. Although I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time.
Negative sentence pattern:
Negative sentence pattern:
1. There is not a moment to be lost. Every second counts.
2. There is no holding back the wheel of history. The wheel of history is unstoppable.
3.Not a soul was anywhere visible. Not a soul was visible anywhere.
4.I felt sorry for not coming in time. I felt sorry for not coming in time.
5.I dont think it is right to make such a hasty decision. I don’t think it is right to make such a hasty decision.
6.Everybody, it is true, wouldn't like it. Indeed, not everyone likes it.
7.I dont wholly agree.
8.All my plans came to nothing. All my plans came to nothing.
9.I shall never do it, not under any circumstances.
10.Ill not do such a thing, not I. I will not do such a thing, never.
11.I could not assent to,much less participate in such proceedings.
12.I did not even see him, still less shake hands with him. I didn’t even see him, how could I still shake hands with him?
13.I never thought of it, let alone did I do it. I never thought of it, let alone did it.
14.Little remains to be said. There is simply nothing to say.
15.I have hardly ever been out of Beijing. I have hardly ever been out of Beijing.
16.I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone. I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone. It can be said that I rarely saw him at all.
17.I could not help showing my pleasure.
18.I cannot but admire his courage. I cannot but admire his courage.
19.I never see you but I think of my brother. Every time I see you I think of my brother. (There is never a time when I see you without thinking of my brother.)
20.It simply will not do. That is absolutely not possible.
Number sentence patterns:
Number sentence patterns:
21.It takes me three clear / cleanly days.
22. There are fifty and odd (or and more) students in our class. There are more than fifty students in our class.
23.The total expense amount to a hundred dollars.
24.We were fifteen, all told. We were fifteen in total.
25.The delegation consisted of 15, inclusive of (including) two interpreters.
26. There were fifty people present, not counting (excluding) the children. There were fifty people present, not counting (excluding) the children.
27.We take a rest at intervals of two hours.
28.I ask you to teach me every other day. I ask you to teach me every other day.
29.Beijing is ten times as big as my home town. Beijing is ten times as big as my home town.
30. The sun is a huge blazing ball, a million times larger than the earth. The sun is a huge blazing ball, a million times larger than the earth.
31.By comparison with 1992, the foreign trade turnover of that country in 2003 increased (to)3.5 times.
32.That table measures three feet by three. That table measures three feet by three.
33.He valued the house for me at ?,500. He valued the house for me at ?,500.
34.His coat is rated at 20 yuan. His coat is worth twenty yuan.
35.The job was finished at a sitting (a stretch). The job was finished at a sitting (a stretch).
Passive sentence pattern:
Passive sentence pattern:
36.I got plucked. I was not admitted.
37.He got dismissed. He was fired.
38.You are bound to be received warmly. You are bound to be received warmly.
39.I preferred to be assigned something more difficult to do. I preferred to be assigned (get) something more difficult to do.
40.He was often spoken about. He was often spoken about.
41.It is considered a shame to cheat in examination. Cheating in examination is shameful.
42.It was found difficult for us to understand him. We found it difficult to understand him.
43. It was proved wrong to say things like that. It was proved wrong to say things like that.
44.It is requested that you kindly take immediate action in the matter. Please handle this matter quickly.
45.It hasn't been made clear when the new road is open to traffic. It hasn't been made clear when the new road is open to traffic.
46.Has it been decided where we are to hold the conference? Has it been decided where we are to hold the conference?
47.I was warned not to be late. I was warned not to be late.
48.I am supposed to know something about science. Someone suggested that I know something about science.
49.The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. These books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.
Compare sentence patterns:
Compare sentence patterns:
50.She is no less diligent than her elder sister. She is as diligent as her elder sister.
51.One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour (is). One minute too late is no more on time than half an hour late.
52.His strength is superior to mine. His strength is greater than mine.
53.Colored people are by no means inferior to white people.Colored people are by no means inferior to white people.
54.My arrival in New York is posterior to that of my friend. I arrived in New York later than my friend.
55.We love truth above everything else. We love truth above everything else.
56.It is worth next to nothing. That is almost worthless.
57.How could he compare with Bill Gates? How could he compare with Bill Gates?nbsp;
58. Easier said than done. Easier said than done.
59.I like that best of all / least of all. I like that best / least of all.
60.I cant think of a better idea. I can’t think of a better idea.
61.No other book has had a greater influence on my life. No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
62. Nothing is so easy as this. Nothing is easier than this.
63. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.
64.So much the worse. Even worse.
65.Better late than never. Better late than never.
66.Better to do well than to say well. Better to do well than to say well.
67.I would sooner die than do such a thing.
68. Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. Wise men love truth, while fools shun it.
69.I would do anything before that. I would do anything but not that thing.
Inverted sentence pattern:
Inverted sentence pattern:
70.There must be something wrong. There must be something wrong.
71.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. The moment we longed for finally arrived.
72.Now comes your turn.Now it’s your turn.
73.Not a finger did I lay on him. I never blamed him.
74.Never had I had any experience like that.
75. Well do I remember the day when it happened. I clearly remember the day when it happened.
76.Enclosed are some pictures Ive just taken. (Enclosed) Attached are some recent photos.
77.Dont let go the rope. Hold on to the rope and don’t let go.
78.I would not let drop a word. I will never say a word.
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Sentence pattern 1: There+be+Subject+Adverbial of place/Adverbial of time
There’s a boat in the river.
Sentence pattern 2: What’s wrong with+sb. / sth.?
What’s wrong with your watch? What's wrong with your watch?
Sentence pattern 3: How do you like...?
How do you like China? what do you think about China?
Sentence pattern 4: What do you like about...?
What do you like about China? What do you like about China?
Sentence pattern 5: had better (not) + verb base form
You’d better ask that policeman over there.
Sentence pattern 6: How+adj. / adv. + subject + predicate!
What a/ an+adj. +n. + subject + predicate!
How cold it is today! How cold it is today!
What a fine picture it is! What a beautiful picture!
Sentence pattern 7: Thank+sb. +for(doing)sth.
Thank you for coming to see me. Thank you for coming to see me.
Sentence pattern 8: So+be/ modal verb/ auxiliary verb + subject
He is a student. So am I. He is a student, so am I.
Sentence pattern 9:... not... until...
He didn’t have supper until his parents came back. He didn’t have supper until his parents came back.
Sentence pattern 10: comparative + and + comparative
The baby cried harder and harder. The baby cried harder and harder.
Sentence pattern 11: the + comparative, the + comparative
The more one has, the more one wants. The more one has, the more greedy.
Sentence pattern 12:... as +adj./ adv.+as ...
…not as(so) +adj. / adv. +as ...
Do you think that art is as important as music? Do you think art is as important as music?
Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today. Last Sunday the weather was not as wet as it is today.
Sentence pattern 13: more/less +adj.+than...
I think art is less important than music. I think art is less important than music.
Sentence pattern 14: stop…from doing sth.
The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
Sentence pattern 15: both ... and ...
Both you and I are students. Both you and I are students.
Sentence pattern 16: either... or...
Either you or he is wrong. Either you or he is wrong.
Sentence pattern 17: neither ... nor ...
Neither he nor I am a student. Neither he nor I am a student.
Sentence pattern 18:... as soon as...
As soon as I see him, I’ll give him the message. As soon as I see him, I’ll give him your message.
Sentence pattern 19:... so+adj. / adv.+that ...
I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak.
Sentence pattern 20: Thought... + main clause
Though I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time.
Sentence pattern 21: be going to
This afternoon I’m going to buy a Qisu English book. This afternoon I’m going to buy a Qisu English book.
Sentence pattern 22: be different from
I think this is different from Chinese names.
Sentence pattern 23: Welcome (back) to...
Welcome back to school! Welcome back to school!
Sentence pattern 24: have fun doing
We’re going to have fun learning and speaking English this term.
Sentence pattern 25:... because.../..., so...
I don’t know all your names because this is our first lesson.
Sentence pattern 26: Why don’t you.../Why not...
Why don’t you come to school a little earlier? Why don’t you come to school a little earlier?
Sentence pattern 27: make it
Let’s make it half past nine. Let’s make it half past nine.
Sentence pattern 28: have nothing to do
They have nothing to do every day. They have nothing to do every day.
Sentence pattern 29: be sure/ be sure of/ about sth. / be sure to do sb.
I think so, but I’m not sure. I think so, but I’m not sure.
I was not sure of / about the way, so I asked someone. I was not sure of / about the way, so I asked someone.
Sentence pattern 30: between ... and ...
There is a shop between the hospital and the school. There is a shop between the hospital and the school.
Sentence pattern 31: keep sb. / sth. +adj./ V-ing/ prepositional complement/ adv.
You must keep your classroom clean. You must keep your classroom clean.
Sorry to have kept you waiting. Sorry to have kept you waiting.
Can you keep him in the room? Can you let him in this room? Keep them here. Keep them here.
Sentence pattern 32: find + object + object complement
He finds it very hard to travel around the big city. He finds it very hard to travel around the big city.
Sentence pattern 33:... not ... anymore/ longer
The old man doesn’t travel any more. The old man doesn’t travel any more.
He isn’t a thief any longer.
Sentence pattern 34: What’s the weather like...?
What’s the weather like in spring in your hometown? How is the weather in spring in your hometown?
Sentence pattern 35: There is no time to do/have no time to do
There was no time to think.
I have no time to go home for lunch. I have no time to go home for lunch.
Sentence pattern 36: Help oneself to...
Help yourself to some fish. Eat fish!
Sentence pattern 37: used to do
I used to read this kind of story books. I used to read this kind of story books.
Sentence pattern 38: borrow ... from
I borrowed a Qisu English book from him.
Sentence pattern 39: lend sb. sth. / lend sth. to sb.
He lent me a story book / He lent a story book to me. He lent me a story book.
Sentence pattern 40: have been to
Have you ever been to Haw aii? Have you ever been to Hawaii?
Sentence pattern 41: have gone to
Where’s he? He’s gone to Washington. Where is he? He went to Washington.
Sentence pattern 42: be famous for
Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches. Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches.
Sentence pattern 43: No matter + question + main clause
No matter when you come, you are welcomed.
Sentence pattern 44: be afraid (of / todo / that...)
I’m afraid not. I’m afraid not.
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English.
Sentence pattern 45: ... as ... as possible / ... as ... as sb
Can I hope to see him as soon as possible. I hope to see him as soon as possible.
He ran here as fast as he could. He ran here as fast as he could.
Sentence pattern 46: practice / enjoy / finish doing
A young man practiced speaking English with Mr Green. A young man practiced speaking English with Mr Green.
Tom enjoys playing football very much. Tom enjoys playing football very much.
He finished reading the story book. He finished reading the story book.
Sentence pattern 47: It’s said that...
It’s said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the Great White Shark.
Sentence pattern 48: Not all / everyone...
Not all sharks are alike. Not all sharks are alike.
Not everyone likes dumplings. Not everyone likes dumplings.
Sentence pattern 49: be based on
His argument is based on facts. His argument is based on facts.
Sentence pattern 50:... so that...
Put the tree in the hole so that it is straight.
