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MindMap Gallery Diagnostics·Clinical Hematology Testing·Barrow Cytology Testing
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Diagnostics·Clinical Hematology Testing·Barrow Cytology Testing
This chapter summarizes the knowledge points of bone marrow cytology testing in the clinical hematology testing chapter of diagnostics, and shares knowledge about clinical applications, method content, and blood cell development and evolution rules.
Edited at 2023-07-09 17:40:57
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Diagnostics·Clinical Hematology Testing·Barrow Cytology Testing
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
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- Outline
Diagnostics·Clinical Hematology Testing·Barrow Cytology Testing
Clinical application
nature
The most common basic method for diagnosing hematopoietic diseases
Clinical application
Diagnose hematopoietic system diseases and evaluate efficacy or prognosis
Various types of leukemia, multiple myeloma, megaloblastic anemia, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, aquamarine histiocytosis, etc.
Characteristic cell morphological changes
Assist in diagnosing certain diseases
Bone marrow metastasis of various malignant tumors, bone marrow infiltration of lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasms, iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, hypersplenism, immune thrombocytopenia
Improve the diagnosis rate of certain diseases
Plasmodium, Kala-azar parasite, lupus erythematosus cells
Indications
Abnormalities in peripheral blood cell composition and morphology
Changes in the number of primary, secondary or tertiary lineage cells and the appearance of abnormal cells in peripheral blood
Unexplained fever, liver, spleen, and lymph node enlargement
Bone pain, bone destruction, abnormal renal function, jaundice, purpura, significant increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, abnormal plasma protein, abnormal Ig quantification and composition, etc.
Observation of efficacy after chemotherapy
Requires examination of bone marrow specimens
Bone marrow biopsy, hematopoietic progenitor cell culture, karyotype analysis, microbiology and parasitology examination
Contraindications
Bleeding disorders (clotting factor defects)
Pregnant women in late pregnancy
Method content
naked eye observation
in principle
A smear with normal bone marrow membrane staining, appropriate thickness, and as many small bone marrow particles as possible
Examination under low magnification
Specimen evaluation
Material evaluation
Bone marrow granules and bone marrow-specific cells can be seen
Smear evaluation
Under the microscope, cells can be seen dispersedly arranged and non-overlapping areas
Dyeing evaluation
The nuclei and cytoplasm are clearly colored and the granules are clear
There is no sediment throughout the smear
Estimate the degree of bone marrow nucleated cell proliferation
method
Low power field (10x), approximate proportion of mature red blood cells and nucleated cells in bone marrow
High power field (40x), observe nucleated cells in multiple fields and average
in principle
Observe multiple, suitable fields of view and take the average
Between the two grades, the degree of hyperplasia increases
The bone marrow fluid aspirated by bone marrow puncture may be diluted.
Performance
The degree of bone marrow hyperplasia is divided into five levels
Count the number of megakaryocytes
method
Under low magnification, count the number of megakaryocytes in the whole slide
Under oil microscope (100x), determine the developmental stage of megakaryocytes
Special cells and others
classic
Cancer cells that metastasize to the bone marrow, large lymphoma cells, Gaucher cells, Niemann-Pick cells, etc.
blood parasites
Indications
People with unknown fever
classic
Mature red blood cells, Plasmodium
Macrophages, kala-azar pathogen
Oil immersion microscopy
method
Calculate separately according to cell type and developmental stage to obtain the percentage.
Observe the degree of proliferation of each system
Observe changes in cell quantity and quality at each stage
in principle
Observe 200 to 500 cells at the junction of the body and tail of the medullary membrane that is well stained, evenly distributed, and clearly morphologically displayed.
