One sentence summary: The antigen determines the blood type and there is no corresponding antibody AB blood type is rare Example: I type B → B antigen A antibody

in principle

crossmatch test

The presence of D antigen on red blood cells is usually called positive The absence of D antigen on red blood cells is said to be Rh negative. (less negative)

There are no natural Rh antibodies in human serum. Only Rh-negative people will produce anti-D antibodies through humoral immunity after receiving Rh-positive blood. Generally, no obvious blood transfusion reaction occurs for the first time, but a hemolytic reaction can occur when Rh-positive blood is transfused for the second time.

IgG molecules are small and can pass through the placenta. Rh-negative pregnant women may cause hemolysis in newborns during the second pregnancy. Timely infusion of specific anti-D immune globulin (prevention)

Normal adult male: 40%-50%

Normal adult women: 37%-48%

Newborn: 55%

About 90%, the rapid circulation in the cardiovascular system is called circulating blood volume

The other 10% of blood is retained in the liver and lungs, and flows slowly through the abdominal cavity, veins and subcutaneous veins, which is called stored blood volume.

Blood loss exceeding 20% ​​at one time (can cause hemorrhagic shock) Blood loss exceeding 30% can be life-threatening

When there is more oxygen and hemoglobin, it is bright red/when there is more deoxygenated hemoglobin, it is dark red

The specific gravity of whole blood depends on the number of red blood cells/the specific gravity of plasma depends on the plasma protein content/the specific gravity of red blood cells is positively correlated with the hemoglobin content in red blood cells

The viscosity of whole blood mainly depends on the hematocrit, and the viscosity of plasma mainly depends on the content of plasma protein.

Normal human plasma osmotic pressure is about 300 millimeters per liter, equivalent to 770 kilopascal or 5800 millimeters of mercury.

Normal human plasma pH is 7.35~7.45 Less than the lower limit means acidosis/greater than the upper limit means alkalosis Buffer pair in plasma: sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid (NaHCO₃/H₂CO₃)

Transport function/Maintain homeostasis/Defense and protective functions/Participate in physiological hemostasis/Immune response

small molecule crystalline substances

plasma proteins

non-protein nitrogenous compounds

Osmotic pressure refers to the ability of solute particles in a solution to attract water molecules through a semipermeable membrane. It is a basic characteristic of all solutions. Its size is proportional to the number of solute particles per unit volume of solution, and is proportional to the type and particles of the solute. Size doesn't matter

Plasma osmolarity includes

A solution whose osmotic pressure is equal to that of plasma is called an isotonic solution

Physiological effects of plasma osmotic pressure

shape of red blood cells

normal value

function of red blood cells

Main physiological properties of red blood cells

production of red blood cells

(4.0~10.0)×10⁹/L

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Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments shed from mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, with an average lifespan of 7 to 14 days.

(100~300)×10⁹/L

Physiological functions of platelets

Blood coagulation is the process by which blood changes from a flowing liquid state to an immobile gel state. That is the process of converting soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

1 to 2 hours after blood coagulation, the blood clot retracts and the light yellow liquid that separates is called serum.

Substances in plasma and tissues that directly participate in blood coagulation are collectively called coagulation factors.

FIII deficiency manifests as a slow coagulation process, and minor trauma can often cause bleeding, which is called hemophilia.

blood coagulation process

anticoagulant substances

Acceleration and anticoagulation of extracorporeal blood coagulation