vocabulary
theme
01Learning Category
book book
pen pen
pencil box pencil box
ruler ruler
pencil pencil
eraser eraser
crayon crayon
bag bag
schoolbag schoolbag
word word
word book word book
dictionary dictionary
lesson lesson
problem problem
notebook notebook
homework homework
blackboard blackboard
teacher's desk podium
studies (*
*Third person singular form of *study) study**
English class English class
music class music class
PE class physical education class
science science
maths book maths book
English book English book
Chinese book Chinese book
school school
class class; class
classroom classroom
playground playground
teachers'office teachers' office
library library
art room art classroom
music room music classroom
computer room computer room
gym gymnasium
02Sports
sport sports
race race
ice-skate skating
hiking
fish fishing; fishing
boating
cycling sport (or activity)
badminton badminton
basketball basketball
goal
football player football player
03Extracurricular life category
computer computer
Internet Internet
email email
robot robot
storybook storybook
comic book (children's) comic book
cartoon comics
magazine magazine
song song
dancing dancing; dance
picture picture
kung fu kung fu; martial arts
play drama; script
part role
film movie
trip travel
exhibition exhibition
party party; party
meet gathering; meeting
contest contest; contest
exercise activity; exercise
vacation vacation
game game
camp camping
hobby hobby
gift gift
postcard postcard
poem poem
dream dream
shadow shadow; shadow
noise sound; sound; noise
thing thing
idea idea; idea
puzzle puzzle
attention attention
feature feature
diary diary
letter letter
Dear (used before the name or title on the letterhead) Dear
Love (warm greeting at the end of a letter) Love you*
*of**
RSVP (especially used on invitations) please reply
04 Home Category
door door
window window
wall wall
floor floor
bed bed
table table
sofa couch
light electric light
lamp table lamp
phone phone
clock clock; clock
fridge refrigerator
TV television
fan fan
basket basket; basket
bottle bottle
water bottle water bottle
photo photo; photo
bike bicycle; bicycle
key key
toys toys
umbrella umbrella; umbrella
bedroom bedroom
living room living room; living room
study study
kitchen kitchen
bathroom bathroom; toilet
05Place type
park park
garden garden; vegetable garden
farm farm
zoo zoo
museum museum
post office post office
bookstore bookstore
cinema cinema
hospital hospital
restaurant restaurant
hotel hotel
supermarket supermarket
club club
factory factory
countryside countryside
university university
dining hall dining room
hall hall
bridge bridge
building building; house; building
village village; village or town
house house; house; residence
street street; street
crossing crossroads
first floor first floor
second floor second floor
06Natural category
nature nature; nature
space space
moon moon
star star
sea sea
river river; river
lake lake; lake
mountain high mountain; mountain
hill hill; hill
cave cave; cave
island island
beach beach; sandy beach
mud mud
forest forest; forest area
plant plant
tree tree; tree; tree
bamboo bamboo
jasmine jasmine
grass lawn
flower flower; flower
leaf leaves (plural leaves)
weather weather
snow snow
snowman snowman
07 human beings
Grandparent grandfather; grandmother; maternal grandfather; maternal grandmother
grandmother(maternal)grandmother
grandma (colloquial) (maternal) grandmother
grandfather (maternal) grandfather
grandpa (colloquial) (maternal) grandfather
parents parents
father father; father
dad (colloquial) father; daddy
mother mother; mother
mum mother (American English: mom)
uncle uncle; uncle; uncle; uncle; uncle
aunt aunt; aunt
sister; younger sister
brother; brother
baby brother baby brother
cousin cousin of the same generation (or cousin)
08 characters
people people
*
family home; family *
friend friend *
man man *
woman woman *
girl girl *
boy boy*
children (plural of child) children *
kid child *
Sir (a polite term for a man) Sir *
Mrs*
Ms (used before a woman’s surname or given name, without specifying whether she is married) Ms. *
pen pal pen pal *
fool; fool *
09 Clothing category
glove (fingered) gloves
*
scarf scarf; shawl *
clothes clothes; clothing *
pants pants *
hat (often refers to a hat with a brim) *
dress dress *
skirt women's skirt *
coat coat; coat *
sweater sweater*
sock socks *
shorts shorts *
jacket jacket*
shirt (especially men's) shirt *
sunglasses sunglasses *
hat (often refers to a hat with a brim) *
helmet helmet *
glasses glasses *
shoe shoes *
10 color categories
red red; red
*
green green; green *
yellow yellow; yellow *
blue blue; blue *
black black; black *
brown brown; brown *
white white; white *
orange orange; orange *
pink pink; pink *
11Body Category
face face
*
ear ear *
eye eye *
nose nose *
mouth mouth *
arm arm*
hand *
head head *
body body *
leg leg *
foot foot *
tail tail *
hair hair*
fur (some animals) thick soft hair *
12 animals
animal beast; animal
*
duck duck *
pig pig *
cat cat *
kitten kitten *
dog dog *
puppy puppy *
elephant elephant *
monkey monkey *
bird bird *
tiger tiger *
cheetah cheetah*
bear bear *
panda giant panda *
dinosaur dinosaur *
giraffe giraffe *
horse horse *
cow cow; cow *
mule mule *
sheep sheep; sheep *
goat goat *
hen hen *
mouse mouse *
mice (plural of mouse) mouse *
rabbit rabbit; hare *
bunny (used as baby talk) rabbit*
ant ant*
13 Catering categories
food food
*
egg egg *
cake cake*
hamburger hamburger *
sandwich sandwich *
sushi sushi *
bread bread *
juice juice *
milk milk *
tea tea; tea*
water water *
pizza pizza*
mooncake mooncake *
rice rice *
noodles noodles *
soup soup *
fish fish meat; fish *
beef beef *
chicken chicken *
vegetable vegetables *
tomato tomato *
potato potato; potato *
green beans; green beans*
carrot carrot *
salad vegetable salad; mixed salad *
onion onion; onion *
candy candy *
chocolate chocolate *
ice cream ice cream *
bowl bowl *
plate plate *
chopsticks chopsticks *
spoon spoon *
knife knife *
fork fork *
breakfast breakfast; breakfast *
lunch lunch; lunch *
dinner (lunch or dinner) meal *
picnic picnic *
14Transportation
traffic traffic
*
traffic lights traffic lights *
bus bus *
plane aircraft *
taxi taxi *
ship (big) ship *
ferry ferry *
subway subway *
train train *
sled sled*
15 place names
China China
*
Turpan Turpan *
world world *
country country *
UK United Kingdom *
Canada Canada *
USA United States *
Germany Germany *
Scotland Scotland *
Spain Spain *
New York New York *
Singapore Singapore (city) *
London London *
Moscow Moscow *
Sydney Sydney *
Canberra Canberra (Australia’s capital) *
Munich Munich (German city) *
Alaska Alaska (US state name) *
Papa Westray Papa Westray Island *
national *
American American *
Canadian *
Spanish Spanish *
Italian Italian *
16 professional categories
job work
*
doctor doctor *
cook chef*
driver driver *
farmer farmer *
nurse nurse *
teacher teacher *
student student *
pupil student; (especially) primary school student *
worker worker *
postman postman *
businessman businessman; entrepreneur *
police officer police *
fisherman fisherman *
scientist scientist *
pilot pilot *
coach coach *
head teacher principal *
reporter reporter *
secretary secretary *
17Numbers
one one
*
two two *
three three *
four four *
five five*
six six *
seven seven *
eight eight *
nine nine *
ten ten *
thirty thirty *
forty *
eighty eighty*
first (1st) first (of) *
second (2nd) second *
third (3rd) third *
fourth (4th) fourth (of) *
fifth (5th) fifth (of) *
twelfth (12th) twelfth *
twentieth (20th) twentieth (of) *
twenty-first (21st) twenty-first *
twenty-third (23rd) twenty-third *
thirtieth (30th) Thirtieth *
18 time categories
Monday Monday
Tuesday Tuesday *
Wednesday Wednesday *
Thursday Thursday *
Friday Friday *
Saturday Saturday *
Sunday Sunday *
day day; one day *
today today *
tonight tonight *
yesterday yesterday *
tomorrow tomorrow *
weekend weekend *
next week next week *
now now; currently *
a.m. before noon; morning *
p.m. afternoon; afternoon *
evening evening; evening *
spring spring *
summer summer *
autumn autumn *
winter winter *
season season *
year year *
January January *
February February*
March March*
April April*
May May*
June June*
July July*
August August*
September September *
October October*
November November *
December December *
holiday holiday; festival *
National Day National Day *
Labor Day Labor Day*
Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival *
Thanksgiving Thanksgiving *
* Easter Easter * * * *
Christmas Christmas *
19 Adjectives and adverbs
new new
*
thin *
fat fat; fat *
tall *
short short; short *
long long *
little small *
small small *
big big *
windy windy; windy *
cloudy cloudy; cloudy *
snowy snowy (a lot) *
rainy rainy; rainy *
funny funny; funny *
cute cute *
strong strong *
friendly friendly *
quiet quiet *
right correct; right *
cold cold; cold *
cool cool; cool *
warm warm; warm *
hot hot; hot *
sunny sunny *
pretty beautiful; exquisite *
expensive expensive; spending a lot of money *
cheap costs less; cheap *
nice good *
tired tired *
fresh; freshly picked *
healthy healthy *
well health; good health *
ill sick; uncomfortable *
delicious delicious; delicious *
hot spicy; spicy *
sweet sugary; sweet *
old old; older *
young young; young *
funny funny; ridiculous *
kind considerate; kind; tolerant *
strict demanding; severe *
polite polite; polite *
hard-working; hard-working *
helpful useful; willing to help *
clever clever; intelligent *
shy; shy; shy *
thirsty; thirsty *
favorite *
wonderful excellent; remarkable *
dirty dirty *
high high *
lovely lovely; beautiful *
special special; special *
open *
excited; excited *
angry angry *
afraid *
sad sad *
worried; worried *
happy happy *
more more *
deep deep *
bad evil; bad *
wrong There is something wrong *
early arrive early *
late late; late *
busy busy *
interesting interesting *
far far *
comic funny *
amazing amazing *
fast fast *
slow (to make) slow down; slow *
broken broken *
loud noisy; loud *
easy easy *
different different *
active active; active *
last The most recent; the previous *
next next; immediately following; next *
any any; any *
ready ready *
quickly quickly *
usually; customarily *
straight *
down reduce; lower *
there (meaning existence or occurrence) *
younger (comparative form of young) younger *
older (comparative form of old) older *
taller (comparative form of tall) higher *
shorter (comparative form of short) shorter; shorter *
longer (comparative form of long) longer *
thinner (comparative form of thin) thinner*
heavier (comparative form of heavy) heavier *
bigger (comparative form of big) bigger *
smaller (comparative form of small) smaller *
stronger (comparative form of strong) stronger *
lower (comparative form of low) lower *
smarter (comparative form of smart) smarter *
better (comparative form of well) better *
faster (comparative form of fast) faster *
best most; to the highest extent *
20th generation part of speech
mine my
*
us we *
our our *
your your *
yours yours; yours *
she she *
her her *
he he *
him (used as object or predicate) he *
his his *
them him (her, it) *
their their; their; their *
hers her *
theirs theirs; theirs; theirs *
ours our *
its (referring to things, animals or children) its; his; her *
21 verb categories
eat eat
*
fly (kite, etc.) *
pack pack (luggage) *
wait wait *
know know; understand *
wash wash *
watch watch *
do do; do *
read see; read *
play kick; play; participate in (sports) *
drink drink; drink *
sing sing; sing *
paint paint with paint *
cook cooking; cooking *
swim swimming *
ping-pong table tennis *
learn learn; study; learn *
want; want *
send mail; send *
speak can speak; speak (a certain language); speak in (a certain language) *
finish complete; do a good job *
dance dance *
draw draw *
move move *
live live; live *
clean clean *
help help *
find find *
pass to; hand over *
try try; try *
walk walk *
keep maintain a certain state *
show to show to others; guide *
say; talk *
teach teach *
follow follow *
tell tell *
visit visit *
travel (especially long-distance) travel *
join join *
share share *
stay keep *
use use *
type typing *
wear wear *
breath breath *
count count *
chase chase *
hurt (make) hurt *
feel feel; feel *
sit sit *
hear hear *
pull pull; pull *
become Begin to become; become *
live live *
win win *
stop stop *
wear wear *
worry worry; worry *
stuck stuck; unable to move *
enjoy enjoy⋯⋯fun; love *
stay temporary stay; stay *
trip trip *
plant planting *
roll roll *
take study; take (class) *
start start *
shop to buy things; shopping *
work work *
sound sounds like *
pick pick; collect *
fall fall; [Beauty] autumn *
turn turn *
ask*
get arrive *
need need *
shall means soliciting opinions *
must must *
should should *
will (talking about the future) will *
should (often used to correct others) should, should *
22 verb past tense
cleaned (past tense of clean) cleaned
*
stayed (past tense of stay) stay; stay *
washed (past tense of wash) wash *
watched (past tense of watch) watch *
had (past tense of have) to be sick; to get sick *
slept (past tense of sleep) sleep *
fixed (past tense of fix) repair *
rode (past tense of ride) ride (horse; bicycle) *
read (past tense of read) read *
saw (past tense of see) see *
drank (past tense of drink) drink *
went (past tense of go) went *
hurt (past tense of hurt) (to cause) injury *
ate (past tense of eat) eat *
took (past tense of take) took pictures *
bought (past tense of buy) bought *
fell (past tense of fall) fell *
could (past tense of can) can *
licked (past tense of lick) licked *
laughed (past tense of laugh) laugh*
thought (past tense of think) think*
felt (past tense of feel) feeling *
woke (past tense of wake) woke *
lost (past tense form of lose) lost *
gave (past tense of give) provide; hand over *
23 present participle of verb
climbing (-ing form of climb) (being) climbing; climbing
*
eating (-ing form of eat) (being) eating *
playing (-ing form of play) (being) playing *
jumping (-ing form of jump) (being) jumping *
drinking (-ing form of drink) (being) drinking (water) *
sleeping (-ing form of sleep) (being) sleeping *
cooking cooking; cooking *
24 other words
GPS global (satellite) positioning system
*
way direction *
turn order *
front front *
after after (time) *
near distance *
left left *
right right *
outside in the outdoors *
in front of in front of ⋯⋯ *
before before ⋯⋯ *
between in the middle of ⋯⋯ *
beside (nearby) *
behind in (or toward) ⋯⋯behind *
above on (or toward) ⋯⋯*
schedule work plan; schedule *
sometimes sometimes; occasionally *
often often; often *
always always; always *
together together *
over over *
lot a lot; many *
few not many; very few *
a few *
all completely; completely *
half half *
these (plural form of this) these *
those (plural form of that) those *
everyone *
everywhere everywhere; everywhere *
every every one, every *
anything anything *
each each; each *
both both *
other other *
nothing nothing *
which which *
whose *
when when; when *
why why *
OK OK; OK *
no *
sure (agree) of course *
really (expressing interest or surprise) really *
wow wow; ah *
yum (means tastes or smells very good) *
or or *
so so; then *
and and; with *
too too; too *
just exactly; just right *
but p.58 *
if if *
by (expression) multiply *
till *
ago ago *
than *
off falling from (somewhere) *
also *
by before ⋯⋯ *
still still; still; still *
like like ⋯⋯*
else else; other *
at (followed by email address) *
because because *
price price *
sale special sale; big sale *
dollar yuan (currency unit of the United States, Canada and other countries) *
size size; number *
degree degree; degree *
meter (American English: meter ) *
kilogram kilogram; kilogram *
25 commonly used expressions
aren’t = are not
*
we’ll = we will*
so much very *
next to next to; next to ⋯⋯*
get up get up *
go to school go to school *
go home go home *
go to bed go to bed *
just a minute wait a moment *
how about… ⋯⋯? ⋯⋯How is the situation? *
be careful be careful *
try on try on *
of course course *
how much how much *
hurry up hurry up *
come on quickly; come on *
help yourself use for (oneself) *
sing English songs sing English songs *
play the pipa play the pipa *
do kung fu practice martial arts *
draw cartoons draw cartoons *
play basketball play basketball *
play ping-pong play table tennis *
speak English speak English *
no problem no problem *
go boating go boating *
wash my clothes wash my clothes *
watch TV watch TV *
do homework do homework *
play football play football *
play sports do sports *
read books read books *
lots of lots; many *
each other mutual *
doing morning exercises (doing morning exercises *
having … class (being) taking ⋯⋯ class *
eating lunch (being) having lunch *
reading a book (currently) reading a book *
listening to music (listening to music *
keep to the right keep to the right *
keep your desk clean keep your desk clean *
talk quietly speak quietly *
take turns in order *
have a look take a look *
eat breakfast eat breakfast *
have … class take ⋯⋯ class *
play sports perform sports *
do morning exercises do morning exercises *
eat dinner eat dinner *
clean my room clean my room *
go for a walk take a walk *
go shopping go shopping; shopping *
take a dancing class take a dancing class *
go swimming go swimming *
go on a picnic go on a picnic *
pick apples pick apples *
make a snowman make a snowman *
good job well done *
sports meet sports meeting *
the Great Wall Great Wall *
look for *
on foot walking *
slow down slow down *
see a film watch a movie *
take a trip go on a trip *
get together party *
see a doctor see a doctor *
take a deep breath take a deep breath *
count to ten count to ten *
had a cold cold *
went camping (especially on holiday) *
went fishing went fishing *
took pictures *
go cycling go cycling *
look up (in a dictionary or on a computer) look up *
pay attention to pay attention *
o’clock (meaning the hour)⋯⋯clock *
1368 commonly used vocabulary in spoken English
List1
96)
time class
time /taɪm/ time
morning /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/ Good morning
afternoon /ɑːftəˈnuːn/ good afternoon
noon /nuːn/ noon
evening /ˈiːv(ə)nɪŋ/ Good evening
night /naɪt/ night
tonight /təˈnaɪt/ tonight
today /təˈdeɪ/ today
tomorrow /təˈmɒrəʊ/ tomorrow
yesterday /ˈjestədeɪ;-dɪ/ yesterday
weekend /wiːkˈend;ˈwiː-/ weekend
month /mʌnθ/ month
year /jɪə;jɜː/ year
season /ˈsiːz(ə)n/ season
spring /sprɪŋ/ spring
autumn /ˈɔːtəm/ autumn
winter /ˈwɪntə/ winter
day /deɪ/ day
date /deɪt/ date
moment /ˈməʊm(ə)nt/ moment
period /ˈpɪərɪəd/ period
history /ˈhɪst(ə)rɪ/ history
future /ˈfjuːtʃə/ future
birthday /ˈbɜːθdeɪ/ birthday
holiday /ˈhɒlɪdeɪ;-dɪ/ holiday
festival /ˈfestɪv(ə)l/ festival
schedule /ˈʃedjuːl;ˈsked-/ schedule
age /eɪdʒ/ age
climate category
weather /ˈweðə/ weather
rain /reɪn/ rain
snow /snəʊ/ snow
wind /wɪnd/ wind
cloud /klaʊd/ cloud
natural kind
nature /ˈneɪtʃə/ nature
mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ mountain
air /eə/ air
light /laɪt/ light
water /ˈwɔːtə/ water
fire /ˈfaɪə/ fire
ice /aɪs/ ice
smoke /sməʊk/ smoke
heat /hiːt/ heat
ground /graʊnd/ ground
sky /skaɪ/ sky
river /ˈrɪvə/ river
field /fiːld/ field
forest /ˈfɒrɪst/ forest
sea /siː/ sea
stone /stəʊn/ stone
star /stɑː/ star
Plants
plant /plɑːnt/ plant
grass /grɑːs/ grass
tree /triː/ tree
crop /krɒp/ crop
animals
animal /ˈænɪm(ə)l/ animal
bird /bɜːd/ bird
cat /kæt/ cat
dog /dɒg/ dog
horse /hɔːs/ horse
rabbit /ˈræbɪt/ rabbit
elephant /ˈelɪf(ə)nt/ elephant
bear /beə/ bear
tiger /ˈtaɪgə/ tiger
lion /ˈlaɪən/ lion
bull /bʊl/ bull
cow /kaʊ/ cow
pig /pɪg/ pig
chicken /ˈtʃɪkɪn/ chicken
fish /fɪʃ/ fish
sheep /ʃiːp/ sheep
monkey /ˈmʌŋkɪ/ monkey
snake /sneɪk/ snake
reptile /ˈreptaɪl/ reptile
Insects
insect /ˈɪnsekt/ insect
bee /biː/ bee
butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ butterfly
spider /ˈspaɪdə/ spider
other creatures
bacteria /bækˈtɪərɪə/ bacteria
Location class
place /pleɪs/ place
hospital /ˈhɒspɪt(ə)l/ hospital
restaurant /ˈrestrɒnt/ restaurant
hotel /həʊˈtel;əʊ-/ hotel
university /juːnɪˈvɜːsɪtɪ / university
factory /ˈfækt(ə)rɪ/ factory
jail /dʒeɪl/ jail
zoo /zuː/ zoo
park /pɑːk/ park
school /skuːl/ school
store /stɔː/ store
club /klʌb/ club
bar /bɑː/ bar
court /kɔːt/ court
market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ market
town /taʊn/ town
village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ village
city /ˈsɪtɪ/ city
List2
95)
Institutional
organization / ɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ organization
company /ˈkʌmp(ə)nɪ/ company
charity /ˈtʃærɪtɪ/ charity
Sound
sound /saʊnd/ sound voice /vɒɪs/ sound
noise /nɒɪz/ noise
music /ˈmjuːzɪk/ music
foodstuffs
food /fuːd/ food
egg /eg/ egg
meat /miːt/ meat
steak /steɪk/ steak
bread /bred/ bread
cake /keɪk/ cake
dessert /dɪˈzɜːt/ dessert
soup /suːp/ soup
sandwich /ˈsæn(d)wɪwɪtʃ/ sandwich
noodle /ˈnuːd(ə)l/ noodles
pie /paɪ/ pie
chocolate /ˈtʃɒk(ə)lət/ chocolate
sauce /sɔːs/ sauce
Catering
meal /miːl/ meal
breakfast /ˈbrekfəst/ breakfast
lunch /lʌn(t)ʃ/ lunch
dinner /ˈdɪnə/ dinner
Vegetables
vegetable /ˈvedʒtəb(ə)l/ vegetables
potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/ potato
tomato /təˈmɑːtəʊ/ tomato
carrot /ˈkærət/ carrot
lettuce /ˈletɪs/ lettuce
bean /biːn/ bean
Fruits
fruit /fruːt/ fruit
apple /ˈæp(ə)l/ apple
orange /ˈɒrɪn(d)ʒ/ orange
banana /bəˈnɑːnə/ banana
Ingredients
ingredient /ɪnˈgriːdɪənt/ ingredient
oil /ɒɪl/ oil
sugar /ˈʃʊgə/ sugar
salt /sɔːlt;sɒlt/ salt
butter /ˈbʌtə/ butter
cream /kriːm/ cream
Beverages
drink /drɪŋk/ drink
coffee /ˈkɒfɪ/ coffee
milk /mɪlk/ milk
tea /tiː/ tea
juice /dʒuːs/ juice
beer /bɪə/ beer
wine /waɪn/ wine
alcohol /ˈælkəhɒl/ alcohol
Nutrition
nutrient /ˈnjuːtrɪənt/ nutrition
mineral /ˈmɪn(ə)r(ə)l/ mineral
vitamin /ˈvɪtəmɪn;ˈvaɪt-/ vitamin
protein /ˈprəʊtiːn/ protein
Disease
disease /dɪˈziːz/ disease fever /ˈfiːvə/ fever
flu /fluː/ flu
cancer /ˈkænsə/ cancer
House type
house /haʊs/ house
office /ˈɒfɪs/ office
room /ruːm;rʊm/ room
floor /flɔː/ floor
wall /wɔːl/ wall
window /ˈwɪndəʊ/ window
door /dɔː/ door
roof /ruːf/ roof
kitchen /ˈkɪtʃɪn;-tʃ(ə)n/ kitchen
Furniture
furniture /ˈfɜːnɪtʃə/ furniture
bed /bed/ bed
chair /tʃeə/ chair
desk /desk/ desk
table /ˈteɪb(ə)l/ table
seat /siːt/ seat
couch /kaʊtʃ/ sofa
Clothing
clothes /kləʊ(ð)z/ clothes
shirt /ʃɜːt/ shirt
shoes /ˈʃuːz/ shoes
cap /kæp/ cap
hat /hæt/ hat
coat /kəʊt/ coat
dress /dres/ dress
pants /pæn(t)s/ pants
uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/ uniform
suits /suːt/ suits
underwear /ˈʌndəweə/ underwear
pocket /ˈpɒkɪt/ pocket
jeans /dʒiːnz/ jeans
button /ˈbʌt(ə)n/ button
zip /zɪp/ zipper
sock /sɒk/ socks
Jewelry
jewelry /ˈdʒuːəlrɪ/ jewelry
diamond /ˈdaɪəmənd/ diamond
ring /rɪŋ/ ring
cosmetic
cosmetics /kɒzˈmetɪks/ cosmetics
perfume /ˈpɜːfjuːm/ perfume
lipstick /ˈlɪpstɪk/ lipstick
powder /ˈpaʊdə/ powder
List3
93)
Transportation
transport /trænˈspɔːt;trɑː-/ transport
traffic /ˈtræfɪk/ traffic
bicycle /ˈbaɪsɪkl/ bicycle
ship /ʃɪp/ ship
boat /bəʊt/ boat
plane /pleɪn/ plane, plane
train /treɪn/ train
Vehicle category
vehicle /ˈviːəkl/ vehicle
motorcycle /ˈməʊtəsaɪkl/ motorcycle
bus /bʌs/ bus
car /kɑː/ small car
truck /trʌk/ truck
brake /breɪk/ brake
engine /ˈendʒɪn/ engine
gear /gɪə/ gear
tire /taɪə/ tire
wheel /wiːl/ wheel
Roads and bridges
road /rəʊd/ road
street /striːt/ street
bridge /brɪdʒ/ bridge
station /ˈsteɪʃ(ə)n/ station
Device class
device /dɪˈvaɪs/ device
lock /lɒk/ lock
key /kiː/ key
bell /bel/ phone
scale /skeɪl/ scale
tap /tæp/ tap
Equipment class
equipment /ɪˈkwɪpm(ə)nt/ equipment
shower /ˈʃaʊə/ shower
radio /ˈreɪdɪəʊ/ radio
telephone /ˈtelɪfəʊn/ telephone
camera /ˈkæm(ə)rə/ camera
computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ computer
TV / tiːˈviː/ television
fridge /frɪdʒ/ refrigerator
video /ˈvɪdɪəʊ/ video
Container class
container /kənˈteɪnə/ container
box /bɒks/ box
cup /kʌp/ cup
dish /dɪʃ/ dish
plate /pleɪt/ rice
bowl /bəʊl/ bowl
basket /ˈbɑːskɪt/ basket
tub /tʌb/ bathtub
sink /sɪŋk/ sink
pot /pɒt/ pot
pan /pæn/ plate
Material
material /məˈtɪərɪəl/ material
cloth /klɒθ/ cloth
paper /ˈpeɪpə/ paper
glass /glɑːs/ glass
plastic /ˈplæstɪk/ plastic
gold /gəʊld/ gold
paint /peɪnt/ paint
chemical /ˈkemɪk(ə)l/ chemistry
Daily necessities
toy /tɒɪ/ toys
brush /brʌʃ/ brush mirror /ˈmɪrə/ mirror
chain /tʃeɪn/ chain
board /bɔːd/ board
handle /ˈhænd(ə)l/ handle
cartoon /kɑːˈtuːn/ cartoon
bottle /ˈbɒt(ə)l/ bottle
wood /wʊd/ wood
clock /klɒk/ clock
knife /naɪf/ knife
pen /pen/ pen
book /bʊk/ book
album /ˈælbəm/ album
menu /ˈmenjuː/ menu
card /kɑːd/ card
envelope /ˈenvələʊp/ envelope
ticket /ˈtɪkɪt/ ticket
pipe /paɪp/ pipe
tube /tjuːb/ tube
wire /waɪə/ line
belt /belt/ belt
web /web/ 网
film /fɪlm/ movie
screen /skriːn/ screen
gift /gɪft/ gift
channel /ˈtʃæn(ə)l/ channel
alarm /əˈlɑːm/ alarm
electricity / ɪlekˈtrɪsɪtɪ;el-/ electricity
towel /ˈtaʊəl/ towel
carpet /ˈkɑːpɪt/ carpet
tool /tuːl/ tool
junk /dʒʌŋk/ junk
fork /fɔːk/ fork
spoon /spuːn/ spoon
medicine /ˈmeds(ə)n;ˈmedɪsɪn/ medicine
drug /drʌg/ drug
pill /pɪl/ pill
List4
71)
quantity
couple /ˈkʌp(ə)l/ a pair
double /ˈdʌb(ə)l/ a pair
load /ləʊd/ a car, a large amount
pack /pæk/ a pack
lot /lɒt/ a lot
unit
unit /ˈjuːnɪt/ unit
meter /ˈmitə/ meter
inch /ɪn(t)ʃ/ inch
pound /paʊnd/ pound
gram /ɡræm/ gram
piece /piːs/ piece
matter
thing /θɪŋ/ thing
issue /ˈɪʃuː;ˈɪsjuː/ issue
matter /ˈmætə/ event
stuff /stʌf/ stuff, material
object /ˈɒbdʒɪkt;-dʒekt/ object
event /ɪˈvent/ big event
nouns about people
Family role class
parent /ˈpeər(ə)nt/ parent
daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ daughter
son /sʌn/ son
father /ˈfɑːðə/ father
mother /ˈmʌðə/ mother
brother /ˈbrʌðə/ brother
sister /ˈsɪstə/ sister
husband /ˈhʌzbənd/ husband
wife /waɪf/ wife
uncle /ˈʌŋk(ə)l/ uncle
aunt /ɑːnt/ aunt
grandfather /ˈgræn(d)fɑːðə/ grandfather
grandmother /ˈgræn(d)mʌðə/ grandmother
role /rəʊl/ role
social roles
kid /kɪd/ child
child /tʃaɪld/ children
baby /ˈbeɪbɪ/ baby
boy /bɒɪ/ boy
girl /gɜːl/ girl
man /mæn/ man
woman /ˈwʊmən/ woman
friend /frend/ friend
lady /ˈleɪdɪ/ lady
gentleman /ˈdʒent(ə)lmən/ Mr.
boss /bɒs/ boss
customer /ˈkʌstəmə/ customer
student /ˈstjuːd(ə)nt/ student
neighbor /ˈneɪbə/ neighbor
person /ˈpɜːs(ə)n/ person
volunteer / vɒlənˈtɪə/ volunteer
fool /fuːl/ fool
sir /sɜː/ Mr.
madam /ˈmædəm/ lady
Occupational
job /dʒɒb/ work
doctor /ˈdɒktə/ doctor
nurse /nɜːs/ nurse
professor /prəˈfesə/ professor
lawyer /ˈlɔːjə;ˈlɒɪə/ lawyer
engineer /endʒɪˈnɪə/ engineer
teacher /ˈtiːtʃə/ teacher
coach /kəʊtʃ/ coach
guard /gɑːd/ bodyguard security
judge /dʒʌdʒ/ judge referee
Group class
group /gruːp/ group
people /ˈpiːp(ə)l/ people
class /klɑːs/ class
team /tiːm/ team
human /ˈhjuːmən/ human being
staff /stɑːf/ employee
society /səˈsaɪətɪ/ society
generation /dʒenəˈreɪʃən/ generation
army /ˈɑːmɪ/ army
government /ˈgʌv(ə)nˌm(ə)nt/ government
family /ˈfæmɪlɪ;-m(ə)l-/ family
List5
87)
Discourse
words /wɜːdz/ words
topic /ˈtɒpɪk/ topic
subject /ˈsʌbdʒekt;-dʒɪkt/ subject
joke /dʒəʊk/ joke
question /ˈkwestʃ(ə)n/ question
suggestion /səˈdʒestʃ(ə)n/ suggestion
instruction /ɪnˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n/ instruction
permission /pəˈmɪʃ(ə)n/ permission
Text type
document /ˈdɒkjumənt/ document
story /ˈstɔːrɪ/ story
report /rɪˈpɔːt/ report
novel /ˈnɒv(ə)l/ novel
note /nəʊt/ note
text /tekst/ text
letter /ˈletə/ letter
email /ˈiːmeɪl/ email
blog /blɒɡ/ blog
menu /ˈmenjuː/ list
rule /ruːl/ rule
law /lɔː/ law
grammar /ˈgræmə/ grammar
principle /ˈprɪnsɪp(ə)l/ principle
Information
information /ɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ information
message /ˈmesɪdʒ/ message
news /njuːz/ news
update /ʌpˈdeɪt/ update
notice /ˈnəʊtɪs/ notice
fact /fækt/ fact
detail /ˈdiːteɪl/ details
evidence /ˈevɪd(ə)ns/ evidence
clue /kluː/ clue
background /ˈbækgraʊnd/ background
data /ˈdeɪtə/ data
sign /saɪn/ sign
knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ knowledge
Status class
state /steɪt/ state
condition /kənˈdɪʃ(ə)n/ condition
environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənm(ə)nt/ environment
situation: /sɪtjʊˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ situation
mess /mes/ mess
balance /ˈbæl(ə)ns/ balance
peace /piːs/ peace
emergency /ɪˈmɜːdʒ(ə)nsɪ/ first aid
chance /tʃɑːns/ opportunity
opportunity /ɒpəˈtjuːnɪtɪ/ opportunity
Behavioral class
act /ækt/ behavior
exercise /ˈeksəsaɪz/ exercise
practice /ˈpræktɪs/ practice
test /test/ test
experiment /ɪkˈsperɪm(ə)nt/ experiment
lesson /ˈles(ə)n/ lesson bath /bɑːθ/ bath
security /sɪˈkjʊərətɪ/ security
attention /əˈtenʃ(ə)n/ attention
focus /ˈfəʊkəs/ concentrate on
step /step/ step
education /edjʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ education
advertisement /ədˈvɜːtɪzm(ə)nt;-tɪs-/ advertisement
treatment /ˈtriːtm(ə)nt/ treatment
trick /trɪk/ trick
habit /ˈhæbɪt/ habit
service /ˈsɜːvɪs/ service
business /ˈbɪznəs/ business
homework /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ homework
job: /dʒɒb/ : work
task /tɑːsk/ task
project /ˈprɒdʒekt/ project
challenge /ˈtʃælɪn(d)ʒ/ challenge
duty: /ˈdjuːtɪ/ : responsibility
responsibility /r ɪ spɒnsɪˈbɪlɪtɪ/ responsibility
fault /fɔːlt;fɒlt/ fault
performance: /pəˈfɔːməns/ performance
concert /ˈkɒnsət/ concert
opera /ˈɒp(ə)rə/ opera
drama /ˈdrɑːmə/ drama
study: /ˈstʌdɪ/ : study
math /mæθ/ mathematics
art /ɑːt/ art
science /ˈsaɪəns/ science
philosophy /fɪˈlɒsəfɪ/ philosophy
psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪ/ psychology
arrangement /əˈreɪn(d)ʒm(ə)nt / arrangement
deal /diːl/ is a deal
insurance /ɪnˈʃʊər(ə)ns/ insurance
account /əˈkaʊnt/ account
engagement /ɪnˈgeɪdʒm(ə)nt;en-/ engagement
List6
79)
Uploaded behavior class
occasion /əˈkeɪʒ(ə)n/ occasion
meeting /ˈmiːtɪŋ/ meeting
interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/ interview
party /ˈpɑːtɪ/ party
picnic /ˈpɪknɪk/ picnic
wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ wedding
funeral /ˈfjuːn(ə)r(ə)l/ funeral
barbecue /ˈbɑːbɪkjuː/ barbecue
ceremony /ˈserɪmənɪ/ ceremony
money: /ˈmʌnɪ/ : money
profit /ˈprɒfɪt/ profit
income /ˈɪnkʌm/ income
salary /ˈsælərɪ/ salary
loan /ləʊn/ loan
cash /kæʃ/ cash
cost /kɒst/ cost
credit /ˈkredɪt/ credit
deposit /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ deposit
price /praɪs/ price
tax /tæks/ tax
bill /bɪl/ bill
budget /ˈbʌdʒɪt/ budget
Activities
activity /ækˈtɪvɪtɪ/ activity
game /geɪm/ game
discipline /ˈdɪsɪplɪn/ discipline
crime /kraɪm/ crime
trade /treɪd/ trade
economy /ɪˈkɒnəmɪ/ economy
politics /ˈpɒlɪtɪks/ politics
war /wɔː/ war
trip /trɪp/ travel
fashion /ˈfæʃ(ə)n/ fashion
industry /ˈɪndəstrɪ/ industry
sports: /spɔːts/ : sports
soccer /ˈsɒkə/ American football
football /ˈfʊtbɔːl/ football
golf /gɒlf/ golf
basketball /ˈbɑːskɪtbɔːl/ basketball
race /reɪs/ competition
Thoughts
thought /θɔːt/ thought
idea /aɪˈdɪə/ thought
view /vjuː/ concept
theory /ˈθɪərɪ/ theory
religion /rɪˈlɪdʒ(ə)n/ religion
plan: /plæn/ : plan
strategy /ˈstrætɪdʒɪ/ strategy
policy /ˈpɒləsɪ/ policy
program /ˈprəʊɡræm/ program
Whole class
network /ˈnetwɜːk/ network
internet /ˈɪntənet/ Internet
series /ˈsɪəriːz;-rɪz/ series
career /kəˈrɪə/ career
system: /ˈsɪstəm/ system
language /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/ language
transport /trænˈspɔːt;trɑːn-/ transport
other
favor /ˈfeɪvə/ favor
privilege /ˈprɪvɪlɪdʒ/ privilege
mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ mistake
risk /rɪsk/ risk
advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ advantage
benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ benefit
problem /ˈprɒbləm/ problem
trouble /ˈtrʌb(ə)l/ trouble
surprise /səˈpraɪz/ surprise
secret /ˈsiːkrɪt/ secret
award /əˈwɔːd/ award
prize /praɪz/ prize
diet /ˈdaɪət/ diet
property /ˈprɒpətɪ/ property
option /ˈɒpʃ(ə)n/ option
case /keɪs/ case
example /ɪgˈzɑːmp(ə)l;eg-/ example
sample /ˈsɑːmp(ə)l/ sample
score /skɔː/ score
limit /ˈlɪmɪt/ limit
experience /ɪkˈspɪərɪəns;ek-/ experience effort /ˈefət/ effort
energy /ˈenədʒɪ/ energy
figure /ˈfɪgə/ figure
List7
65)
forming class nouns
core words
part /pɑːt/ part
parts
side /saɪd/ side
edge /edʒ/ edge
base /beɪs/ base
core /kɔː/ core
Body
head /hed/ head
eye /aɪ/ eye
ear /ɪə/ ear
face /feɪs/ face
nose /nəʊz/ nose
foot /fʊt/ foot
mouth /maʊθ/ mouth
tooth /tuːθ/ tooth
tongue /tʌŋ/ tongue
neck /nek/ neck
shoulder /ˈʃəʊldə/ shoulder
breast /brest/ breast
chest /tʃest/ chest
stomach /ˈstʌmək/ stomach
arm /ɑːm/ arm
hand /hænd/ hand
finger /ˈfɪŋgə/ finger
nail /neɪl/ nail
leg /leg/ leg
knee /niː/ knee
throat /θrəʊt/ throat
brain /breɪn/ brain
heart /hɑːt/ heart
lung /lʌŋ/ lung
muscle /ˈmʌs(ə)l/ muscle
bone /bəʊn/ bone
nerve /nɜːv/ nerve
hair /heə/ hair
skin /skɪn/ skin
blood /blʌd/ blood
sweat /swet/ sweat
Spirit
mind /maɪnd/ mind
spirit /ˈspɪrɪt/ spirit
soul /səʊl/ soul
emotion /ɪˈməʊʃ(ə)n/ emotion
feeling: /ˈfiːlɪŋ/ : feeling
shame /ʃeɪm/ shame
stress /stres/ pressure
respect /rɪˈspekt/ respect
desire /dɪˈzaɪə/ desire
pain /peɪn/ pain
sense /sens/ Sense
strength
strength /streŋθ;streŋkθ/ strength
force /fɔːs/ force
power: /ˈpaʊə/ : power
authority /ɔːˈθɒrɪtɪ/ authority
ability: /əˈbɪlɪtɪ/ : ability
sight /saɪt/ sight
intelligence /ɪnˈtelɪdʒ(ə)ns/ intelligence
memory /ˈmem(ə)rɪ/ memory
skill /skɪl/ skill
animal
tail /teɪl/ tail
wing /wɪŋ/ wings
plant
flower /ˈflaʊə/ flower
leaf /liːf/ leaf
root /ruːt/ root
branch /brɑːn(t)ʃ/ branch
other
whole /həʊl/ whole
rest /rest/ Rest
half /hɑːf/ half
List8
70)
attribute noun
static properties
shape
shape /ʃeɪp/ shape
appearance /əˈpɪər(ə)ns/ appearance
size
size /saɪz/ size
space /speɪs/ space
Location
position /pəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ position
point /pɒɪnt/ point
line /laɪn/ line
end /end/ end
bottom /ˈbɒtəm/ bottom
middle /ˈmɪd(ə)l/ middle
top /tɒp/ top
front /frʌnt/ front
back /bæk/ come back later
center /ˈsentə/ center
corner /ˈkɔːnə/ corner
left /left/ left
right /raɪt/ right
direction: /dəˈrekʃn/ : direction
east /iːst/ east
character /ˈkærəktə/ character
personality /pɜːsəˈnælɪtɪ/ personality
Other properties
color /ˈkʌlə(r)/ color
weight /weɪt/ weight
tone /təʊn/ sound
material /məˈtɪərɪəl/ material
structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/ structure
quantity
amount /əˈmaʊnt/
number /ˈnʌmbə/ number
measurement /ˈmeʒəm(ə)nt/ measurement
distance /ˈdɪst(ə)ns/ distance
volume /ˈvɒljuːm/ volume
angle /ˈæŋg(ə)l/ angle
temperature /ˈtemp(ə)rətʃə/ temperature
level: /ˈlev(ə)l/ : level
degree /dɪˈgriː/ degree
grade /greɪd/ grade
rank /ræŋk/ order
standard /ˈstændəd/ standard
rate: /reɪt/ : rate
speed /spiːd/ speed
percentage /pəˈsentɪdʒ / percentage
category
kind /kaɪnd/ kind
type /taɪp/ type
Dynamic properties
Way
form /fɔːm/ form
way: /weɪ/ way
behavior /bɪˈheɪvjə/ behavior
mood /muːd/ mood
logic /ˈlɒdʒɪk/ logic
tradition /trəˈdɪʃ(ə)n/ tradition
culture /ˈkʌltʃə/ culture
style /staɪl/ style
pattern /ˈpæt(ə)n/ pattern
relation /rɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ relation
manner /ˈmænə/
reason
cause /kɔːz/ reason
reason /ˈriːz(ə)n/ reason
source /sɔːs/ source
excuse /ɪkˈskjuːz;ek-/ excuse
factor /ˈfæktə/ factor
Purpose
purpose /ˈpɜːpəs/ purpose
goal /gəʊl/ scored a goal
result
effect /ɪˈfekt/ influence
result /rɪˈzʌlt/ result
process
course /kɔːs/ course
process /ˈprəʊses/ process
List9
114)
Origin word
be /biː/ is
go /gəʊ/ go
come /kʌm/ come
make /meɪk/ make
Belong
have /hæv/ have
get /get/ get
give /gɪv/ give take /teɪk/ take
end position
put /pʊt/ put, put
lay /leɪ/ lie down
place /pleɪs/
bring /brɪŋ/ bring
send /send/ send
hold /həʊld/ hold
keep /kiːp/ keep
stay /steɪ/ stay
hang /hæŋ/ hang
settle /ˈset(ə)l/ solve
mutual position
cover /ˈkʌvə/ cover
support /səˈpɔːt/ support
mix /mɪks/ mix
switch /swɪtʃ/ switch
link /lɪŋk/ link
join /dʒɒɪn/ join
connect /kəˈnekt/ connect
stick /stɪk/ stick
tie /taɪ/ tie
meet /miːt/ meet
cross /krɒs/ cross
Movement trajectory
move /muːv/ move
shift /ʃɪft/ shift
pass /pɑːs/ pass
raise /reɪz/ raise
lift /lɪft/ elevator
rise /raɪz/ rise
drop /drɒp/ drop
fall /fɔːl/ autumn
follow /ˈfɒləʊ/ follow
lead /liːd/ lead
carry /ˈkærɪ/ carry
bounce /baʊns/ bounce
roll /rəʊl/ roll
shake /ʃeɪk/ shake
screw /skruː/ screw
speed
run /rʌn/ run
rush /rʌʃ/ peak
hurry /ˈhʌrɪ/ hurry up
strength
touch /tʌtʃ/ touch
hit /hɪt/ hit
knock /nɒk/ knock
crash /kræʃ/ crash
throw /θrəʊ/ throw
rub /rʌb/ rub
pull /pʊl/ pull
push /pʊʃ/ push
draw /drɔː/ draw
press /pres/ publishing house
direction
turn /tɜːn/ turn
space
open /ˈəʊp(ə)n/ open
close /kləʊs/ close
shut /ʃʌt/ shut
fit /fɪt/ suitable
enter /ˈentə/ enter
fill /fɪl/ fill
pump /pʌmp/ pump
spill /spɪl/ leak
spray /spreɪ/ spray
clean /kliːn/ clean
clear /klɪə/ clear
wipe /waɪp/ wipe
leave /liːv/ leave
quit /kwɪt/ exit
arrive /əˈraɪv/ arrive
reach /riːtʃ/ reach
fix /fɪks/ fix
set /set/ set
time
begin /bɪˈgɪn/ begin
start /stɑːt/ start
happen /ˈhæp(ə)n/ happen
finish /ˈfɪnɪʃ/ complete
stop /stɒp/ stop
whole and part
break /breɪk/ break
crack /kræk/ crack
split /splɪt/ split
tear /tɪə/ tear
divide /dɪˈvaɪd/ divide
cut /kʌt/ cut
shape
bend /bend/ bend
fold /fəʊld/ fold
twist /twɪst/ twist
stretch /stretʃ/ stretch
spread /spred/ spread
size
grow /grəʊ/ grow
Behavior
look /lʊk/ look
see /siː/ see
listen /ˈlɪs(ə)n/ listen
hear /hɪə/ hear
say /seɪ/ say
speak /spiːk/ speak
talk /tɔːk/ talk
tell /tel/ tell
ask /ɑːsk/ ask
think /θɪŋk/ think
believe /bɪˈliːv/ believe
know /nəʊ/ know
like /laɪk/ like
love /lʌv/ love
do /duː/ do
Copula
become /bɪˈkʌm/ become
seem /siːm/ seems
feel /fiːl/ feel
sound /saʊnd/ sound
smell /smel/ smell
taste /teɪst/ taste
List10
113)
look
find /faɪnd/ find
watch /wɒtʃ/ watch
observe /əbˈzɜːv/ observe
ignore /ɪgˈnɔː/ ignore
search /sɜːtʃ/ search
show /ʃəʊ/ show
explain
Opinion:
agree /əˈgriː/ agree
cancel /ˈkæns(ə)l/ cancel
let /let/ let
allow /əˈlaʊ/ allow
Tell:
claim /kleɪm/ claim
warn /wɔːn/ warn
introduce /ɪntrəˈdjuːs/ introduction
explain /ɪkˈspleɪn;ek-/ explain
express /ɪkˈspres;ek-/ expression
confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ confirm
Require:
beg /beg/ pray
charge /tʃɑːdʒ/ responsibility
order /ˈɔːdə/ command
Said with emotion:
argue /ˈɑːgjuː/ argue
blame /bleɪm/ blame
praise /preɪz/ praise
threat /θret/ encourage
encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ;en-/ complain
complain /kəmˈpleɪn/ promise
promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ persist
insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ shout
shout /ʃaʊt/ threaten
other:
answer /ˈɑːnsə/ answer
call /kɔːl/ call
count /kaʊnt/ number
pronounce /prəˈnaʊns/ pronunciation
think
consider /kənˈsɪdə/ consider
guess /ges/ guess
deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/ persist
offer /ˈɒfə/ provide
doubt /daʊt/ doubt
suspect /səˈspekt/ suspect
trust /trʌst/ trust
forget /fəˈget/ forget
remember /rɪˈmembə/ remember
imagine /ɪˈmædʒɪn/ imagine mean /miːn/ means
learn /lɜːn/ learn
understand /ʌndəˈstænd/ understand
wonder /ˈwʌndə/ curious
decide /dɪˈsaɪd/ decide
try /traɪ/ try
want /wɒnt/ want
hope /həʊp/ hope
wish /wɪʃ/ hope
expect /ɪkˈspekt;ek-/ expect
will /wɪl/ will
shall /ʃæl;ʃ(ə)l/ should
should /ʃʊd/ should
can /kæn/ can
may /meɪ/ may
might /maɪt/ maybe
must /mʌst/ must
dare /deə/ dare
need /niːd/ need
impress /ɪmˈpres/ leave an impression
attract /əˈtrækt/ attract
Feel
enjoy /ɪnˈdʒɒɪ;en-/ enjoy
suffer /ˈsʌfə/ suffer
appreciate /əˈpriːʃɪeɪt;-sɪ-/ thanks
care /keə/ care
hate /heɪt/ hate
worry /ˈwʌrɪ/ worry
thank /θæŋk/ thank you
welcome /ˈwelkəm/ welcome
bless /bles/ bless
thrill /θrɪl/ excitement
freak /friːk/ scared
shock /ʃɒk/ shock
bother /ˈbɒðə/ bother
annoy /əˈnɒɪ/ to make angry
disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ interrupt
natural phenomenon
die /daɪ/ die
live /lɪv/ live
burn /bɜːn/ burn
boil /bɒɪl/ boil
human behavior
Limbs:
dance /dɑːns/ dance
ride /raɪd/ ride
lie /laɪ/ lie down
climb /klaɪm/ climb
beat /biːt/ hit
Upper limbs:
hug /hʌg/ hug
Lower limbs:
sit /sɪt/ sit
stand /stænd/ stand
walk /wɔːk/ walk
kick /kɪk/ kick
jump /dʒʌmp/ jump skip /skɪp/ jump
Face:
smile /smaɪl/ smile
laugh /lɑːf/ laugh
cry /kraɪ/ cry
mouth:
eat /iːt/ eat
kiss /kɪs/ kiss
suck /sʌk/ suck
lick /lɪk/ lick
blow /bləʊ/ blow
cough /kɒf/ cough
sing /sɪŋ/ symbol
nose:
breathe /briːð/ breathe
skin:
bleed /bliːd/ bleed
Spirit:
sleep /sliːp/ sleep
wake /weɪk/ wake up
relax /rɪˈlæks/ relax
healthy:
hurt /hɜːt/ hurt
injury /ˈɪndʒə/ injured
cure /kjʊə;kjɔː/ cure
inject /ɪnˈdʒekt/ injection
List11
106)
life behavior
cook /kʊk/ cook
back /bæk/ come back
fry /fraɪ/ fry
drive /draɪv/ drive
measure /ˈmeʒə/ measure
wear /weə/ wear
wash /wɒʃ/ wash
tape /teɪp/ tape
record /ˈrekɔːd/ record
post /pəʊst/ after
travel /ˈtræv(ə)l/ travel
screw /skruː/ screw
dig /dɪg/ dig
hide /haɪd/ hide
pack /pæk/ pack
mark /mɑːk/ mark
social behavior
buy /baɪ/ buy
sell /sel/ sell
shop /ʃɒp/ shop
pay /peɪ/ pay
spend /spend/ spend
waste /weɪst/ waste
invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/ invite
rent /rent/ rent
fight /faɪt/ fight
kill /kɪl/ kill
steal /stiːl/ steal cheat /tʃiːt/ cheat
invest /ɪnˈvest/ invest
rob /rɒb/ rob
wait /weɪt/ wait a moment
marry /ˈmærɪ/ marry
divorce /dɪˈvɔːs/ divorce
borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/ borrow
lend /lend/ lend
owe /əʊ/ owe
vote /vəʊt/ vote
bet /bet/ bet
celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ celebrate
play /pleɪ/ play
pretend /prɪˈtend/ pretend
help /help/ help
direct /daɪˈrekt/ direct
entertain /entəˈteɪn/ entertainment
interrupt /ɪntəˈrʌpt/ interrupt
distract /dɪˈstrækt/ disperse
design /dɪˈzaɪn/ design
build /bɪld/ build
invent /ɪnˈvent/ invention
copy /ˈkɒpɪ/ copy
prepare /prɪˈpeə/ prepare
organize /ˈɔːɡənaɪz/ organization
manage /ˈmænɪdʒ/ manage
handle /ˈhænd(ə)l/ handle
treat /triːt/ treat
control /kənˈtrəʊl/ control
use /juːz/ use
apply /əˈplaɪ/ apply
save /seɪv/ save
choose /tʃuːz/ choose
accept /əˈksept/ accept
pick /pɪk/ pick
collect /kəˈlekt/ collect
win /wɪn/ win
fail /feɪl/ fail
miss /mɪs/ miss
lose /luːz/ lose
check /tʃek/ check
examine /ɪgˈzæmɪn;eg-/ check
compare /kəmˈpeə/ compare
solve /sɒlv/ solve
analyze /ˈænəˌlaɪz/ analyze
sports
skate /skeɪt/ skate
swim /swɪm/ swim
fly /flaɪ/ fly
shoot /ʃuːt/ shoot
Work
work /wɜːk/ work
interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/ interview
hire /ˈhaɪə/ hire
fire /ˈfaɪə/ expulsion
compete /kəmˈpiːt/ compete
retire /rɪˈtaɪə/ retire
study
read /riːd/ read write /raɪt/ write
spell /spel/ spell
translate /trænsˈleɪt;trɑːns-;-nz-/ translate
relationship between things
match /mætʃ/ match
qualify /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/ qualification
equal /ˈiːkwəl/ equal
share /ʃeə/ share
include /ɪnˈkluːd/ include
separate /ˈsep(ə)reɪt/ separate
belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/ belong
depend /dɪˈpend/ dependence
involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/ involve
development and change of things
change /tʃeɪn(d)ʒ/ change
develop /dɪˈveləp/ develop
improve /ɪmˈpruːv/ improve
reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ reduce
add /æd/ add
promote /prəˈməʊt/ promote
things interact
damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ loss
spoil /spɒɪl/ spoil
ruin /ˈruːɪn/ bankruptcy
affect /əˈfekt/ affect
attack /əˈtæk/ attack
List12
104)
Properties and composition of things
size
big /bɪg/ big
huge /hjuːdʒ/ huge
little /ˈlɪt(ə)l/ small
small /smɔːl/ small
medium /ˈmiːdɪəm/ material
high or low
high /haɪ/ high
low /ləʊ/ low
length
long /lɒŋ/ long
short /ʃɔːt/ short
tall /tɔːl/ high
depth
deep /diːp/ deep
shallow /ˈʃæləʊ/ shallow
Thickness
thick /θɪk/ thick
thin /θɪn/ thin
fat /fæt/ fat
slim /slɪm/ slim
width
narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ narrow
wide /waɪd/ wide
weight
heavy /ˈhevɪ/ heavy
light /laɪt/ light
Positive slope
straight /streɪt/ straight
curved /kɜːvd/ curved
flat /flæt/ flat
shape
round /raʊnd/ round
square /skweə / square
distance
near /nɪə/ near
far /fɑː/ far
things and space
full /fʊl/ full
empty /ˈem(p)tɪ/ empty
blank /blæŋk/ blank
bare /beə/ bare
dirty /ˈdɜːtɪ/ dirty
time
new /njuː/ new
fresh /freʃ/ fresh
quantity
extra /ˈekstrə/ extra
only /ˈəʊnlɪ/ only
single /ˈsɪŋg(ə)l/ single
poor /pɔː;pʊə/ poor
rich /rɪtʃ/ rich
slight /slaɪt/ slight
total /ˈtəʊt(ə)l/ total
texture
hard /hɑːd/ hard
soft /sɒft/ soft
tough /tʌf/ tough
tender /ˈtendə/ tender
smooth /smuːð/ smooth
rough /rʌf/ rough
sharp /ʃɑːp/
blunt /blʌnt/ blunt
fresh /freʃ/ fresh
raw /rɔː/ original
pure /pjʊə/ pure
plain /pleɪn/ plane
even /ˈiːv(ə)n/ even
strength
strong /strɒŋ/ strong
weak /wiːk/ weak
tight /taɪt/ tight
loose /luːs/ loose
firm /fɜːm/ company
tense /tens/ tense
state
liquid /ˈlɪkwɪd/ liquid
gas /gæs/ gas
solid /ˈsɒlɪd/ solid
temperature
hot /hɒt/ hot
warm /wɔːm/ warm cold /kəʊld/ cold
humidity
dry /draɪ/ dry
wet /wet/ wet
brightness
bright /braɪt/ bright
dark /dɑːk/ dark
dull /dʌl/ boring
smell
sweet /swiːt/ sweet
bitter /ˈbɪtə/ bitter
delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ delicious
sour /saʊə/ acid
spicy /ˈspaɪsɪ/ spicy
sound
loud /laʊd/ loud
quiet /ˈkwaɪət/ quiet
Human attributes and composition
time
young /jʌŋ/ young
old /əʊld/ old
Body
hungry /ˈhʌŋgrɪ/ hungry
ill /ɪl/ ill
sick /sɪk/ sick
tired /taɪəd/ tired
blind /blaɪnd/ blind
sore /sɔː/ pain
born /bɔːn/ born
pregnant /ˈpregnənt/ pregnant
alive /əˈlaɪv/ alive
Behavior
busy /ˈbɪzɪ/ busy
violent /ˈvaɪəl(ə)nt/ violence
wild /waɪld/ wild
Appearance
beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfʊl;-f(ə)l/ beautiful
ugly /ˈʌglɪ/ ugly
sexy /ˈseksɪ/ sexy
mind
smart /smɑːt/ smart
clever /ˈklevə/ clever
stupid /ˈstjuːpɪd/ stupid
confused /kənˈfjuːzd/ confused
awake /əˈweɪk/ awake
asleep /əˈsliːp/ fell asleep
familiar /fəˈmɪlɪə/ familiar
patient /ˈpeɪʃ(ə)nt/ patient
List13
104)
manner
polite /pəˈlaɪt/ polite
lazy /ˈleɪzɪ/ lazy
honest /ˈɒnɪst/ honest
rude /ruːd/ rude
brave /breɪv/ brave aggressive /əˈgresɪv/ aggressive
emotion
interested /ˈɪnt(ə)rɪstɪd/ interested
curious /ˈkjʊərɪəs/ curious
proud /praʊd/ proud
sure /ʃɔː;ʃʊə/ Of course
confident /ˈkɒnfɪd(ə)nt/ confident
Feeling
happy /ˈhæpɪ/ happy
glad /glæd/ very happy
sad /sæd/ sadness
upset /ʌpˈset/ upset
sorry /ˈsɒrɪ/ Sorry
guilty /ˈgɪltɪ/ guilty
calm /kɑːm/ calm
afraid /əˈfreɪd/ afraid
angry /ˈæŋgrɪ/ angry
crazy /ˈkreɪzɪ/ crazy
mad /mæd/ crazy
excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ excited
bored /bɔːd/ bored
disappointed /dɪsəˈpɒɪntɪd/ disappointed
jealous /ˈdʒeləs/ jealousy
lonely /ˈləʊnlɪ/ lonely
attributes and composition of things
difficulty
easy /ˈiːzɪ/ short answer
hard /hɑːd/ difficult, hard
difficult /ˈdɪfɪk(ə)lt/ difficult
time
late /leɪt/ late
due /djuː/ due to
urgent /ˈɜːdʒ(ə)nt/ urgent
efficient /ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt/ efficient
possibility
possible /ˈpɒsɪb(ə)l/ possible
available /əˈveɪləb(ə)l/ available
safety
dangerous /ˈdeɪn(d)ʒ(ə)rəs/ dangerous
safe /seɪf/ safe
other
wrong /rɒŋ/ Error
strict /strɪkt/ strict
correct /kəˈrekt/ Right
fair /feə/ fair
proper /ˈprɒpə/ appropriate
lucky /ˈlʌkɪ/ lucky
successful /səkˈsesfʊl;-f(ə)l/ successful
Comprehensive attributes
good quality)
good /gʊd/ good
nice /naɪs/ Okay
fine /faɪn/ great
great /greɪt/ great
perfect /ˈpɜːfɪkt/ perfect
wonderful /ˈwʌndəfʊl;-f(ə)l/ wonderful amazing /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ so amazing
excellent /ˈeks(ə)l(ə)nt/ excellent
Quality (bad)
bad /bæd/ bad
terrible /ˈterɪb(ə)l/ so terrible
awful /ˈɔːfʊl/ awful
authenticity
real /riːl/ real
true /truː/ Right
false /fɔːls;fɒls/ wrong
fake /feɪk/ fake
integrity
complete /kəmˈpliːt/ complete
Accuracy
exact /ɪgˈzækt;eg-/ precise
specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ specific
Complexity
complicated /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ complicated
simple /ˈsɪmp(ə)l/ simple
other
fun /fʌn/ fun
horrible /ˈhɒrəb(ə)l/ terrible
weird /wɪəd/ weird
strange /streɪn(d)ʒ/ strange
comfortable /ˈkʌmf(ə)təb(ə)l/ comfortable
incredible /ɪnˈkredɪb(ə)l/ incredible
gross /grəʊs/ hair
relationship of things
particularity
special /ˈspeʃ(ə)l/ special
regular /ˈregjʊlə/ regularly
consistency
same /seɪm/ same
different /ˈdɪf(ə)r(ə)nt/ different
universality
typical /ˈtɪpɪk(ə)l/ typical
normal /ˈnɔːm(ə)l/ normal
common /ˈkɒmən/ common
general /ˈdʒen(ə)r(ə)l/ general
popular /ˈpɒpjʊlə/ popular
average /ˈæv(ə)rɪdʒ/ average
particular /pəˈtɪkjələ(r)/ special
own /əʊn/ oneself
importance
serious /ˈsɪərɪəs/ serious
causal /ˈkɔːz(ə)l/ cause and effect
important /ɪmˈpɔːt(ə)nt/ important
main /meɪn/ main
formal /ˈfɔːm(ə)l/ formal
professional /prəˈfeʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ professional
necessity
necessary /ˈnesəs(ə)rɪ/ necessary
relevance
free /friː/ relative /ˈrelətɪv/ relative
legal /ˈliːg(ə)l/ law
physical /ˈfɪzɪk(ə)l/ physical
mental /ˈment(ə)l/ mental
local /ˈləʊk(ə)l/ local
native /ˈneɪtɪv/ native
international /ɪntəˈnæʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ international
cheap /tʃiːp/ cheap
expensive /ɪkˈspensɪv;ek-/ expensive
separate /ˈsep(ə)reɪt/ separate
public /ˈpʌblɪk/ public
worth /wɜːθ/ worth
List14
48)
preposition
dynamic location
trajectory
across /əˈkrɒs/ across
along /əˈlɒŋ/ along
past /pɑːst/ past
over /ˈəʊvə/ over
up /ʌp/ get up
down /daʊn/ come down
through /θruː/ through
on /ɒn/ open
off /ɒf/ off
in /ɪn/ in...
out /aʊt/ outside
against /əˈgenst;əˈgeɪnst/ against
starting point
from /frɒm;frəm/ from
end
to /tə;before a vowel;tʊ;stressed;tuː/
toward /təˈwɔːd;twɔːd;tɔːd/ toward
for /fɔː;fə/ for
about /əˈbaʊt/ about
static position
point
at /æt;ət/ at
dot to dot
by /baɪ/ pass
beside /bɪˈsaɪd/ beside
before /bɪˈfɔː/ before...
after /ˈɑːftə/ after...