Bone marrow image analysis and reporting
Bone marrow nucleated cell proliferation degree
Granulocyte to nucleated red blood cell ratio
Cell changes in various systems
Granular system, erythroid system, megakaryocytic system, lymphatic system, mononuclear system, other blood cells
Megakaryocytes individually counted
platelet distribution status
The development and evolution rules of blood cells
cell volume
Performance
Cell body changes from large to small
Cell body shape, round, elliptical → irregular shape
special
Megakaryocytes, changing in size from small to large
Promyelocytes>blasts
cytoplasm
Performance
quantity
Gradually increase
dyeing
Dark blue → light dye, light red
particles
A granular (primordial cells) → azurophilic granules (promyelocytes) → specific granules (neutral, eosinophilic, basophilic granules)
special
Lymphocytes, the amount of cytoplasm does not change much
Red blood cells, ultimately orange-red
Young red blood cells, no granules in the cytoplasm
Lymphocytes have no granules except NK cells
cell nucleus
Performance
size
From big to small
Regular → irregular, lobed
Chromatin
Fine, loose → rough, dense or agglomerated
Coloration from light to dark
nucleolus
From existence to nothing (clear → blurred → disappear)
nuclear membrane
Gradually obvious (not obvious → obvious)
special
Megakaryocyte nuclei, from small to large
Red blood cell line, the nucleus becomes smaller, the nuclear shape is regular, and the nucleus is denucleated after maturity.
Nucleus/cytoplasm ratio
Performance
From large to small (large nucleus with less mass → small nucleus with more mass)
special
Megakaryocytes are opposite (from small to large)
summary
Normal morphological characteristics of blood cells
granulocyte system
blasts
Performance
Round or oval, diameter 11~18µm
The nucleus is large, >2/3 of the cell volume, round or oval, centered or offset
Nuclear chromatin appears lavender and flat in the shape of fine gravel.
There are 2 to 5 nucleoli, which are clearly visible.
The cytoplasm has a small mass, is sky blue, and surrounds the nucleus.
type
Type I blasts
Normally developed myeloblasts
Type II blasts
Pathological condition, a small amount of small purple-red particles can be seen
promyelocytes
Performance
Round or oval, volume > blasts, diameter 12~22µm
The nucleus is large, round or oval, centered or deviated
Chromatin, aggregated into coarse granules
Nucleoli are visible or unclear
The cytoplasm increased and appeared slightly dark blue, with light staining areas visible around the nucleus.
Purple-red non-specific azurophilic granules of varying size, shape, number and uneven distribution
Mesomyelocytes
neutral
Round or oval, diameter 10~18µm, volume < early larvae
The core is oval, or flat on one side
Chromatin aggregates into thick cords or small pieces, purple-red
Nucleoli disappear
The cell mass is relatively increased, and the color is light orange-red.
Small, evenly distributed, lavender specific neutral particles
There may be residual coarse promyelocyte granules
Eosinophilic
Diameter 15~20µm, volume > neutral to medium size
Nuclei resemble neutrophils
The cytoplasm is filled with thick, uniform, tightly arranged, orange-yellow specific eosinophilic granules.
Cytoplasm color is unclear or lavender
Basophilic
Diameter 10~15µm, volume <neutral to medium size
The nucleus is similar to the neutrophil, but the outline is unclear and the chromatin structure is fuzzy.
A small number of purple-black specific basophilic particles of different sizes, but relatively thick and scattered.
Granules can cover the nucleus, making the cytoplasm unclear or lavender.
promyelocytes
Performance
Round or oval, diameter 10~16µm
The nucleus is obviously sunken and kidney-shaped, and the degree of depression is <1/2 of the nuclear diameter.
The nuclear chromatin is rough, thick, tightly arranged, and dark purple-red.
Contains neutral, eosinophilic, and basophilic specific particles
Large cell mass
Neutral late myeloid, cytoplasm is light orange-red
Eosinophilic and basophilic metamyelocytes, unclear or lavender cytoplasm
rod-shaped granulocytes
Performance
Round, diameter 10~15µm
The nucleus is long and narrow, curved in the shape of a belt, strip, or rod, with both ends blunt and rounded.
Nuclear chromatin is rough, clumpy, and dark purple-red
Contains specific granules (neutral, eosinophilic, basophilic)
lobulated granulocytes
neutral
Round, diameter 10~15µm
The nucleus is lobed, with 2 to 5 lobes, and 3 lobes are more common.
The chromatin is concentrated or in small pieces, dark purple-red
The cytoplasm is rich and pale orange-red.
Covered with fine purple-red neutral particles
Eosinophilic
Diameter 11~16µm
The nuclei are mostly in the form of approximately symmetrical two leaves, dark purple in color.
Full of dense, thick, uniformly sized orange-red eosinophilic granules
The cytoplasm is unclearly stained or lavender
Basophilic
Diameter 10~12µm
The outline and structure of the nucleus are blurred and dark purple-red.
