Memory impairment: Short-term or long-term memory loss.

Difficulty concentrating: Short attention span and easily distracted.

Thought disorder: confused thinking, difficulty thinking logically or organizing thoughts.

Disorientation: Impaired awareness of time, place, and people.

Perceptual disorders: illusions, hallucinations (auditory, visual, tactile, etc.).

Depression: Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest or pleasure.

Anxiety: Excessive worry accompanied by physical symptoms (such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, etc.).

Mood instability: Mood swings, irritability or emotional outbursts.

Hypoeuphoria: Loss of interest in activities you normally enjoy.

Delusion: Holding false beliefs that do not change despite evidence to the contrary.

Thought intrusion or sense of being controlled: Feeling that one's thinking is not one's own and is being controlled by external forces.

Extensive thinking: unable to concentrate, thoughts jumping around.

Slow thinking: Thinking speed is significantly slowed down.

Psychomotor excitement: Increased movement without purpose, such as restlessness.

Psychomotor retardation: Reduced movements and slow reactions.

Sleep disorders: insomnia or excessive sleeping.

Eating disorders: Loss of appetite or overeating.

Social withdrawal: Avoiding social activities and having difficulty establishing and maintaining relationships with others.

Communication disorder: Impaired ability to express or understand language.

Role Dysfunction: Impaired role performance at home, work, and school.

Impaired self-boundaries: Difficulty distinguishing boundaries between self and others or the environment.

Low self-worth: low self-evaluation and feeling worthless.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors: Thinking about death, making suicide plans, or attempting suicide.

Purpose: Understand, prevent and treat psychological disorders.

Definition: Study of the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and mechanisms of mental illness.

Research methods: clinical observation, psychological assessment, experimental research, longitudinal study, etc.

Biological models: genetic, neurochemical, brain structural and functional abnormalities.

Psychodynamic model: unconscious conflicts, defense mechanisms.

Behaviorist models: learning theory, conditioning.

Cognitive models: Cognitive dissonance, information processing.

Sociocultural model: social factors, cultural differences.

Challenges: Diagnostic accuracy, treatment effectiveness, cultural sensitivity.

Future directions: interdisciplinary research, precision medicine, and mental health promotion.

Anxiety Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments.

Affective disorders: depression, bipolar disorder.

Schizophrenia: symptoms, classification, treatment.

Substance use and addiction: Mechanisms of addiction, treatments.

Personality disorders: Characteristics, classification, treatment.

Psychological assessment tools: clinical interview, psychological testing, behavioral observation.

Treatment methods: Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy), drug therapy, comprehensive therapy.

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)

ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision)

Main categories: Anxiety disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia, substance use and addiction, personality disorders, etc.

Depression: Prolonged sadness, powerlessness, and loss of worth.

Bipolar disorder: Mood swings between extremely high (manic phases) and extremely low (depressive phases).

Persistent depressive disorder (chronic depression): Mild to moderate depression that persists for a long time.

Anxiety disorders (anxiety disorders)

Generalized anxiety disorder: Persistent and widespread anxiety and worry.

Panic disorder: Sudden, extremely frightening panic attacks.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia): Intense fear of social situations.

Specific phobia: An intense fear response to a specific object or situation.

Positive symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Negative symptoms: flat emotion, lack of will, social withdrawal.

Cognitive dysfunction: Impaired attention, memory, and executive functions.

Borderline personality disorder: emotional instability, fear of abandonment, and interpersonal tension.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Disregard for social norms, impulsive behavior, lack of empathy for others.

Avoidant Personality Disorder: Extreme sensitivity to rejection and criticism, social withdrawal.

Obsessions: Persistent, unwanted thoughts or fears.

Compulsions: Behaviors or rituals performed repeatedly to relieve anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Recurrence: The trauma experienced continues to reappear in the mind.

Avoid: Avoid people, places, and activities that remind you of your traumatic experience.

Enhanced response: Increased response to startle, sustained state of alertness.

Anorexia: An extreme fear of gaining weight and an obsession with losing weight.

Bulimia: Repeated episodes of binge eating accompanied by a loss of control over food.

Eating disorder not specified: Eating behavior problems that do not meet the precise criteria for other eating disorders.

Alcohol Dependence: Continued drinking despite causing health, social, or legal problems.

Substance Abuse: Abuse of illegal drugs or prescription drugs.

Behavioral addiction: Compulsive participation in certain behaviors (such as gambling, surfing the Internet), resulting in impairment of personal and social functioning.

Mild Cognitive Impairment: Cognitive decline that exceeds the range of normal aging but is not significant enough to interfere with daily life.

Dementia: Includes Alzheimer's disease and is a severe cognitive impairment that affects memory, thinking, and behavior.