behind /bɪˈhaɪnd/ behind
between /bɪˈtwiːn/
around /əˈraʊnd/ around
Points and planes
beyond /bɪˈjɒnd/ beyond
under /ˈʌndə/ below
above /əˈbʌv/ above
below /bɪˈləʊ/ below
point and space
outside /aʊtˈsaɪd;ˈaʊtsaɪd/ outside
inside /ɪnˈsaɪd/ inside
within /wɪðˈɪn/
subordinate
of /ɒv;(ə)v/ yes
with /wɪð/ with
without /wɪðˈaʊt/ without
time
during /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/
since /sɪns/ since
till /tɪl/ until
substitute
instead /ɪnˈsted/ instead
of /ɒv;(ə)v/
Compare
than /ðæn;ð(ə)n/ than
as /æz;əz/ as
whole and part
besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ besides
among /əˈmʌŋ/ between
except /ɪkˈsept;ek-/ except
including /ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/ including
cause and effect
according /əˈkɔːdɪŋ/ according to
to /tə;before a vowel;tʊ;stressed;tuː/
other
despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ despite
per /pɜː/ every
List15
123)
Adverbs and others
time
now /naʊ/ now
early /ˈɜːlɪ/ early
just /dʒʌst/ just
then /ðen/ then
recently /ˈriːsntlɪ/ recently
ago /əˈgəʊ/ previously
already /ɔːlˈredɪ/ already
yet /jet/ yet
ever /ˈevə/ once
never /ˈnevə/ never
forever /fəˈrevə/ forever
Location
here /hɪə/ here
there /ðeə;ðə/ there
direction
away /əˈweɪ/ leave
forth /fɔːθ/
apart /əˈpɑːt/ except
together /təˈgeðə/ together
aside /əˈsaɪd/ aside
quantity
extra /ˈekstrə/ extra
alone /əˈləʊn/ alone
degree
quite /kwaɪt/ quite
much /mʌtʃ/ much
very /ˈverɪ/ very well /wel/ how about
extremely /ɪkˈstriːmlɪ;ek-/ extremely
almost /ˈɔːlməʊst/ almost
enough /ɪˈnʌf/ enough
emphasize
actually /ˈæktjʊəlɪ;-tʃʊ-/ actually
especially /ɪˈspeʃ(ə)lɪ;e-/ especially
absolutely /ˈæbsəluːtlɪ/ absolutely
certainly /ˈsɜːt(ə)nlɪ;-tɪn-/ Of course
speed
fast /fɑːst/ fast
slow /sləʊ/ slow
soon /suːn/ soon
suddenly /ˈsʌd(ə)nlɪ/ suddenly
immediately /ɪˈmiːdɪətlɪ/ immediately
gradually /ˈgrædʒʊlɪ;ˈgrædjʊəlɪ/ gradually
frequency
again /əˈgen;əˈgeɪn/ again
often /ˈɒf(tə)n/ often
usually /ˈjuʒuəli/ usually
always /ˈɔːlweɪz;-ɪz/ always
order
finally /ˈfaɪnəlɪ/ finally
eventually /ɪˈventʃʊəlɪ/ eventually
turning point
otherwise /ˈʌðəwaɪz/ otherwise
possibility
probably /ˈprɒbəblɪ/ probably
perhaps /pəˈhæps/ maybe
maybe /ˈmeɪbiː;-bɪ/ maybe
progressively
also /ˈɔːlsəʊ/ also
too /tuː/ too
either /ˈaɪðə;ˈiː-/ neither
neither /ˈnaɪðə;ˈniː-/ neither
else /els/ others
guide
when /wen/ when
where /weə/ where
how /haʊ/ how
why /waɪ/ why
what /wɒt/ what
conjunction
cause and effect
because /bɪˈkɒz/ because
turning point
but /bʌt;bət/ but
though /ðəʊ/ although
juxtapose
and /ənd;(ə)n;ænd/ and
condition
if /ɪf/ if
unless /ʌnˈles/ unless
except /ɪkˈsept;ek-/ except
time
while /waɪl/ while
choose
or /ɔː/ or
whether /ˈweðə/ whether
Qualifiers
order
last /lɑːst/ last
next /nekst/ next
quantity
all /ɔːl/ all
any /ˈenɪ/ any
some /sʌm;s(ə)m/ some
both /bəʊθ/ both
each /iːtʃ/ each
either /ˈaɪðə;ˈiː-/ no matter
neither /ˈnaɪðə;ˈniː-/ neither
every /ˈevrɪ/ every one
few /fjuː/ almost
many /ˈmenɪ/ many
much /mʌtʃ/ much
Refers to
this /ðɪs/ this
that /ðæt;ðət/ that
these /ðiːz/ these
those /ðəʊz/ those
another /əˈnʌðə/ another
such /sʌtʃ/ such
pronoun
I /aɪ/ I
you /juː/ you
he /hiː/him
she /ʃiː/ her
we /wiː/ we
they /ðeɪ/ him
it /ɪt/ it
Interrogative pronouns
which /wɪtʃ/ which one
who /huː;hʊ/ who
article
a /ə;eɪ/ 一
an /æn;ən/ a
the /ðə/ this
interjection
bye /baɪ/ Goodbye
hello /həˈləʊ;he-/ hello
no /nəʊ/ no
yes /jes/ yes
pardon /ˈpɑːd(ə)n/ forgive
please /pliːz/ request
wow /waʊ/ really
damn /dæm/ damn
abbreviation
Mr. /ˈmɪstə(r)/ .Mr.
Ms. / emˈes/ . Ms.
numeral
zero /ˈzɪərəʊ/ 0 one /wʌn/ 1
two /tuː/ 2
three /θriː/ 3
four /fɔː/ 4
five /faɪv/ 5
six /sɪks/ 6
seven /ˈsev(ə)n/ 7
eight /eɪt/ 8
nine /naɪn/ 9
ten /ten/ 10
hundred /ˈhʌndrəd/ hundred
thousand /ˈθaʊz(ə)nd/ thousand
million /ˈmɪljən/ ten thousand
billion /ˈbɪljən/ billion
Five basic sentence patterns
1. Subject, linking verb, predicative
Example: Learning English is important. Learning English is important.
The music sounds nice. The music sounds nice.
Copula:
Also called a linking verb, it plays the role of connecting the subject and the following components. The components following this verb are used to describe the characteristics of the subject and indicate the nature and characteristics of the subject. For example: The music sounds nice. Sound is a linking verb, and nice is used to express the characteristics of the subject. It is called a predicative and is located after the linking verb.
In English, in addition to the verb be, there are also the following linking verbs:
1) Indicates the characteristic status of the subject, such as:
feel/look/sound/taste/smell/seem/appear…
\2) Indicates that the subject changes from one state to another, such as:
become/fall/go/grow/turn/get/come…
\3) Indicates that the subject maintains or continues a certain state, such as:
continue/remain/stay/keep/hold/rest/prove…
2. Subject Predicate
The predicate in this structure is acted by an intransitive verb or phrase. The predicate verb is often followed by an adverbial to modify the verb, indicating the degree of the action, the place or time of occurrence, etc.
Example: He died two years ago. He died two years ago.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
intransitive verb
: Annotation vi. in the dictionary. The action expressed by this kind of verb has no action object, its meaning is complete by itself, and it does not need to be followed by an object. For example: He died. (die is an intransitive verb, the action of "die" is only completed independently and has no target.)
3. Subject Predicate Object
The predicate in this structure is served by a transitive verb or phrase.
Example: You have beautiful eyes. You have beautiful eyes.
She put the glass down carefully. She put the glass down carefully.
transitive verb
: Annotation vt. in the dictionary. This kind of verb tells us what object is acted upon by the action issued by the subject. The object acted upon is called the object.
4. Subject Predicate Indirect Object Direct Object
Direct objects and indirect objects are collectively called double objects. Indirect objects refer to people and direct objects refer to things.
Example: Give your mother the letter. Give your mother the letter.
Mother bought me a special gift. Mother bought me a special gift.
If the direct object is placed first and the indirect object is placed last, the indirect object should be preceded by the preposition to or for.
For example: Give the letter to your mother.
Mother bought a special gift for me.
1) Like give, when the indirect object moves backward, add the preposition to before the indirect object:
Such as: assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, promise, read, recommend, sell, send, show, take, write, etc.
2) Like buy, when the indirect object is moved backward, the preposition for is added before the indirect object:
Such as: book, buy, build, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, make, order, prepare, etc.
5. Subject, predicate, object, object complements subject
The object and object complement in this sentence pattern are collectively called
compound object
Example: Eating more fruit makes me feel better. Eating more fruit makes me feel better.
We elected John our chairman. We elected John our chairman.
Common verbs with compound objects include:
appoint, believe, call, chose, consider, declare, elect, feel, find, keep, leave, let, make, name, nominate, prove, see, suppose, vote, etc.
English sentences
It seems complicated, but if you look closely, there are only five basic sentence patterns. These five basic sentence patterns can evolve into a variety of complex English sentences. In other words, the vast majority of English sentences are generated from these five basic sentence patterns. The five basic sentence patterns are as follows:
Basic sentence patterns
Ⅰ. Subject Verb (SV)
In this sentence pattern, v is an intransitive verb, also called an verb (vi.). For example:
Everybody laughed.
Everyone laughed.
Ⅱ. Subject Verb Predicate (SVP)
In this sentence pattern, v is a linking verb (link v.). Common linking verbs are: look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall ill/asleep, stand/sit still, become, turn, etc. For example:
The story sounds interesting.
This story sounds interesting.
Ⅲ. Subject Verb Object (SVO)
In this sentence pattern, v is a transitive verb (vt.), so it has an object. For example:
I love apples.
I like apples.
Ⅳ. Subject Verb Object Object (SVoO)
In this sentence pattern, v is a transitive verb with a double object. Common verbs that require double objects include give, ask, bring, offer, send, pay, lend, show, tell, buy, get, etc. For example:
I gave him my address.
I told him my address.
Ⅴ. Subject Verb Object Complement (SVOC)
In this sentence pattern, v is a transitive verb with an object complement. Words that often take object complements include adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, nouns, infinitives, present participles, and past participles. For example:
I found the box empty.
I found the box was empty...
Expansion: Basic grammatical sentence patterns of English
1. Main-system-table (SVC)
The predicate verb of this sentence structure is served by the linking verb, followed by an predicate, which can also be called a complement. In addition to be, become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, the commonly used linking verbs include the following:
grow(become), turn(become), remain(still be), fall(become), hold(maintain),
keep(keep), stand(keep), stay(keep), smell(smell), sound(sound),
taste(taste) etc.
For example:
The motor is out of order. The motor is out of order.
Her mother has fallen ill. Her mother is ill.
The weather is getting quite warm. The weather is getting quite warm.
The roses smell sweet. The roses smell sweet.
Silk feels soft and smooth. Silk feels soft and smooth.
The plan sounds perfect. The plan sounds perfect.
4. Subject-verb-object-object (SVOO)
The predicate verb in this sentence pattern is a transitive verb with a double object. The first of the two objects is an indirect object, and the latter is a direct object. In addition to the common predicate verbs such as give, bring, tell, send, leave, pass, read, write, take, show, teach, get, etc., there are also the following:
award (grant), lend (borrow), rent (rent), buy (buy),
pay (pay), hand (transfer), recommend (recommend), save (save), etc. For example:
The new way saved us much time.
Could you do me a favor please?
I paid the repairman fifty dollars.
He ordered himself a soft drink. He ordered himself a soft drink.
Mr. Smith lent me his car. Mr. Smith lent me his car.
I found him a new textbook. I found him a new textbook.
Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time? Can I spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
The president awarded him the first prize. The president awarded him the first prize.
5. Subject-verb-object-complement (SVOC)
The predicate verbs of this sentence pattern are transitive verbs that can take compound objects. That is to say, in addition to a direct object, these verbs must also add an object complement to make the meaning of the sentence complete. Object complements can be served by nouns, adjectives, infinitives, participles or prepositional phrases. In a compound object composed of an object plus an object complement, there is a logical (i.e., sense) subject-predicate relationship between the object and its complement. There are quite a few such transitive verbs, for example:
appoint, believe, call, catch,
elect (election), feel (feel), find (discovery), like (hope),
hear, keep, leave, discover,
make, need, prefer, prove,
see (see), warn (warning), etc. For example:
They appointed Mr. White Minister of Foreign Affairs. They appointed Mr. White Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The board of directors elected Charles president of the university.
The Board of Trustees elected Charles president of the university.
I found her rather difficult to work with. I found her rather difficult to work with.
She likes her guests to feel at home. She likes her guests to feel at home.
I warned him not to be late. I warned him not to be late.
My father saw him steal the money. My father saw him steal the money.
I prefer you to stay with us. I prefer you to stay with us.
You may leave the child in my care.
The police discovered the check hidden under a pile of papers.
The woman caught her husband reading her diary. The woman caught her husband reading her diary.
The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time. The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.
3. Subject-verb-object (SVO)
The predicate verb of this sentence pattern is a transitive verb and must be followed by an object. For example:
The machine is drilling a hole. The machine is drilling a hole.
The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once. The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.
Storytelling has many strengths in improving oral English skills. Storytelling has many strengths in improving oral English skills.
2. Active-active (SV)
The predicate verb of this sentence pattern is intransitive, often with adverbials.
For example:
The fruit store has closed. The fruit store has closed.
They have been singing and dancing for two hours. They have been singing and dancing for two hours.
The plane will take off soon. The plane will take off soon.
They will fly to London. They will fly to London.
subtopic
(Explanation: S=subject, V=predicate, P=predicate, O=object, o=indirect object, C=object complement)
part-of-speech classification
content words
noun (n) a word that refers to people and things
common noun
Countable nouns
individual noun
Refers to a single person or object, such as: driver, train, table
collective noun
Refers to a type of person, a group of people, such as: staff, people, crew
uncountable noun
material noun
Substantial substances, but uncountable, such as: water, rice, air
abstract noun
Invisible things, such as: knowledge, love, stress, happiness
proper noun
Country, place name, language, person’s name, book title
1.Country: China
2. Place names: Shanghai, London, The Great Wall
3. Language and nationality: English (English/British), German (German/German)
4. Name: Jack, Linda
5. Book title: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)
date, holiday
1. Date: April 24th, 2020 (April 24, 2020)
2. Holidays: Christmas, Chinese New Year, Holloween
Pronoun pronoun (pron) represents a noun or a word in a sentence
Personal Pronouns
Nominative I, you, he, she, it
we (us), you (you), they (he/she/they)
Accusative me, you, him, her, it
us, you, them
possessive pronoun
Adjective possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, its
our (ours), your (yours), their (his/her/theirs)
Noun possessive pronouns mine, yours, his, hers
ours, yours, theirs
reflexive pronoun
myself,yourself,himself,herslef,itself
ourselves,yourselves,themselves
Interrogative pronouns
what, who, whose, which, thatever, whichever, whoever
Demonstrative
this, that, these, those
relative pronoun
Relative pronouns represent the antecedent and serve as certain sentence components in the clause.
that, which, who, whom, whose, of which, as, etc.
mutual pronouns
each other, one another
indefinite pronoun
Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not specify a replacement for any specific noun or adjective
some (something, someone, someone, any-, no-, all, each, both, much, many, (a) little, (a) few, other (s), another, none, one, either, neither, etc.
Can be used as subject, object, predicate, attributive and adverbial in a sentence
connecting pronoun
A pronoun used to introduce a noun clause (used to connect a main clause and a subordinate clause) or an infinitive
what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whcihever
alternative word
It is the subject or object of the form, that/this, which, that, who, whom are substituted in the definite subordination, one is substituted, the quantifier is substituted, and some noun possessives are substituted.
Adjective (adj) is a word that expresses the specific attribute of something
original level
The adjective itself refers to the same as... Structure: as adjective primary form as
For example: The shop is as busy as usual.
Comparative
Adjectives usually need to be transformed (-er), meaning more than... Structure: more adjective er (or change y to i and add er)
Such as: He is more taller than me.
superlative
Adjective inflection (-est) Structure: the superlative form of the adjective (-est)
For example: He is the tallest in the class.
Adverb adverb (adv) is a word that modifies adjectives, verbs and other adverbs
Adverbs of time (adverbs expressing the state of time)
Such as: now, tomorrow, yesterday, etc. I saw my friend yesterday.
adverb of place (adverb expressing place)
Such as: here, there, home, etc. I meet you at here.
Adverbs of degree (adverbs expressing degree)
Such as: a bit, quite, hardly, much, etc. I am working hardly.
Adverbs of manner (adverbs expressing manner)
Such as: gradually, slowly, happily, carefully, etc. I read the book carefully.
Adverbs of frequency (adverbs expressing frequency)
Such as: always, usually, rarely, frequently, often, etc. I often go to work at 8 am.
Verb (v) A word that expresses any action
Predicate verb (a word that acts as a predicate in a sentence)
real verb
transitive verb (vt)
It has its own meaning, and needs to be followed by an object to express the complete meaning, such as: provide, buy, find, create
intransitive verb (vi)
It has its own meaning and does not need to be followed by an object. It can express its meaning independently. For example: stand, come, go.
linking verb
perfect linking verb
The verb be (subject representation structure) can be connected to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, non-predicate verbs, and sentences can be used as predicates, such as: am/is/are/was/were/been/being
Incomplete linking verb (generally direct adj as predicate)
continuous verb
That is to express that someone or something maintains or continues a state, such as: keep, remain, stay
conjugative verb
That is, verbs that express changes in things, such as: become, turn, grow
status verb
It means a certain state, how someone or something looks, such as: seem, appear, look
sensory verb
That is, verbs that express personal feelings (feel, smell, sound, taste, etc.) such as: feel, taste, smell, sound
modal verb
Followed by the base form of the verb, it indicates the speaker's tone and modality, such as: can, may, might, must, do, need, have to, etc.
auxiliary verb
No specific lexical meaning, mainly to help predicate verbs complete tenses, voice, etc. For example: be, have, do, does, shall, will
Non-predicate verbs (verbs that cannot be used as predicates, but can be used as other sentence components)
verb infinitive
Affirmative: to, the original form of the verb (such as: to) Negative: not to, the original form of the verb (such as: not to do)
Participle
present participle
Verb base form ing (such as: interesting, standing)
past participle
Verb base form ed or irregular deformation (such as: excited, left, seen)
gerund
Verb that wants to be a noun
The verb base -ing acts as a noun (e.g. reading, speaking, singing)
numeral
Cardinal
one two three,……
one, two, three,…
ordinal number
first second Third,……
first, second, third,...or 1st, 2nd, 3rd, especially when used to express dates
function word
The article artistic (art) is used before nouns to refer specifically or generally.
Definite article
Used to qualify the noun after the article, referring to a specific thing. Structure: the noun (n) such as: the car, the house
Indefinite article
Used to indicate that the noun after the article refers to one of a certain type of thing. Structure: a/an noun (n) such as: a car, a house
Preposition (prep) is a word that shows the relationship between nouns, pronouns and other words.
indicate time
Such as: at, on, in
indicate period
Such as: during, for, over, whithin, form...to...
Expression method
Such as: by, with, through
indicate space
Such as: under, on, in, to, above
show reason
Such as: for
indicate quantity
Such as: about, around, over
Conjunction (conj) is a word used to connect two sentences
coordinating conjunction
Such as: and, not only...but also, neither...nor There is a library and a restaurant.
transitional conjunction
Such as: but, however I am on a die, but I find it hard to aviod.
contrastive conjunction
Such as: although, even though Although/Even though I got up early, I was late to work.
causal connectives
Such as: so, because, since, hence, therefore It was a lovely day, so we went for a walk. It's a noisy town because there are lots of cars. Staying in touch is easy, since we all have smartphones. It's free to visit the musseum.Hence/Therefor,It's very popular.
Choose a conjunction
Such as: or, either...or Would you like tea, coffer, or juice?
time connectives
Such as: after, until, when, before, while, as soon as Before she started, she put on gloves. I went to the supermarket after the work. When it gets dark,he'll light the fire. I'll call you as soon as I leave work.
conditional connective
Such as: if, in case, unless, even if These plants will grow better if you water them daily. You won't be late to travel unless you have a vise.
Interjection (interj) is a word that expresses mood
Expressing the emotion of speaking, such as: hi, oh, ah, etc., generally used in spoken language, informal
Parts of speech in detail
The top ten parts of speech in English include:
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Adverb 5. Verb 6. Numeral 7. Article 8. Preposition 9. Conjunction 10. Interjection
noun
1. Classification
according to
Structure Classification
single noun
:group people book girl compound noun
fire-practice fire drill
water-pump water pump
zip code zip code
bookworm nerd
bookstorebookstore
tea partytea party
son-in-law son-in-law
bathing-suit swimsuit
self-respect
make-up makeup
try-out trial
sunbathing sunbathing
working age
Proper nouns and common nouns classification
Among them, common nouns can also be divided into
Individual nouns (countable), collective nouns (countable), material nouns (uncountable), abstract nouns (uncountable) The following mainly writes collective nouns, material nouns, and abstract nouns 1. Collective noun: \ team
police
crew
army
navy navy
data
committee committee
group
Nobility is sometimes treated in the singular and sometimes in the plural. Generally speaking, it is treated in the singular when it is taken as a whole and in the plural when it is thought of its members. eg1.The public was unlikely to support it. The public were deceived(deceived) by the newspaper. eg2.The government is discussing the proposal.(The government is discussing the proposal) The government are discussing the proposal.(Government personnel are discussing the proposal. this suggestion)
2. Substance noun: \ Substance that cannot be divided into individuals (uncountable) beer
coffee
water
milk
perfume
soup
wine
wood (firewood)
wool
sugar
tea
rain
snow
meat
iron
fur
paper
glue
3. Abstract nouns: \Invisible, intangible (uncountable) cannot be added with the article a or an age
anger
duty
evil
fear
luck
joy
history
music
love
health
mercy
truth
welfare
work Note: Many nouns can be both countable and uncountable nouns
2. Plural nouns
1. Add -s or -es
General situation: add -s
girls
boys
Books ending in s,x,ch,sh: add -es
classes
boxes
matches
2. If it ends with -o, add -es to form the plural.
3. Words ending with the vowel o or oo
bamboos
radios
viseos (video)
kangaroos
zoos
taboos (forbidden)
pianos
photos
4. For nouns ending in -f or -fe, change f to v and add -s or -es
5. Irregular changes
6. Singular and plural are the same shape
deer fish shellfish (shellfish) sheep craft and nouns formed from craft (aircraft spacecraft) species species means method chinese Chinese works factory
7. Add y to the end of a vowel letter and add s to the end of the word; add y to the end of a consonant letter, change y to i and add es.
Vowels ending with y: boys, toys, keys Consonants ending with y: city——cities, family——families
8. Convert compound nouns from singular to plural
3. Possessive case of nouns
1. In most cases, add 's directly. 2. If the original word already has a plural ending -s, just add 'workers' professors'. 3. If the original plural word does not have an -s ending, you must also add 's children's magazines. Children's magazines policemen's. 4. For singular nouns or proper nouns ending in s, add 'or's bus'/bus's seats directly to the end of the word.
pronoun
Personal Pronouns
possessive pronoun
Idioms containing adjective possessive pronouns
do one's homework do one's homework
lose one's way
make up one's mind make up your mind
try one's best try one's best
hold one's breath
earn one's living
to one's suprise
in one's opinion
reflexive pronoun
Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Idioms containing reflexive pronouns
devote oneself to
help oneself to please feel free
seat oneself sit down
enjoy oneself have a good time
by oneself
eg.John dressed himself in the most formal suit.
John was well dressed.
Please make yourself at home.
Please be welcome.
mutual pronouns
There are only each other (relationship between two people) and one another (relationship between several people)
eg.Probably we influence each other.
you should help one another. You should help each other.
Demonstrative
this, that, these, those
I have no time to do it and that's my trouble.
indefinite pronoun
Category: Compound nouns and determiners as pronouns
1. Compound nouns: someone, anyone, everyone, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, noone, something, anything, everything, nothing
eg.Somebody has turned off the light/
Is anyone there who can speak English.
Use someone or someone in affirmative sentences
Use anyone or anyone in negative sentences or questions
Subject: Something has happened.
Object: I want something to eat.
Expression: He think he's something.(He thinks he is great)
2. Determinants of pronouns: all, another, any, both, each, either, other, few, little, many, much, neither, none, some
①some,any,no
some is used in affirmative sentences, any is used in negative sentences and questions, and any can also express any one
Some of the students are from the north.
Did any of your photos come out well? (Have your photos been developed?)
Any is good enough for me.
He's no financial expert.
②many, few, much, little, a little
Many, much means "many"
few, little means "little"
many and few represent countable nouns
much and little represent uncountable nouns
Many of the mistakes were just careless.
Much of the information has been inaccurate(inaccurate)
few means very few (negative meaning)
I knew few of the people there.
I knew very few people there.
a few means there are several (positive meaning), equivalent to several
She's written lots of book but I've only read a few. I've only read a few
little means very little, meaning close to nothing, and has a negative meaning
He had little to tell us. He had nothing to tell us.
You have done very little for us.
a little means a little, positive meaning
There's still a littlee left. There's still a little left.
Summarize
③all,each,none
all can be translated as "all" to indicate countable people or uncountable people; all and not are used together to indicate partial negation
She spent all that year in London.
Now all was changed.
each can be translated as "every one"
Each boy gets a present.
A gift was given to each of the boy.
None means "without one", which can be countable or uncountable.
None of us spoke japanese.
I like none of these pictures.
countable
None of the money is mine.
Uncountable
④both, either, neither
These three words all refer to two people or two things
both"both"
Both of the woman were French.
either"either of the two"
Either of the plans is equally good. Both plans are equally good.
neither"neither"
Neither of them knew the way. Neither of them knew the way.
Usage: both…and means "…and…both"
When connecting subjects, use the plural form of the predicate verb.
Either…or means "either…or…"
When connecting subjects, the predicate verb follows the principle of proximity agreement.
neither...nor means "neither...nor..."
⑤the other/others, another
the other/others means "the other one(s)"
eg.I have two aunts,one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka
Others can also mean "other people, other people"
I went swimming while the others played tennis.
another means "another"
Now she was in another difficulty.
She is still got another three question to answer. She still got three questions to answer.
Distinguish: neither, none, no one
Neither "neither" is the opposite of both
none "three or more than three" is the opposite of all
no one "无人" can only refer to people
adjective
1. Common adjectives
active,angry,anxious,bad,beautiful,big,brief,busy,calm,careful,cheap,clean,clear,cold,comfortable,common,complex,cool,curious,dangerous,dark,effective,expensive,familiar,famous, firm, flat, frank, free, flesh, finny, important, joyful, large, light, loud, narrow, pale, new, slow, soft, sick, saft, quiet, wet, warm, female, legal, local, apparent, basic, full, magic, male, empty, double, independent, social, rural, royal, raw, solid, urban, west, wrong, public, original, natural, moral, modern, single
2. Comparative degree
Vowels: a e i o u
Consonant: the remaining letters except the original sound
1. Monosyllabic words or some two-syllable words are formed by adding -er and -est.
young-younger-youngest
high-higher-highest
short-shorter-shortest
Note: ending in e, add -r and -st, larger largest
Add y to the consonant, change y to i and add it, busier busiest
At the end of a consonant, double it and add it, bigger biggest
2. For other words (especially words with more than two sounds), add more and most in front of them.
important-more important-most important
difficult-more difficult-most difficult
useful-more useful-most useful
narrow-narrower-narrowest
common-commoner-commonest
clever-cleverer-cleverest
simple-simpler-simplest
polite-politer-politest
quiet-quieter-quietest
pleased-more pleased-most pleased
glad-more glad-most glad
3. Irregular changes
good/well-better-best
bad-worse-worst
old-older/elder-oldest/eldest
far-further-furthest
much/many-more-most
little-less-least
In addition, less and least can also form comparative forms.
careful-less careful-least careful
useful-less careful-least careful
4. The comparative degree can be used alone
You should be more careful with your money. You should be more careful with your money.
Which town is farther from this city?
As the day went by,she became less anxious.
5. Use the conjunction than when comparing the two.
She's taller than her brother.
It takes less time to go there by plane than by train.
She was more lucky than clever.
6. Special uses of comparative degree
① "More...than..." more...than...
She was more surprised than excited.
She was more surprised than excited.
To me, watching movies is more a way of life than an interest.
Watching movies is a lifestyle, not a hobby.
② "more and more" more and more
More and more students are majoring in the science.
She's getting taller and taller.
③"The more...the more..." the comparative form, the comparative form
The bigger the house is, the more money it will cost.
The sooner we leave, the sooner we will arr.
④ "more than"
It was more than a year now since he had seen her.
It had been a year since he last saw her.
⑤ "less than" less than
In less than a month the MS was ready.
The manuscript was ready in less than a month.
⑥"no less than" no less than
I received no less than ten thousand yuan for my work.salary
7. as...as structure
as...as is the same as... (adjectives use the primary form)
The old man is as energetic as a young man.
They were as firm as we could expect.
not as…as
Your coffee is not as good as the coffee my mother makes.
The plane wasn't as crowded as it usually is.
3. The most advanced
1. Add the definite article the in front of it
This is the longest street in the city.
Summer is the hottest season of the year.
The third requirement is the most important of all.
2. When the superlative form of an adjective is used as a predicate alone, the can often be omitted.
We are busiest on Tuesday.
It's safest to go by bus.
This is my biggest cake.
3. The superlative form of an adjective can sometimes mean "very". In this case, the article may or may not be added in front of it.
He is a most remarkable man.
He is a very outstanding person.
That was a most convincing argument.
This is a very convincing argument.
4. "At one's superlative" means being in the most... state
I knew she at her worst.
She was in a bad mood at the moment.
You've timed your holiday cleverly, the weather's at its best.
You really know how to choose a vacation time, when the weather is at its best.
5. The adjective refers to a type of person or thing
The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployed.
These provide shelter for the homeless.
These provide shelter for homeless people.
adverb
1. Classification
adverb of time
adverb expressing time of occurrence
ago, before, just, now, last night lately, now, recently, so far, then, today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday
adverb expressing frequent
always,constantly,ever,frequently,much,never,seldom,usually,normally,often
other time adverbs
first, finally, early, already, just, since, soon
adverb of place
abroad
anywhere
here
ashore on the shore
awayleave
downtowndowntown
nearbynearby
underground in the underground
nowhere
adverb of manner
abruptly
accurately
badly
beautifully
brightly
carefully
neatly neatly
politely
softly
readily
poorly
proudly
sadly
calmly
hopefully
gladly
nervously
logically
secretly
adverbs of degree and emphasis
absolutely absolutely
almost almost
amazingly
awfully horribly
completely completely
altogethertotal
greatly greatly
entirely completely
dearly deeply
highlyvery
intensely
totally completely
very
utterly utterly
slightly slightly
2. Comparative and superlative forms of adverbs
same as adjective
usage:
Used alone: Please speak more slowly.
Try to do better next time.
Who runs faster?
Used with than: He swims better than I do.
He lives closer to the park than I do.
His son can throw the ball farther than he can.
as…as structure
She can run as fast as a deer.
I'll be round as quickly as I can.
The superlative form of adverbs all modify verbs, without adding the in front of them.
She behaved most generously.
She was most generous.
Of the four of us,I sang worst.
Among the four, I sang the worst.
verb
1. Verbs include: intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, double-object verbs, linking verbs, auxiliary verbs, and modal verbs
intransitive verb
cry
appear
shine
swim
sleep
This kind of verb usually does not have an object
He died in battle.
Earthquakes occur frequently in this area.
Some intransitive verbs are used with a preposition followed by an object
abound with rich
adhere to insist
alternate with replace with
amount to total
cling to persist
complain of complain
care for care
consist of
hope for hope
hint at hint
result in leads to
think of thinking
rely on rely on
relate torelated to
transitive verb
achieve
blame
afford
avoid
buy
build
cover
cut
correct
defy
control
destroy
We expected that you would succeed.
He wrote something down.
double object verb
Verb followed by two objects
He gave his daughter a camera. direct object
She showed us her new car. direct object
He sent some flowers to his girl friend. indirect object
indirect object caused by to
accord
bring
deal
leave
give
loan
offer
owe
pass
pay
sing
take
teach
tell
write
post
show
lend
indirect object caused by for
book
look
find
fix
get
play
prepare
mix
order
Copula
be (most commonly used)
Example: It's a good idea.
