Reduction in the size of cells, tissues or organs

physiological atrophy

The characteristics of pathological changes are that atrophied cell tissues and organs will reduce in size, weight, and color, especially lipofuscin will appear in heart and liver cells.

There may also be hypertrophy caused by pseudohypertrophy, cell edema, etc.

An increase in the size of cell tissue or organs, called hypertrophy

Physiological hypertrophy

and pathological hypertrophy

The pathological changes are mainly an increase in the size of tissues, organs and cells, hypertrophy of cell nuclei, deepening of staining, and an increase in the content of DNA and the number of organelles.

The phenomenon that the number of cells in tissues and organs increases due to active mitosis of cells

physiological hyperplasia

and pathological hyperplasia

Pathological changes are mainly an increase in the number of cells, and the morphology of cells and nuclei is normal or slightly enlarged.

Usually occurs between homologous cells

The process in which one differentiated and mature cell is replaced by another differentiated and mature cell

metaplasia of epithelial tissue

and mesenchymal metaplasia (the stroma of the tumor)

It does more harm than good. It can strengthen the local ability to resist external stimulation, but it can cause malignant transformation of cells.

Cellular edema

fatty change

hyalinization

amyloidosis

Myxoid change

pathological pigmentation

pathological calcification

Necrosis

apoptosis