1. Mimic pupils; 2. Reduce intraocular pressure; 3. Regulate spasm

The first choice for glaucoma; atropine poisoning rescue

neostigmine

Organophosphates

1. Dilate pupils, increase intraocular pressure, and regulate paralysis

2. Inhibit gland secretion (sweat glands and salivary glands are the strongest)---administration before anesthesia (preventing respiratory tract obstruction and aspiration pneumonia)

3. Relax spasmodic visceral smooth muscle (various visceral colic) --- effective for gastrointestinal colic and bladder irritation symptoms. It is often used in combination with opioid analgesics for biliary colic and renal colic.

4. Accelerate cardiac conduction---brady arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block

5. Treat septic shock, relieve vasospasm, relax peripheral blood vessels, and improve microcirculation

! Contraindicated for glaucoma and prostatic hypertrophy

Pre-anesthetic administration, motion sickness, seasickness

Exciting the heart and accelerating the heart rate---the first choice for cardiac arrest (intraventricular injection of the fourth rib and left sternal edge), and the first choice for anaphylactic shock (penicillin)

Constrict blood vessels (most powerful on skin and mucous membranes)---compatible with local anesthetics to delay the absorption of local anesthetics, extend the action time, and prevent poisoning; stop bleeding

Relax bronchial smooth muscle---bronchial asthma

Boost, buck (boost flip)

Various shocks

Combined with diuretics, used in acute renal failure

Excites the heart but reflexively slows the heart rate

The blood vessels of the skin and mucous membranes contract significantly, followed by the renal blood vessels---after oral administration after dilution, the blood vessels of the esophageal and gastric mucosa contract to stop bleeding locally.

! Subcutaneous injection can cause ischemia and necrosis of local tissue and acute renal failure, so intravenous drip administration is required.

Treating Raynaud's Syndrome

Sinus tachycardia first choice

Heart rate slows down, myocardial contractility and cardiac output decrease, myocardial oxygen consumption decreases, and blood pressure decreases---Treatment of tachyarrhythmia, stable angina, and hypertension

Inhibit sugar and fat metabolism---hyperthyroidism

! Severe left ventricular insufficiency, sinus bradycardia, severe atrioventricular block, and bronchial asthma are contraindicated.

Used for short-term operations (quickly enter the operation period to avoid adverse reactions during the induction period, and then add other anesthetics to maintain anesthesia)

Temporary memory loss, confusion but not disappearance

Prevent respiratory obstruction and aspiration pneumonia

Relieve anxiety and cause temporary memory loss in patients

Analgesia and reduction of anesthetic dosage

Long-term use will cause 1. gingival hyperplasia; 2. accelerated Vd metabolism leading to rickets and osteomalacia.

! May cause teratogenicity and should not be used by pregnant women.

Hepatotoxic

The drug of choice for the treatment of peripheral neuralgia such as trigeminal nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

Analgesia (severe pain, cancer pain)

calm

Antitussive

suppress breathing

suppress immunity

Antidiarrheal (acute and chronic diarrhea)

Pre-anesthetic administration

! Bronchial asthma, pulmonary heart disease, childbirth analgesia, lactating women (will prolong the labor process, inhibit the breathing of newborns and infants), increased intracranial pressure (respiratory depression leads to CO2 retention into the brain tissue, dilates cerebral blood vessels, and increases intracranial pressure)

Does not delay labor and is similar to morphine

cardiogenic asthma

Pre-anesthetic administration and artificial hibernation

! It is easy to induce peptic ulcer. It is prohibited for people with peptic ulcer. Measures to reduce this reaction: 1. Take after meals; 2. Take enteric-coated tablets; 3. Taking antacids together

Adverse reactions

Can cause sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, hypotension, and can induce heart failure and asthma. Long-term use may cause abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism, and patients with dyslipidemia and diabetes should use with caution. Sudden discontinuation of medication may cause rebound symptoms.

Pharmacological effects:

The first choice for hypertension accompanied by heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, acute myocardial infarction, kidney disease, and diabetes

Food will affect digestion and absorption. It is recommended to take it 1 hour before meals.

Dry cough without phlegm is a common adverse reaction and the main reason for forced discontinuation of medication.

! Hyperkalemia, contraindicated in pregnant women (teratogenic)

Antagonizes Ang2 receptors

Patients who cannot use captopril due to dry cough

Pharmacological effects: Reduce cardiac output, inhibit renin release

It is suitable for various degrees of hypertension, and has better curative effect on those with high cardiac output and renin activity.

It can be completely absorbed after oral administration and individual differences are large.

For myocardium (negative): negative muscle strength, negative frequency, negative conduction. Reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, slow down atrioventricular conduction velocity, reduce sinoatrial node self-discipline, and slow down heart rate

For smooth muscles: relaxes arteries and has little effect on veins. Coronary arteries are particularly sensitive among arteries, so they can increase coronary artery flow and collateral circulation to treat angina pectoris.

For the kidneys: It is meaningful in the treatment of hypertension and cardiac insufficiency accompanied by renal dysfunction.

Anti-atherosclerosis

On blood vessels—nifedipine

For myocardium—diltiazem, verapamil

hypertension

Angina pectoris

Pharmacological effects: It can be metabolized to produce NO, which has a powerful effect on relaxing vascular smooth muscle.

The fastest way to lower blood pressure (relaxing arteriolar and venous smooth muscles at the same time), suitable for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies and controlled hypotension during surgical anesthesia

! Adverse reactions: allergic reaction (the most common); anaphylactic shock (the most serious) both require epinephrine rescue; Hershey's reaction (the first dose effect of syphilis)

Prevention

"Anfen" - the most nephrotoxic

"Coff"

"Pai Wusong"

"Gong-Knocking Contest"—The Most Killing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) for the prevention of meningococcal meningococcal meningitis (cerebrospinal meningitis)

! Adverse reactions:

! Adverse reactions: cartilage damage, joint pain in children, joint edema

! Adverse reactions: 1. Aplastic anemia; 2. Gray baby syndrome

The drug of choice for whooping cough, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia trachomatis, infant pneumonia, colitis, Legionnaires' disease, and sepsis

Can be used by those allergic to penicillin

! Adverse reactions

! Adverse reactions: "Ototoxicity, kidney poisoning, muscle relaxation, and allergy to penicillin." Avoid combination with other ototoxic drugs (such as powerful diuretics, mannitol, etc.)

Streptomycin is the drug of choice for treating tularemia and plague; gentamicin is the drug of choice for treating E. coli

xx tidine

xx Prazole (Omeprazole is the most commonly used)

Hypoglycemia (most important and common)

allergic reaction

Insulin resistance

lipoatrophy

Used for type 2 diabetes with preserved pancreatic islet function, stimulating pancreatic islet B cells to release insulin

The drug of choice for initial treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity (used by overweight patients with type 2 diabetes)

Improve insulin resistance

Take it with the first meal for patients with postprandial hyperglycemia. ! Main side effects Gastrointestinal reactions

Anticoagulation in vivo and in vitro, enhancing the activity of antithrombin 3 in plasma

! Adverse reactions: bleeding, corrected with protamine

Application: 1. Disseminated intravascular coagulation; 2. Indwelling needle sealing

Anticoagulation in the body, inhibiting Vk, blocking coagulation factors 2, 7, 9, and 10

! Adverse reactions: bleeding, injection of large amounts of Vk or transfusion of fresh blood

Used for patients with obstructive jaundice, premature infants, neonatal hemorrhage, etc.

Used to treat various megaloblastic anemias, supplemented by Vb12

Mainly used to treat pernicious anemia, combined with folic acid to treat various megaloblastic anemias

Can treat systemic lupus erythematosus, nephrotic syndrome, allergic diseases