: Genetic susceptibility, supported by family studies, twin studies, and association studies.

: Neuroimaging studies have found that specific brain regions and neurotransmitter systems are associated with mental disorders.

: Hormone imbalance, biological clock (circadian rhythm) interference, etc.

: Childhood Trauma, Neglect, and Abuse.

: Negative thinking and cognitive distortions lead to maladaptive behavior.

: Inadequate emotion management skills may cause or exacerbate mental disorders.

: Family dysfunction, parental mental health issues.

: Social isolation, lack of support network.

: Poverty, unemployment, social or cultural conflict.

: Genetically susceptible individuals are at increased risk for mental disorders when exposed to specific environmental stressors.

: Life events, such as the death of a loved one or major life changes, can trigger the development of mental disorders.

Behavioral or psychological patterns that cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.

It’s not just a deviation from cultural expectations.

Often associated with low functioning in multiple areas.

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

ICD (International Classification of Diseases)

: Genetics, brain chemistry

: Subconscious conflict

:Learn bad behavior

:environmental impact

cognitive behavioral therapy

psychodynamic therapy

anxiety disorder

affective disorder

Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

personality disorder

Mood (depression, anxiety)

Cognition (paranoia, hallucinations)

Behavior (impulsiveness, withdrawal)

: The science that studies abnormal psychological behavior patterns, mental functions, and emotions.

: Advanced cognitive functions, such as thinking, memory, and language.

: Emotional regulation, fear response, memory formation.

: Life support functions, such as breathing and heartbeat.

:Motor coordination and balance.

: The basic functional unit of the brain.

: Chemical messenger between neurons.

: How neurotransmitters transmit messages between neurons.

: Selective focus on information.

short term memory/working memory

Long-term memory (explicit and implicit memory)

logical thinking

creative thinking

language understanding

language production

: The generation and regulation of emotion.

: How to feel and express emotions.

: How emotions influence cognitive processes.

: From awakening to deep sleep.

: Awareness of self-existence.

: How the brain generates conscious experience.

: How the brain directs body movement.

: How to make choices and decisions.

: The neural basis of habit formation, and how addiction develops.

: Symptoms associated with brain disorders.

: Imbalance of emotion regulation mechanism.

: An overactive stress response system.

: Neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer's disease.