Conflict between id, ego and superego may lead to anxiety → realistic anxiety, neurological anxiety, moral anxiety

Repression (the most basic), denial (the simplest), regression, projection, reverse formation, displacement, rationalization, identification, intellectualization, sublimation (the most active)

Dream interpretation function: glimpse into subconscious desires and conflicts

Human mental activities are regular, and dream interpretation follows the laws of cause and effect.

Dreams are the fulfillment or satisfaction of wishes (latent dreams, manifest dreams)

The function of dreams: satisfy desires and protect sleep

Theoretical shortcomings: ① The dream interpretation theory is based on the dreams of mental patients and has shortcomings when used to explain the dreams of ordinary people. ② Subconscious desires are always interpreted as sexual impulses, the content of dreams is modeled, and the diverse background of the formation of dreams is ignored.

Classical conditioned reflex is the basic unit of all behaviors: unconditioned reflex - (neutral stimulus) → primary conditioned reflex - (another neutral stimulus) → secondary conditioned reflex

Classical conditioning factors: ① The stronger the stimulus, the stronger the effect, ② The conditioned stimulus (CS) occurs before or at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), ③ CS and UCS are displayed at the same time in the experiment, ④ The more times CS and UCS cooperate, Conditioned reflex enhancement, ⑤ The subject has been exposed to a certain stimulus without UCS. When this stimulus works together with UCS, it is unlikely to become a conditioned stimulus.

Human behavior is the result of learning, and behavior follows the law of frequent cause and the law of recency.

Positive reinforcement of behavior, negative reinforcement of behavior (the consequences of behavior affect the increase or decrease of behavior)

Behavioral reinforcement factors: directness of stimulus and behavior, consistency of stimulus and behavior, characteristics of formed events and results

Human behavior is acquired through observational learning and imitation learning (negative conditioning)

The process of observational learning: attention → retention → application and reproduction → motivation establishment

The processing process that people go through after receiving information, and the individual’s perception and understanding of social individuals and social phenomena and their relationships.

Basic processes of cognition: Accept and evaluate stimuli → make decisions and generate coping behaviors → predict and evaluate consequences

The influence of cognition: ① Individuals give different meanings and explanations to things, resulting in different emotional experiences and behavioral reactions. ② The cognitive model formed since childhood affects people's information processing and determines people's evaluation of things, reasoning and problem-solving processes. ③Changing people’s cognitive models can change attitudes and behaviors and solve psychological problems

Change thoughts or beliefs and behaviors → change bad cognitions → eliminate bad emotions and behaviors

External stimuli do not directly cause individual responses and require the involvement of cognitive factors

Basic principles: ①Cognition affects behavior, ②Reconstruct cognition (key), ③Focus on non-functional cognitive problems, change views and attitudes towards things → improve psychological problems, ④Change the patient's realistic evaluation (technical)

Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy Theory - "ABC Emotion Theory Framework", people are not troubled by things, but by their views on things.

Glasser's reality therapy theory - problem-centered, relying on people's rationality and logical abilities, emphasizing the client's responsibilities, strengths, strengths and potentials, and solving problems in realistic and reasonable ways

Beck's cognitive therapy theory - psychological problems are the result of misunderstanding of reality; individual feelings and behaviors are largely determined by the way of understanding the outside world; psychological disorders are formed under distorted or wrong thinking through cognitive processing; errors Thoughts often appear in the form of "automatic thoughts."

Basic needs, humans and animals, external acquisition

Growth needs, only people, inner desires

Frustrated needs lead to feelings of meaninglessness and emptiness

Realization tendency (core hypothesis): People tend to develop towards perfection and the realization of various potentials

Self and self-actualization

The evaluation process of the organism: the evaluation of the experience, the evaluation process of whether the experience satisfies the actualization tendency

Value conditions: In early infant development, the need for care, acceptance and positive evaluation from others (the need for positive attention). If you want to receive positive attention and feel valuable, you must act in accordance with the expectations of others (value condition)

People are in the process of realizing their self-concept, and psychological disorders are related to invalid self-concepts.

Subconscious perception—the defensive mediating process between ontological experience and self-concept

Invalid self-concept is difficult to change and involves a lot of value conditioning (external education). People believe evaluations consistent with negative self-concepts, ignore visceral feelings, and distance themselves from themselves. It triggers anxiety when subjectively wanting to change (self-concept is inconsistent with experience), creating a vicious cycle.

hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis