Infectious diseases caused by Yersinia pestis in Algeria

Mainly transmitted to humans by rodents and fleas

Three major forms: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and sporadic plague

Spread globally, mainly in Asia, Africa and the Americas

Bubonic plague: swollen lymph nodes, suppuration, pain

Pneumonic plague: fever, coughing up blood, shortness of breath

Sporadic plague: multiple organ involvement, sepsis

Clinical symptoms, epidemiological history and laboratory tests (culture, PCR, etc.)

Vaccinations, flea and rodent control, personal protective measures

Early detection and isolation of cases, tracing and treatment of close contacts

kidney-shaped gram-negative bacteria

Polymorphism: Putida, Gliobacterium, and Agarobacterium, etc.

Transmitted by flea bites, direct contact or aerosol transmission

The role of Gliobacillus agglutinin (F1) and its surface structural proteins (Caf1, PsaA)

Antibiotics such as streptomycin and tetracycline are effective against Yeremia

The emergence of drug resistance in some bacterial strains has caused concern

Flea and rodent surveys and monitoring

Potential risk of transmission from other host animals such as birds and dogs

Study of pathogenesis and immune response

Development and improvement of early diagnostic methods

Optimization of antimicrobial treatment strategies

Vaccine development and improvement

Research on flea and rodent control methods