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embryo-blood

Blood, also called peripheral blood, is the liquid tissue flowing in the cardiovascular system. It is about 5L in a healthy adult, accounting for 7% of body weight. Divided into blood, anticoagulant, centrifugal sedimentation, three layers, from top to bottom---plasma, white blood cells and platelets, and red blood cells.

Edited at 2022-11-11 15:37:40

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embryo-blood

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Outline

blood

Overview

Also known as peripheral blood, it is the liquid tissue flowing in the cardiovascular system. A healthy adult has about 5L, accounting for 7% of body weight.

Blood, anticoagulant, centrifuge pellet, three layers, from top to bottom---plasma, white blood cells and platelets, red blood cells

composition

plasma

Element

Water accounts for 90%, and the rest is protein, lipoprotein, enzymes, hormones, inorganic salts and metabolites

Physical and chemical properties

PH7.3-7.4

blood smear

Commonly used Wright or Giemsa staining

blood cells

red blood cells

Male (4.0-5.5)*10^12/L

Female (3.5-5.0)*10^12/L

Lives approximately 120 days

leukocyte (4.0-10)*10^9/L

Depending on whether there are special particles

granulocytes

Neutrophils 50%-70%

Lives for about 2-3 days

Eosinophils 0.5%-3%

In stock for about 8-12 days

Basophils 0%-1%

Lives for about 10-15 days

No granulocytes

Lymphocytes 25%-30%

Monocytes 3%-8%

Platelets (100-300)*10^9/L

Lives approximately 7-14 days

Hemogram: Determination of blood cell morphology, number, proportion and hemoglobin content

Serum: separated from plasma after removing fibrinogen and certain coagulation factors.

red blood cells

form

Double concave disc shape, diameter 7.5um

structure

Mature red blood cells have no nuclei, no organelles, and the cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin.

Hb (hemoglobin)

male

120-150g/l

female

110-140g/l

Function

Provides oxygen and removes most of the carbon dioxide

characteristic

Variable morphology, with red blood cell membrane skeleton (main components are spectrin and actin); There are mosaic proteins (blood group antigens A/B) on the red blood cell membrane, which constitute the ABO blood group.

Average lifespan 120 days

Reticulocytes

In the immature red blood cells that have entered the blood from the bone marrow, some ribosomes remain in the cells, which are stained with bright tar blue and appear in the shape of a fine mesh. Adult reticulocytes account for 0.5%-1.5% of the total number of red blood cells

Hemolysis: rupture of red blood cell membranes and escape of hemoglobin

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, often refers to the distance that red blood cells sink at the end of the first hour

glycolytic capacitation

leukocyte

neutrophils

The biggest amount

Morphology

Light microscopy

10-12um in diameter, the nucleus is lobed (2-5 leaves) or rod-shaped, and the cytoplasm contains many small particles.

Electron microscopy

Special particles (light red) 80%

alkaline phosphatase

Lysozyme

Phagocin

Azure granules (light purple) (lysosome)

acid phosphatase

myeloperoxidase

Function

Has strong chemotactic and phagocytic functions

basophils

Similar to mast cells

肥大细胞无趋化作用

Morphology

Light microscopy

The diameter is 10-12um, the nucleus is lobed, "S"-shaped or irregular, and the cytoplasm contains basophilic granules of various sizes and uneven distribution.

Electron microscopy

Granules contain

heparin

histamine

eotaxin

neutrophil chemoattractant

Function

Involved in allergic reactions

Synthetic and secreted leukotrienes

There are no lysosomes in its special particles

There are azurophilic granules, which are themselves a lysosome

No phagocytic ability

Among peripheral blood smears, the most difficult to find

eosinophils

Morphology

Light microscopy

The diameter is 10-15um, the nucleus is mostly 2-lobed, and the cytoplasm is filled with thick, bright red eosinophilic granules.

Electron microscopy

Particles contain dense crystals

square or rectangular

histamine

arylsulfatase

cationic protein

Function

Attenuate allergic reactions and kill parasites or eggs

It's lysosome

Has chemotaxis

Access to connective tissue

monocytes

Morphology

Light microscopy

The diameter is 14-20um, the largest volume, the nucleus is kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, lightly colored, the cytoplasm is rich, weakly basophilic, and contains small azurophilic granules.

Electron microscopy

The cytoplasm contains many lysosomes and phagosomes

Function

Differentiate into macrophages after entering connective tissue or other tissues

Have the ability to phagocytose

Has chemotaxis

Can participate in immune response

Lymphocytes

Morphological structure (small lymphocytes)

Light microscopy

The diameter is 6-8um, the nucleus is round, and there are often shallow concavities on one side. The nucleus is deeply stained and the cytoplasm is basophilic.

Electron microscopy

A large number of free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes

Classification

Thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells) account for 75%

Participate in cellular immunity and immune regulation

Bone marrow-dependent lymphocytes (B cells) account for 10-15%

Participate in humoral immunity

Natural killer cells (NK cells) account for 10%

Kills certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without antigen stimulation

Function

Participate in immune response

There are azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm

platelets

Morphology

Light microscopy

It is a small piece of cytoplasm shed by bone marrow megakaryocytes. It is biconvex disc-shaped with a diameter of 2-4um. Secretory granule area and transparent area.

