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blood circulation mind map
This is a mind map about blood circulation (2), which mainly includes vascular physiology, regulation of cardiovascular activity, organ circulation, etc.
Edited at 2024-03-03 23:17:08
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blood circulation mind map
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- Outline
central theme
Vascular Physiology
Blood vessel classification
A
Big A: Elastic reservoir vessel (diastolic blood pressure generation mechanism)
Middle A: Distribution of blood vessels
Small A, micro A: precapillary resistance vessels (important for the maintenance of A blood pressure)
capillaries: exchange blood vessels
V
MicroV: Postcapillary resistance vessel
V system: capacity blood vessels (affects the amount of blood returned to the heart)
Short-circuit blood vessel: direct anastomosis of small A and small V
Hemodynamics
blood flow (volume velocity)
The amount of blood flowing through a certain cross-section of a blood vessel per unit time
Blood flow Q=pressure at both ends of blood vessel P/blood flow resistance R
blood flow linear velocity
Directly proportional to blood flow and inversely proportional to total cross-sectional area (total caliber)
blood flow pattern
Laminar flow
The blood vessel axis has the fastest flow velocity
Turbulence
Fast flow rate, large blood vessel caliber, low viscosity, bifurcation, and roughness
Vascular resistance: main factor radius r, main site - micro A
Poiseuille's law: blood flow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius and inversely proportional to the length of the blood vessel
blood pressure
Lateral pressure per unit area of blood vessel wall
arterial blood pressure
premise
full of blood
Indicator: average filling pressure of circulatory system (7mmHg)
Depends on the relative relationship between the total volume of blood and the total volume of the circulatory system
heart ejection
peripheral resistance
Small, micro A
The elastic reservoir function of main and big A
Arterial blood pressure and its normal values
Refers to the blood pressure within the aorta
SP100～120; DP60～80; PP30～40 Mean arterial pressure (100): =DP PP/3
Influencing factors
stroke volume
Most importantly affects SP
heart rate
Affects DP
peripheral resistance
Most importantly affects DP
elasticity of aortic wall
PP
The relationship between circulating blood volume and blood vessel volume
SP
Venous blood pressure and venous blood return volume
venous blood pressure
Central venous pressureCVP
Pressure in the large veins within the chest or in the right atrium
4～12mmHg
depending on Heart ejection capacity↓→CVP↑ Venous return volume↑→CVP↑
Reflects the function of the heart and the amount of blood returned to the heart
Peripheral venous pressure (PVP)
Blood pressure in the veins of various organs
① Low blood pressure and small blood flow resistance - help the veins to store blood and help blood flow back into the heart. ②Gravity and body position have a great influence on venous blood pressure. ③The degree of venous filling is greatly affected by transmural pressure.
Venous blood return volume and influencing factors
venous blood return volume
The amount of blood returning from peripheral veins to the right atrium per unit time =(PVP-CVP)/venous resistance =cardiac output
Influencing factors
Mean systemic filling pressure↑
Myocardial Contractility↑
Breathing exercise (breathing pump)
Venous return volume↑
The influence of gravity and body position: changing from sitting to standing, returning heart blood volume↓
skeletal muscle compression
Microcirculation
Basic function: material exchange
Composition (7)
Main gate: arterioles Precapillary resistance vessels: posterior arterioles, precapillary sphincter True capillaries, blood-opening capillaries (directly connected to the same route), arteriovenous anastomotic branches Posterior portal: venules
path
circuitous route
way
Micro-A, posterior micro-A, precapillary sphincter, true capillary network
Features
Large number of true capillaries
*True capillaries open in turns, only 20% are open
Function
The main place for exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells (also called nutritional pathway)
direct access road
way
Post micro A, open blood capillaries, micro V
Features
More common in skeletal muscles
Function
transport blood
Dynamic V short circuit
way
Micro A, anastomotic branch of moving V, micro V
Features
It has no material exchange function, so it is also called a non-nutritional pathway.
Function
Participate in body temperature regulation
Capillary blood pressure depends on the ratio of precapillary resistance to postcapillary resistance
Physiological characteristics
Low blood pressure, slow blood flow, large potential capacity, and variable perfusion volume
Regulation of microcirculatory blood flow
neuromodulation
Micro A and V are dominated by sympathetic N, and micro A is the main
body fluid regulation
NE, AD, VP, AngII contract anterior and posterior resistance vessels
Posterior micro-A, precapillary sphincter is regulated by local metabolites
Substance exchange between blood and tissue fluid
diffusion
Filtration and reabsorption
swallow
tissue fluid
Generate motivation
Effective filtration pressure EFP = capillary blood pressure interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure - (plasma colloid osmotic pressure interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure)
Influencing factors
Increased capillary blood pressure: HF
Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure: kidney disease, malnutrition
Obstructed lymphatic flow: filariasis
Increased capillary permeability → increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure: burns, allergies
Lymph production and return
generate
Tissue fluid enters lymphatic vessels Motive force--the pressure difference between tissue fluid and lymph fluid in capillary lymphatic vessels
reflow
Lymph finally merges into the right lymphatic vessel and thoracic duct and enters the blood circulation through the veins on both sides.
Physiological functions of lymphatic drainage
Regulate tissue fluid balance
Recycle proteins and remove large molecules from tissues
defense function
absorb fat
Regulation of cardiovascular activity
self-regulation
heterologous autoregulation
Maintain a dynamic balance between stroke volume and venous return to the heart
myogenic autoregulation
When blood pressure changes to a certain extent, the blood flow of certain organs can remain relatively stable
metabolic autoregulation
neuromodulation
innervation of heart
Sympathy
excited
Release NE from binding to beta receptors Mainly innervates the sinoatrial node, atrial myocardium, ventricular myocardium, atrioventricular junction, Atrioventricular bundle and its branches
effect
Increased cardiac contractility (positive inotropic effect)
Accelerated conduction at the atrioventricular junction (positive transduction conduction effect)
Increased heart rate (positive chronotropic effect)
Features
The right side mainly controls the sinoatrial node, which mainly accelerates the heart rate; The left side distributes atrial muscle and ventricular muscle, mainly enhancing myocardial contractility. Beta blockers: propranolol (propranolol)
vagus
inhibition
Release ACh, bind to M receptor Mainly innervates the sinoatrial node, atrial myocardium, atrioventricular junction, atrioventricular bundle and its branches; a small amount innervates ventricular myocardium
effect
Decreased heart rate (negative chronotropic effect)
Slowing of atrioventricular junction conduction velocity (negative transconduction effect)
Decreased myocardial contractility (negative inotropy)
Features
The right side mainly affects the activity of the sinoatrial node; the left side mainly affects the function of atrioventricular conduction. M receptor blocker-atropine blocking
Peptidenergic N
innervation of blood vessels
sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve
Features
Almost all blood vessels in the body are innervated by sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibers, but the distribution is uneven Density: ① There are many blood vessels in the skin and kidneys ② Arteries > veins ③ Most are distributed in small arteries and arterioles
Most blood vessels are innervated only by sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers.
Sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone—continuous firing of impulses at rest (
vasodilatory nerves
sympathetic vasodilatory nerves
Involved in regulation of excitement, fear, and defense
Parasympathetic vasodilatory nerves (main)
Participate in the regulation of local blood flow
cardiovascular center
Medulla Oblongata—Basic Center
medullary vasoconstrictor area
medulla oblongata vasodilatory zone
Medulla oblongata afferent N relay station
cardioinhibitory zone of medulla oblongata
In a quiet state, cardiovagal tension is dominant.
cardiovascular reflex
Carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreflex
Pressure reduction/pressure stabilization reflex
Baroreceptors: carotid sinus and aortic arch (stretch receptors)
Increased arterial blood pressure → passive expansion of the arterial wall → nerve endings receive stretch stimulation → HR, peripheral resistance, BP↓
reflection process
negative feedback regulation
It has a two-way regulatory effect and is the most important reflex to maintain relatively stable arterial blood pressure.
physiological significance
Under sudden changes in cardiac output, blood volume, etc., the decompression reflex quickly adjusts arterial blood pressure to keep it relatively stable.
