Dilate during ejection to avoid high systolic blood pressure

Retract during diastole to avoid low diastolic blood pressure

Mainly affects systolic blood pressure, stroke volume increases, the increase in systolic blood pressure is greater than the increase in diastolic blood pressure, and the pulse pressure difference increases

Mainly affects diastolic blood pressure, heart rate increases, diastolic blood pressure increases greater than systolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure difference decreases

Mainly affects diastolic blood pressure, peripheral resistance increases, the increase in diastolic blood pressure is greater than the increase in systolic blood pressure, and the pulse pressure difference decreases

Plays a buffering role. Decreased elasticity will increase systolic blood pressure, decrease diastolic blood pressure, and increase pulse pressure difference.

High systemic circulation filling and high blood pressure

4-12cm water column is the blood pressure in the right atrium and large veins in the chest, and is an indicator of cardiac function.

organ venous pressure

mean systemic filling pressure

heart contractility

body position

skeletal muscle squeeze

respiratory movements

Function: material exchange

Features: alternately open

Function: Blood quickly returns to the heart

Features: Continuously open

Function: regulate body temperature

Features: Open when necessary

capillary blood pressure

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

capillary blood pressure

plasma osmolarity

capillary wall permeability

lymphatic drainage

Positive chronotropy - increased heart rate

Positive inotropy-enhanced contractility

Positive transduction and conduction - accelerated conduction

Negative chronotropy - slowing of heart rate

Negative inotropy - reduced contraction

Negative change conduction-slowing of conduction

Two-way adjustment

Stimulation is mechanical pulling

Not effective in long-term regulation of blood pressure

Sensitive to regulating blood pressure that fluctuates within the normal range

Receptors: carotid sinus baroreceptors, aortic arch baroreceptors

Afferent nerves: sinus nerve-glossopharyngeal nerve, aortic nerve-vagus nerve

Nervous center: medulla oblongata cardiocerebral center

Efferent nerves: cardiac vagus nerve, cardiac sympathetic nerve, sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve

Effectors: heart, blood vessels

Quickly regulate blood pressure to maintain stable blood pressure

Renin is produced in juxtamlomerular cells of the kidney

Angiotensinogen produced in the liver generates angiotensin I under the action of renin, which further reacts to generate angiotensin II and III.

Aldosterone is produced by the action of angiotensin II and III

Renin: activates RAS

angiotensin II and III

Aldosterone: retains sodium and water

alpha receptor

β1 receptor

β2 receptor

alpha receptor

β1 receptor

Overall effect: blood pressure rises, causing antihypertensive reflex, inhibiting cardiac activity, and slowing heart rate