The nucleus is obscured by basophilic granules
Sparse, purple-black basophilic particles of varying sizes and uneven distribution
The cytoplasm is unclearly stained or lavender
red blood cell system
primitive red blood cells
Round or oval, 15~22µm in diameter, pseudopodia or protrusions visible on the edge
The nucleus is round, centered or slightly offset, and accounts for about 4/5 of the volume.
The nuclear chromatin is rough and granular, dark and densely colored, purple-red
1 to 5 nucleoli, dark purple in color
The cytoplasm has less mass and is opaque and thick dark blue. There is a light staining area around the nucleus and no particles.
promyelocytes
Round or oval, diameter 11~20µm
The nucleus is round, accounting for 2/3 of the cell, centered or slightly offset.
Chromatin, condensed into small pieces, purple-red
Nucleoli are blurred or disappeared
The cytoplasm has slightly more mass and is opaque dark blue. Pseudopodia, protrusions, and perinuclear light-stained areas can still be seen, and there are no particles.
Mesoblasts
Round, diameter 8~18µm
The nucleus is round, accounting for about 1/2
The chromatin is condensed into clumps or thick cords, dark purple-red, arranged like a wheel or with cracks on the edges, and there are obvious light-stained areas in between
There is more cell mass, the blue becomes lighter, and some of them can be blue-grey with reddish in blue.
late erythrocytes
Round, diameter 7~12µm
The nucleus is round, centered, <1/2
The nuclear chromatin is condensed into large blocks or condensed into clumps, and appears purple-brown or purple-black.
The cells have a large mass and are uniformly light gray-blue, gray-purple, and gray-red.
lymphocyte system
primitive lymphocytes
Round or oval, diameter 10~18µm
The nucleus is large, round or oval, slightly deviated
The nuclear chromatin is fine and granular (slightly thicker and darker than the original granules), and is concentrated around the nucleolus.
The nuclear membrane is thick and clear
There are 1 to 2 more nucleoli, small and clear, light blue or colorless.
The cell mass is small, it is transparent and bright sky blue, and it does not contain particles.
immature lymphocytes
Round or oval, diameter 10~16µm
The nucleus is round or oval, with shallow notches visible
Nuclear chromatin is dense and rough
Nucleoli are blurred or disappeared
Less cell mass, transparent and sky blue
Lymphocytes
large lymphocytes
Round, diameter 13~18µm
The nucleus is round or oval, offset or edged
The chromatin is dense, lumpy, evenly arranged, and dark purple in color.
The cytoplasm is rich and transparent and sky blue.
NK cells may have fewer largest and sparse azurophilic granules
small lymphocytes
Round or oval, diameter 6~10µm
The nucleus is round or oval, or has notches, and the nucleus is edged
The chromatin is rough, dense, large, purple-red
The cytoplasm is very small, and only a small amount of light blue cytoplasm can be seen around the nucleus, or the nucleus appears naked.
plasma cell system
primitive plasma cells
Round or oval, diameter 15~20µm
The nucleus is round, offset, >2/3
Nuclear chromatin appears as a coarse-grained network and is purple-red.
2~5 nucleoli
The cells have a large amount of mass, are dark blue, opaque, and may have semicircular light-stained areas without particles.
immature plasma cells
Oval shape, diameter 12~16µm
The nucleus is round, with obvious nuclear deviation, accounting for 1/2
Nuclear chromatin aggregates, dark purple red
Nucleoli are blurred or disappeared
The cytoplasm is large, opaque blue, and the light-stained area near the nucleus is larger.
Plasma cell
Round or oval, diameter 8~20µm
The nucleus is round and the nucleus is obviously deviated
Nuclear chromatin condenses into clumps, showing a cord-like appearance, dark purple-red
The cytoplasm is rich and opaque, dark blue or bluish-purple.
monocyte system
primitive monocytes
Round or oval, diameter 15~25µm
The nucleus is larger, round or oval
The chromatin is fine and loose, reticular, and stained lavender.
Nucleoli 1 to 3, large and clear
The cytoplasm is rich, light gray-blue, translucent like ground glass, the edges are often irregular, and pseudopod-like protrusions can be seen, without particles.
naive monocytes
Round or irregular shape, diameter 15~25µm
The nucleus is round or irregular, and may be depressed, notched, twisted or folded
The chromatin is slightly thicker than the original single nucleus, still in the shape of a loose mesh, and stained lavender.
Nucleoli are blurred or disappeared
The cytoplasm is large, gray-blue in color, and there may be pseudopods protruding from the edge.
Many small, dusty, evenly distributed lavender-red azurophilic particles
monocytes
Round or irregular shape, 12~20µm in diameter, common pseudopodia protruding from the edge
The nuclei are irregular, kidney-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, pencil-shaped, S-shaped, etc., with obvious distortion and folding.
The chromatin is loose, compressed, and appears like a lavender silk mesh.
The cytoplasm is rich and appears light gray blue or light pink.
A large number of fine, evenly distributed dust-like lavender particles
Macrophages
Round, oval or irregular shape, greatly variable in size, 15~50μm
The nucleus is round, oval, kidney-shaped or irregular, with deviation
The nuclear chromatin is thick or loose, lightly stained, and appears as a purple-red network structure.
The cytoplasm is rich and opaque gray-blue or blue
Contains no particles or only a small amount of azurophilic particles
Common vacuoles, decomposed or digested phagocytic material
megakaryocyte system
primitive megakaryocytes
Round or oval, larger cell body, 15~30µm in diameter
The nucleus is large, round or oval in shape
The chromatin is dark purple-red, coarse-grained, and tightly arranged
Light blue nucleoli, 2 to 3, different sizes, not clear
The cells have less mass, are opaque and dark blue, and often have irregular protrusions on the edges.
immature megakaryocytes
Round or irregular shape, cell body obviously enlarged, diameter 30~50μm
The nucleus may be lobed and irregular in shape
The chromatin is condensed into coarse granules or small blocks, tightly arranged, and dark purple in color.
Nucleoli are blurred or disappeared
The cytoplasm increases and appears blue or grey-blue, and a light blue stained area can be seen near the nucleus.
A small amount of azurophilic granules
granular megakaryocytes
The cell body is significantly enlarged, with a diameter of 50~70µm and an irregular shape.
The nucleus is obviously enlarged, divided into multiple leaves, the leaves are irregular, and the layers are stacked.
The chromatin is rough, densely arranged and clump-like, dark purple-red
The cytoplasm is extremely rich and lavender in color
Filled with a large number of tiny purple-red particles
Clusters of particles (platelet precursors) can be seen at the edges, but no platelets are formed or shed.
Platelet-producing megakaryocytes/ mature megakaryocytes
The granules in the cytoplasm are obviously aggregated into clusters, and the peripheral parts are broken down into platelets and fall off, and the cell edges are incomplete.
megakaryocyte naked nucleus
The cytoplasm of mature megakaryocytes and the remaining nuclei after complete cleavage into platelets
other cells
Reticular cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, tissue basophils, tissue eosinophils, osteoclasts, degenerate cells (Ferrata cells [degenerate immature neutrophils])
Cytochemical staining of blood cells
Myeloperoxidase MPO staining
principle
MPO, catalyzes benzidine (dehydrogenation and oxidation) → binds sodium nitrosoferricyanide → stabilizes, blue-black particles, and settles in the cytoplasm
result
negative reaction
No blue-black particles in the cytoplasm
weak positive reaction
Fine particles, sparsely distributed
Positive, strong positive reaction
Particles are large and dense
clinical significance
Identifying types of acute leukemia
acute myeloid leukemia
Positive, strong positive reaction
acute monocytic leukemia
Weak positive or negative reaction
Acute myeloid and monocytic leukemia
Positive, weakly positive, and negative cells coexist
acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL
negative reaction
Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase NAP staining
principle
Azo coupling method
pH9.4~9.6→NAP, hydrolyze sodium α-naphthol phosphate→α-naphthol, diazonium salt, couple to form colored precipitate
The precipitate is localized in the cytoplasm where enzyme activity occurs
Calcium cobalt method
result
negative reaction
Other blood cells except mature stage neutrophils and macrophages
positive reaction
Color deposits from light to dark, divided into 5 levels (-, , , , )
The results are expressed as the percentage of positive cells and integral value.