Carotid and aortic body chemoreceptive reflexes
chemoreceptors
carotid body and aortic body
reflex center
Medulla oblongata respiratory center and cardiovascular center effects: mainly strengthens breathing and indirectly causes increased cardiovascular activity
reflection process
Move slowly and relieve emergency
Characteristics of chemoreceptive reflexes
It does not participate in regulation under normal circumstances; it only plays a significant role in emergency situations such as arterial blood pressure as low as 40~80mmHg or acidosis to ensure blood supply to the brain and heart; chemoreceptors first trigger the respiratory reflex
cardiovascular reflexes caused by cardiorespiratory receptors
Suitable stimulation
Increased blood volume, stretch stimulation; chemical stimulation: prostaglandins, adenosine, bradykinin, etc.
body fluid regulation
Adrenaline and norepinephrine
E
β1 receptor (main)
Heart rate ↑, cardiac contractility ↑, cardiac output ↑ (cardiotonic effect)
Adrenaline constricts some blood vessels, dilates other blood vessels, and redistributes blood flow; it has little effect on peripheral resistance and is commonly used clinically as a cardiotonic agent
NE
alpha receptor
Systemic vasoconstriction, peripheral resistance ↑, BP ↑
Norepinephrine's direct effect on the heart is masked by its indirect effect; it manifests as a slowing of the heart rate. The role of NE is to constrict blood vessels and increase peripheral resistance. It is often used clinically as a vasopressor.
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
Has the function of long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure
Renin
It can hydrolyze angiotensin synthesized and released in the liver or tissues into a decapeptide, which is angiotensin I.
Can be hydrolyzed to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
The role of angiotensin II
Vasoconstrictor effect: can directly constrict the arterioles throughout the body and increase blood pressure
Promote the release of transmitters from sympathetic nerve endings
Effects on the central nervous system: Reduce the sensitivity of the central nervous system to the baroreceptor reflex, increase central tension of the sympathetic vasoconstrictors, and enhance the tone of the sympathetic vasoconstrictors.
Promote the synthesis and release of aldosterone
Angiotensin 1-9: lower blood pressure; angiotensin 1-7: lower blood pressure
Kallikrein-kinin system
Stronger vascular substance
Vasopressin (VP)/ADH
Hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus → posterior pituitary gland releases into blood
effect
antidiuretic
Constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure (large doses)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
effect
Vasodilation, peripheral resistance decreases
Decreased cardiac output
Enhanced renal drainage and sodium excretion
Meaning: Regulate water and salt balance
Vasoactive substances produced by vascular endothelial cells: PGI2, NO, endothelial relaxing factor
Histamine: relaxes blood vessels
organ circulation
coronary circulation
Anatomical features of coronary circulation
Myocardial capillaries are rich, and the ratio of myocardial fibers to capillaries is 1:1.
There are many but thin terminal branch anastomoses (there are few effective functional anastomotic branches)
The route is short, the main trunk of the coronary artery runs on the surface of the heart, and the branches run vertically on the myocardium, reaching the endocardium
Characteristics of coronary blood flow
Fast flow rate and large flow rate
high blood pressure
Blood supply mainly occurs during diastole
The oxygen difference between arterial and venous blood is large
Regulation of blood flow in coronary circulation
Myocardial metabolism level
When myocardial metabolism accelerates, local metabolites increase, such as H, CO2, lactic acid, adenosine, etc. The most important metabolite is adenosine.
Adenosine has a strong effect on arterioles
neuromodulation
stimulate sympathetic nerves
Coronary arteries first contract (NE) and then relax (adenosine)
stimulate vagus nerve
coronary vasodilation
body fluid regulation
Pulmonary circulation
cerebral circulation