Electron microscopy

Plasma proteins (coagulation factors) are attached to the surface; the transparent area contains microfilaments and microtubules; the granular area contains special granules, a small amount of lysosomes and dense granules.

Function

Participate in hemostasis and coagulation

There is no nucleus, there are organelles, and the cell membrane is intact

There are darker stained particles in the center and lighter staining around them.

The open duct system can be the same as the outside world

lymph

The fluid flowing in the lymphatic vessels flows unidirectionally from the lymphatic capillaries to the lymphatic ducts, and then merges into the large veins

Lymph is composed of lymph fluid and lymphocytes. Lymph is the partial exudate of plasma at the arterial end of capillaries

When lymph flows through lymph nodes through lymph vessels, lymphocytes join it.

Lymph is a bypass for blood circulation

Bone marrow and hematopoiesis

The evolution of hematopoietic organs

Yolk sac hematopoietic stage

The earliest hematopoiesis occurs in blood islands during the embryonic period, and the surrounding cells differentiate into hemangioblasts and then endothelial cells; Intermediate cells differentiate into primitive hematopoietic cells, the earliest hematopoietic stem cells, thus entering primitive hematopoiesis or embryonic hematopoiesis.

Hematopoietic stage of liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes

In the 6th week of embryonic development, hematopoietic stem cells in the yolk sac migrate to the liver with blood circulation and begin hematopoiesis. In the 12th week of embryonic development, hematopoietic stem cells in the spleen proliferate and differentiate to produce various blood cells. In the third month of embryonic life, lymphatic stem cells enter the thymus through blood circulation and eventually differentiate into T cells. In the fourth month of embryonic life, T cells that have matured in the thymus and B cells that have matured in the bone marrow enter the lymph nodes and further develop into more T cells and B cells.

Bone marrow hematopoietic stage

In the late embryonic stage, bone marrow begins to form hematopoietic cells and maintains them throughout life.

structure of bone marrow

Located in the bone marrow cavity, it is divided into red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow. The main component of red bone marrow is hematopoietic tissue, and the yellow bone marrow is fat tissue. Red bone marrow is mainly composed of hematopoietic tissue and blood sinusoids

hematopoietic tissue

structure

Composed of reticular tissue, hematopoietic cells and stromal cells

Hematopoiesis-inducing microenvironment

It is the environment in which hematopoietic cells grow and develop. Its core components are stromal cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, sinusoidal endothelial cells, reticular cells, and adipocytes). Stromal cells constitute the hematopoietic scaffold and secrete hematopoietic growth factors to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells.

Sinusoids

Capillaries with large lumens and irregular shapes facilitate the entry of mature red blood cells into the blood

Hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells

hematopoietic stem cells

concept

It is the primitive cell that generates various blood cells. It originates from the blood island in the yolk sac wall of the human embryo (where it first appeared). It is also called pluripotent stem cell.

Features

It has strong proliferation potential and can proliferate in large quantities under certain conditions.

Under normal physiological conditions, most cells are in a quiescent state in G0 phase.

Multi-directional differentiation ability, which can differentiate into different progenitor cells under the influence of certain factors

Self-replicating ability, some daughter cells still have original characteristics, and can maintain a constant number of hematopoietic stem cells throughout life

Mouse spleen colony formation assay

The shape is similar to small lymphocytes (the cells are small in size, the nucleus is relatively large, and the cytoplasm is rich in ribosomes)

After birth, it mainly exists in the red bone marrow, accounting for about 0.5% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow, followed by a very small amount in the peripheral blood of the spleen and lymph nodes.

hematopoietic progenitor cells

concept

Stem cells with a determined differentiation direction derived from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, also called committed stem cells

Features

Under the influence of colony-stimulating factors, it can differentiate into erythroid hematopoietic progenitor cells, granulocyte and monocyte hematopoietic progenitor cells, and megakaryocytic hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Morphological evolution during hemogenesis

process

primitive stage, infantile stage and mature stage

law

The cell body changes from large to small (except megakaryocytes)

The nucleus changes from large to small (the nucleus of the red blood cell eventually disappears)

Cytoplasm changes from less to more

Splitting ability from existence to non-existence

production of red blood cells

Through proerythroblasts, promyelocytic erythrocytes, intermediate erythrocytes, late erythrocytes, the latter lose their nuclei and become reticulocytes, and finally become mature erythrocytes.

The occurrence of granulocytes

They all pass through myelocytes, promyelocytes, mesomyelocytes, and metamyelocytes, and then differentiate into mature rod-shaped nucleated granulocytes and lobulated nucleated granulocytes and enter the peripheral blood.

monocytogenesis

Prokaryotic cells and promonocytes become mature monocytes

Lymphocytogenesis

Some lymphatic hematopoietic stem cells enter the thymus cortex through the blood stream and differentiate into T cells. Some develop into B cells and NK cells in the bone marrow

The development of the megakaryocyte-platelet lineage

Protomegakaryocytes and promegakaryocytes develop into mature megakaryocytes, and the megakaryocyte cytoplasm is shed to form platelets.

Histamine, leukotrienes can cause allergic reactions

clinical

The number of leaves is related to the degree of senescence

Normal people have mostly 2-3 leaves

nuclear left shift

severe bacterial infection

Many rod-shaped nuclei and 2-lobed nuclei

nuclear right shift

bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction

Most of the cores are 4-5 leaves