Positive rate - under oil immersion microscope, 100 mature neutrophils, the percentage of positive cells
Integral value - grading the positive reaction cells, the percentage of each grade * the sum of the grades
Reference
For normal adults, the positive rate is 10~40% and the score is 40~80 points.
clinical significance
factor
Age, gender, stress state, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, childbirth
effect
Diagnosis and identification of certain diseases
Infectious diseases
Bacterial infection, NAP activity is significantly increased
Viral infection, activity is within normal range or slightly reduced
chronic myeloid leukemia
NAP activity is significantly reduced, and the integral value is often 0
Leukemia-like reaction (caused by bacteria)
Extremely increased NAP activity
acute leukemia
acute myeloid leukemia
NAP points value reduced
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Increased NAP points value
acute monocytic leukemia
NAP points value is normal or reduced
hemolytic disease
aplastic anemia
Increased NAP activity
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria PNH
Decreased NAP activity
Other blood diseases
Tumors of certain mature lymphocytes (chronic lymphocytic leukemia)
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythemia vera)
essential thrombocythemia
Myelofibrosis
Moderate increase in NAP activity
other illnesses
Adenopituitary or adrenocortical hyperfunction
Use adrenocortical hormones, ACTH, and estrogen
Increased NAP points value
Chloroacetic acid AS-D naphthol esterase [AS-D NCE] staining
principle
AS-D NCE→hydrolyzed chloroacetic acid AS-D naphthol→naphthol AS-D [product], coupled with diazonium salt GBC→insoluble red precipitate, localized in the cytoplasm
Enzyme activity gradually weakens as cells mature
result
blasts
Negative reaction, or weak positive reaction
promyelocytes
Strong positive reaction
Early larvae ~ mature neutrophils
positive reaction
Eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells, red blood cells
Individual monocytes may show a weak positive reaction
negative reaction
Reference
Positive reaction - red precipitate in the cytoplasm
clinical significance
Identify acute leukemia
acute myeloid leukemia
Strong positive reaction
The enzyme activity of primitive granulocytes and myelocytes is significantly enhanced.
acute monocytic leukemia
negative reaction
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
negative reaction
acute myeloid and monocytic leukemia
Coexistence of negative and positive reactions (positive for granulocyte lineage, negative for monocyte lineage)
α-Naphtyl acetate esterase αNAE staining
principle
αNAE→Hydrolysis of α-naphthol acetate→α-naphthol [product]→coupled diazo dye→insoluble colored precipitate, localized in the cytoplasm
αNAE, mainly found in monocytic system
Reference
Positive reaction - gray-black or brown-black precipitate in the cytoplasm
result
primitive monocytes
negative reaction, weak positive reaction
naive monocytes
positive reaction
monocytes
positive reaction
granulocyte
Negative or weak positive reaction
Lymphocytes
negative reaction
clinical significance
Differentiate between acute monocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia
acute monocytic leukemia
Positive or strong positive reaction, but easily inhibited by sodium fluoride
When dyeing, a sodium fluoride inhibition test must be done at the same time.
acute myeloid leukemia
Negative or weakly positive reaction, positive is not inhibited by sodium fluoride
Glycogen staining (periodic acid Schiff reaction, PAS reaction)
principle
Periodic acid → Glycogen in blood cells (generates aldehyde group) → Aldehyde group Colorless magenta → purple compound in Schiff solution, located in the cytoplasm
Reference
Positive reaction - granular, small lumps or evenly dispersed red
Intensity is represented by strong positive, positive, weak positive, negative
result
blasts
negative reaction
Early young grain ~ neutral lobed core grain
positive reaction
Strength increases as cells mature
monocytes
weak positive reaction
Lymphocytes
Mainly negative reactions, a few weak positive reactions
red blood cells, red blood cells
negative reaction
Megakaryocytes, platelets
Positive reaction, strong positive reaction
Strength increases as cells mature
clinical significance
Differentiate between benign and malignant red blood cell diseases
pure erythroleukemia
Pathological red blood cells, showing strong positive reaction
Identify acute leukemia
acute myeloid leukemia
Primitive granules, negative or weakly positive reaction
Positive reaction substance, in the form of fine granules or uniform light red
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Primitive and immature lymphocytes, positive reaction
Positive reaction material, in the form of coarse granules or lumps
acute monocytic leukemia