The young man was the first to arrive.
appear"as if, seems"
The pear appeared sound but it was rotten. The pear appeared sound but it was rotten.
It appears a true story.
become
She became a famous writer.
feel"feel"
I'm feeling hungry.
I'don't feel very well.
get"become"
Our country is getting more and more prosperous.
Don't get upset.
go"become"
When I mentioned it, she went red. She blushed
keep "maintain a certain state"
It's difficult to keep warm here.
We'll keep in touch with you.
look, smell, sound, taste﹉ get up
She looks a little nervous.
The soup smells good.
Replenish:
Usage of be
①Auxiliary verb: various tenses
② Coupling verb We are very happy.
③be Infinitive structure plans what happened
The president is to make a statement tomorrow.
How to use have
②Significant verb
She has a new car.
He had a swim every day.
③have sb do (let someone do something)
I won't have him cheat you.
auxiliary verb
Three groups
be am is are was were being being
have has had having
does does
modal verb
can:
Ability (what you can do): Can you drive a car?
Possibility (can, possibly): I'm afraid he can't come to the party on Saturday.
Agree to allow: You can park here.
Expressing surprise and disbelief in questions or negative sentences: They can't be waiting for us. They can't be waiting for us.
could:
Expressing past situations: She could swim when she was five.
Make a request politely: Could I have some more tea?
could have done: could have done: The accident could have been prevented.
May:
Possible: They may be waiting at the station.
Permission: You may not take photographs in the museum.
Wishes: May you be happy! I wish you happiness
might:
Past tense of may: I asked if I might use the phone.
Euphemism: MIght I have a little brandy? Can you give me some brandy?
might well: It is possible that We might well get lost.
must:
Must, must: I must remember to go to the bank today.
mustn't "must not" you mustn't do that. You can't do that.
Note: When answering questions with must, if you answer in the negative, do not say mustn't (never), but use needn't (don't need).
Must I come at fire?
No, you needn't.
ought:
Used with to
Should, should (close to should)
What ought I to say to him?
She ought to be isolated. She ought to be isolated.
2. Four forms of verbs
Present tense: verb prototype
Past tense: regular changes/irregular changes
Past participle: regular changes/irregular changes
Present participle: -ing
Most verbs in English are regular verbs, with the -ed ending forming the past tense and past participle. Use the -ing ending to form a modern participle.
A few points to note when adding ed and ing:
(1) If it ends with the letter e, just add d to the past tense and past participle; remove e and add ing to the present participle
live→lived→living
translate→translated→translating
(2) If the consonant ends in y, the past tense and past participle change y to i and add ed; the present participle only adds ing.
study→studied→studying
try→tried→trying
fry→fried→frying
(3) Vowel letters. The consonant letter at the end of a consonant letter must be doubled and ed/ing added.
hop→hopped→hopping
rob→robbed→robbing
regret→regretted→regretting
permit→permitted→permitting
In other cases, just add -ed or -ing
stay→stayed/staying (it ends in y but is preceded by the vowel a)
pack→packed/packing (the end is two consonants, no need to double-write)
open→opened/opening
(4) For words ending with x, x must not be doubled
tax→taxed/taxingtaxation
mix→mixed/mixing
Common words with double writing and -ed/-ing at the end
irregular changes
present participle formation
In general, directly add ing to form
do-doing
stand-standing
But the spelling changes in the following cases
(1)·It ends with a silent e, remove the e and add ing
come-coming
write-writing
take-taking
become-becoming
But when e will cause a pronunciation change, e remains
agree-agreeing
singe-singeing burnt
In addition, it is also retained when there is a vowel before e.
canoe-canoeing canoeing
(2) Double write and add ing
cut-cutting
swim-swimming
win-winning
admit-admitting
stop-stopping
forget-forgetting
(3) For a few verbs ending in ie, change ie to y and add ing
die-dying
lie-lying
tie-tying
3. Analysis of easily confused verbs and verb phrases
(1) spend, cost, take, pay. These four words can all mean "expense", but their usage is different.
(2) rise, rise, raise. These three words have similar morphology, but completely different meanings and usages
(3) bring, take, carry, fetch, get. These five words have similar meanings, but the differences are as follows
(4) hurt, wound, injury. These three words can all mean "injury", the differences are as follows
(5) Ruin, destroy, damage. These three words can all mean "destroy", the differences are as follows
(6) provide, supply, offer. These three words can all mean "provide", the differences are as follows
(7) ask, beg, demand, require, request. These five words can all mean "request, request", the differences are as follows
(8) attend, join, take part in. These three words can all mean "participate", the differences are as follows
(9) agree with, agree to, agree on/upon. The differences in usage of these three confusing phrases are as follows:
(10) look at, see, watch, notice, observe. These five words can all mean "see". The differences are as follows:
(11) match, fit, suit. These three words can all mean "suit", the differences are as follows
(12) advise, persuade, suggest. These three words have some similarities, and the differences are as follows:
(13) contain, include. Both words can mean "include, include", the differences are as follows
(14) Defeat, beat, win. These three words can all mean "win", the differences are as follows
(15) beat, hit, strike. These three words can all mean "to hit", the differences are as follows
(16) book, order. Both words mean "order, book". The differences are as follows
(17) believe, believe in. Both words can mean "believe, trust", the difference is as follows
(18) Disturb, interrupt. Both words mean "to disturb", and the differences are as follows
(19) choose, select, select. These three words can all mean "choice", the differences are as follows
(20) miss, lose. Both words can mean "lost", the differences are as follows
(21) save, spare. Both words can mean "saving", the differences are as follows
(22) dress, in, put on, wear. These four words can all mean "wear", the difference is that
(23) look for, find, find out. These three words all contain the meaning of "searching". The difference is that
(24) seat, sit. Both words can mean "to sit", the difference is that
4. Summary of verb phrases centered on frequently tested verbs
Centered on bring
bring out to appear; publish; publish
bring down; bring down
bring about cause; cause
bring up; nurture; raise; vomit
bring in; earn; introduce
bring forth production; output
bring back to remind; to return
bring forward will...advance; propose
centered on break
break away break away; break away
break off break; interrupt; suddenly stop
break out sudden; outbreak (war or disease, etc.)
break intobreak into
break up; break up; dissolve; end; sever ties
break in; break in; break in
break down collapse; eliminate; disintegrate; malfunction
break through break through; break through; achieve breakthrough
Come-centered
come about produce; happen
come across chance encounter; be understood
come true realize; become reality
come about the result is; publish
come up approach; happen; rise; be proposed
come up with propose; come up with
Centered on get
get along progress; get along
get over overcome; recover
get off get off; set off
get about spread; spread; move around; travel
get down swallow; write down; depress
get in; harvest
get up get up; get up; get up
get ahead of; surpass; lead
get across; make... be understood
get down to deal with it
get through get through; complete; pass; put through the phone
get away(from)…(be able to) leave; get away
get on; make progress
get into develop a habit; participate in; start (something)
Centered on give
give up give up; abandon; quit
give in surrender; submit
give off (light, smell, heat, etc.)
give out to use up; distribute; send out (heat, light, etc.)
give voice to express your feelings
give away leak; donate
Go-centric
go against; go against; violate; oppose
go by (time) past; follow
go over review; review carefully
go through read through; experience
go in for to participate in; engage in; hobby (an activity)
go on continue; happen; (time) passes
go ahead; happen
go with; be born with...
Centered on hold
hold back conceal; suppress; prevent
hold on to hold tightly; persist
hold up; delay; delay
hold on; (phone term) wait for a while
Frequently asked phrases centered on look
look back (on) review; recall
look ahead look ahead
look up to admire; respect
look into investigation; look into...
look after; take care of
look on
look up; (business, situation, etc.) get better
look through quick view; browse
look down upon/onlook down upon/on
look out, be careful; pay attention
look around/round; look around
look forward to hope (to is a preposition)
Centered on keep
keep away(from)stay away
keep back; keep it secret; don’t tell it
keep oncontinue
keep off sth avoid eating something
keep out; keep out; do not enter
keep up (weather) remains unchanged; continue
keep up with keep up with; keep in touch with
keep down (to prevent it from growing); squat
Make-centric
be made up of
make use of
make up for make up; compensate
make the best of make the most of
make one's mind to do sthmake one's mind to do something
make a difference has an effect; has an impact
make out understand; identify; fill in (check, receipt)
make up, compose, make up, make up, reconcile
Centered on put
put down to pacify; suppress; write down
put off postpone; delay
put on; put on; put on
put out put out; produce
put up with endure; endure
put back put back to its original place; set back; hinder; delay
put forward (plan); move the clock forward
put up; build; post; provide food and accommodation
put aside put aside; keep; store
put away put away; save
Centered on set
set about start doing; start doing
set fire toset fire to burn
set back postpone; delay; hinder
set out set out; set off; start
set up to create; to establish; to arrange
set apart; make it stand out; separate
set aside to set aside (money or time); do not consider for the time being
set down write down; write down
set off; stir up; cause; ignite; detonate
Take as the center
take advantage of
take down put down; write down
take charge of; take charge of
take along
take away take away; take away
take back; return (purchased goods)
take out take out; take... out
take in absorb; accommodate; change (clothes) into smaller sizes; understand
take…for grantedtake…for granted
take up start to engage in; continue; occupy
take off (airplane) take off; take off; take a vacation; succeed
take after (appearance or behavior) like (father or mother)
take on present; hire; undertake
take over take over; take over
numeral
1. Cardinal words
1. Numbers
① From 21 to 99, say "tens" first and then "several", with a hyphen in between.
Example: 23 twenty-three
②For 101-999, say "hundreds" first and then the remaining numbers.
Example: 677 six hundred and seventy-seven
908 nine hundred and eight
③For words over 1,000, count from back to front, add a comma for every three digits. The number before the first comma is thousands, the number before the second comma is million, and the number before the third comma is billions.
Example: 2008 two thousand and eight
6203 six thousand, two hundred and three
2. Mathematical formulas
3 12=15: three plus twelve is fifteen
9-7=2:nine minus seven is two
6×5=30:six times five is thirty
20÷4=5:twenty divided by four is five
a>b:a is more than b
a<b:a is less than b
a≈b:a approximately equals to b
a≠b:a is not equal to b
2. Ordinal numbers
first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth twelfth fourthteenth twentieth thirtieth
Twenty-first
Thirty-second
eighty-ninth eighty-ninth
Thirty-sixth
Two hundred and thirty-six two hundred and thirty-sixth
Some uses of ordinal words
① Used with a to mean "again" and "again"
Shall I ask her a third time?
Do I have to ask her again?
When he sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.
②Indicate the date
june 23rd June 23rd
October 1st October 1st
august 31st august 31st
How to read a phone number
6355-4779
six three double five four double seven nine.
3. Fraction words
It is composed of cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. The cardinal numbers represent the numerator and the ordinal numbers represent the denominator. Except when the numerator is 1, ordinal numbers must be plural.
1/4 one-fourth
7/9 seven-ninth
2/3 two-thirds
2 and 3/5 two and three-fifths
30 and 7/8 thirty and seven-eighths
There is also the following expression
1/2 a half
1/4 a quarter
3/4 three-quarters
2 and 1/4 two and a quarter
Example: Over nine-tenths of China's inhabitants belong to the Han nationality.
Twenty cents is one-fifth of a dollar. Twenty cents is one-fifth of a dollar.
4. Decimals
6.5 six point five
0.3 zero point three
0.04 zero point zero four
0.125 zero point one two five
14.973 fourteen point nine seven three
5. Percentage
8 percent eight percent
quantifier
word expressing quantity
some many much several enough dozen…
a lot of, a number of, a bit of, lots of, tons of, a ball of a group, a group of, a basin of water, a basket of flowers, a cup of coffee , a spoon of sugar, a tankful of petrol, a glass of milk
mile meter kilometer inch gram
article
The definite article the, meaning close to "this" and "that" specifically refers to
The indefinite article a or an means "one" in general.
1. Basic usage of indefinite articles
Vowels begin with an and consonants begin with a.
means "one" or "each"
a suit of clothes a suit of clothes
a quarter of mile
a glass water a glass of water
in a word in short
2. Basic usage of definite article
1. Indicates one or some specific people or things
2. The adjective refers to a type of person or thing
How can we help the old and the poor. How can we help the old and the poor.
Fortune favors the brave. Fortune favors the brave.
He has a strong dislike for the sentimental. He has a strong dislike for the sentimental.
3. Zero article
1. Generally refers to the plural of countable nouns and before uncountable nouns
2. Indicates the day of the week, month, year, holiday or season
in autumn
3. Before nouns indicating meals, chess games, and ball games
4. Before nouns indicating disciplines and languages
5. Before nouns of means of transportation used with by
6. Special usage of zero article
at table eating/at the table beside the table
in future/in the future in the future
out of queasion no doubt/out of the queasion impossible
by sea boat ride/by the sea at the beach
by day/by the day
go to college/go th the college
take place occurs/take the place of instead
at school/at the school
in charge of/in the charge of is responsible for
4. Fixed phrases, but sometimes they don’t make sense
in town/in the city
in front of/at the back of
at first/in time/on time
of course/by accident/by mistake
at a distance/in the distance at a distance
at a whole/on the whole
play volleyball/play the piano
preposition
preposition of time
Prepositions expressing ways, means or tools
Prepositions and prepositional phrases indicating location
in/inside in...
on on...
beneath
nearnear
underunder
among among
round/aroundaround
above above
belowbelow
directly above
between(between)
behind
in front of in...front
across across
along along
up
downdown
onto onto
into into...
out of from
past passed
through through
against
over
towards
from...to...from...to...
prepositional phrase expressing cause
Verb Idiom verb formed by preposition
Who will look after your children while you go out to work?
you can count on him to help. you can count on him to help.
agree to agree (some arrangement)
agree with (someone's opinion)
answer forResponsible for
ask for
bank on rely on
break with sever ties with
burst into suddenly
come across chance encounter
enter for to participate in (competition)
get about performing duties
get into encounter (difficulty)
get over overcome
go after pursuit
go into investigation
hang ondepends
head for to move forward
jump ataccept now
keep at continue on something
keep fromavoid
look for
pass for impersonate (someone)
stand by support
stand for advocate
stick to insist
Verb, adverb, idiom verb formed by preposition
back on to
boil down to boil down to
brush up on review
come down to rebuke
come in for (criticism)
come out against
do away with abolish
get away with (crime) without punishment
go back on (speak) disobey
go off with and elope
look down on look down on
look forward to look down on
look out for be careful
look up to respect
make up to flatter...
put up with endure
Prepositional idioms:
at:
at a time
at ease
at heart in the heart
at first
at home
at last
at least
by:
by air aviation
by chance
by turns
by mistake
by accident
in:
in all total
in debt debt
in a nutshell anyway
in case if
in brief in short
in advance
Preposition before noun:
arm in arm arm in arm
day by day day by day
day before yesterday the day before yesterday
head over heels
side by side side by side
step by step step by step
hand in hand hand in hand
Idioms containing two prepositions:
from bad to worse getting worse
from door to door
from beginning to end from beginning to end
from generation to generation
from time to time from time to time
conjunction
Since conjunctions are mostly used in clauses, they are shared in the clause section.
interjection
Since there are many interjections, this article only uses oh as an example.
oh
oh, dear me! Oh, my God (surprise)
oh, how terrible! Oh, how terrible (fear)
oh, what a pity! Oh, what a pity (pity)
oh, you are so here! Ah, you are here too (surprise, joy)
In addition, there is Ah
well
good lord
ow
hello
exclamations such as wow