Primitive and immature monocytes, mostly positive reactions
Positive reaction substances, in the form of dispersed and uniform red or fine particles
Helps identify atypical megakaryocytes
Typical megakaryocytes, positive reaction
Identify Gaucher cells and Niemann-Pick cells
Gaucher cells, strong positive reaction
Determine whether the tumor has bone marrow metastasis
Bone marrow metastasis of adenocarcinoma cells, strong positive reaction
summary
iron stain
principle
Prussian blue reaction
Mononuclear-macrophage, containing ferritin, hemosiderin
Mitochondria of immature red blood cells, containing heme
Reference
Extracellular iron+~, mostly
Intracellular iron 20~90%, average 65%, no ring sideroblast erythrocytes
result
extracellular iron
substance
Iron stored in the monocyte-macrophage system (outside of red blood cells)
Performance
Intangible substance that is uniform in blue-green color, or in the form of small blue-green beads, coarse granules, or small pieces of blue-black material
Grading (Level 5)
-
Bone marrow granules have no blue-green appearance (bone marrow stores iron deficiency)
A small amount of iron particles, or a small amount of iron beads
There are more iron particles and iron beads
Many iron particles, beads, and a few small blue-green pieces
An extremely large number of iron particles and beads, many densely packed piles of small pieces
intracellular iron
substance
Iron in red blood cells [sideroblasts]
method
Under an oil immersion microscope, count 100 red blood cells continuously and record the number of sideroblast-positive red blood cells (percentage of sideroblasts).
Performance
Normal erythrocytes (mainly late erythrocytes)
Perinuclear, 1 to 5 small blue-green iron particles
ring sideroblasts
Contains blue-green iron particles, the number is ≥5, and they are arranged around the nucleus for ≥1/2 circle
clinical significance
Diagnose iron deficiency anemia and guide iron treatment
In the early stage, extracellular iron is - (bone marrow iron stores are depleted)
The percentage of sideroblasts is reduced, <15%, may be 0
Identify non-iron deficiency anemia
Non-iron deficiency anemia - increased extracellular iron, more > ~
Chronic inflammatory anemia, globin production disorder anemia, sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, myelopathy anemia, etc.
Diagnose other blood disorders
sideroblastic anemia
Increased sideroblasts, with ring-shaped sideroblasts visible (>15% sideroblasts)
Myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts MDS-RS
Ringed sideroblasts>15%
Cellular immunophenotyping
Detection method
Immunofluorescence
principle
mechanism
Fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies → Bind to specific differentiation antigens on the cell surface → Fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry → Observe fluorescence performance
type
direct immunofluorescence
Fluorescein labeled on primary antibody
indirect immunofluorescence
Fluorescein labeled on secondary antibody
Reference
Positive cells - fluorescent
Negative cells - no fluorescence
immunoenzyme staining
method
APAAP (alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase) method
High sensitivity, easy to judge the results
Reduces the influence of endogenous enzymes and has strong specificity
ABC (avidin=biotinidase complex) method
principle
Mouse-derived primary antibody, binds to detection cells
Using anti-mouse IgG (secondary antibody) as a bridge, connect the mouse-derived anti-alkaline phosphatase monoclonal antibody-alkaline phosphatase complex
Formation of Ag-Abl-Ab2-anti AP-AP complex
Reference
Positive cells - show color
Negative cells - colorless
Clinical application
Identify different series
myeloid cells
CD11b, CD11c, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD33, CD64, CD117, etc.
T cell series
CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD57
B cell series
CD10, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, FMC7, CD79a, IgM, Kappa and Lambda light chains, etc.
NK cells
CD16, CD56, etc.
Megakaryocytes, platelets
CD41, CD42, CD61, etc.
immature red blood cells
Glycophorin A (CD235a), CD36, CD71
Detection of T cell subsets
CD3, CD4, CD8 monoclonal antibody detection
Divide T cells into two subpopulations: Th and Ts
Using Th/Ts ratio as an indicator to evaluate the body's immune status
Identify the different stages of differentiation
Detect CD34, CD38, HLA-DR, TdT
Identify different functional states
Memory T, CD45RO, CD45RA-
Activated T, CD45RA-
Immunophenotyping of hematological tumors
Surveillance of minimal residual disease in hematological tumors
Sensitivity reaches 10^(-5~-4) level
Immunophenotypic Characteristics of Acute Leukemia
Acute B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma B-ALL/B-LBL
Acute T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphomaT-ALL/LBL
acute myeloid leukemiaAML