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MindMap Gallery Psychology-Children’s Cognitive Development
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Psychology-Children’s Cognitive Development
Children's cognitive development is a complex process with multiple stages and aspects. This brain map includes attention, observation, memory, thinking, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-01 22:18:26
Psychology-Children’s Cognitive Development
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children's cognitive development
Notice
Definition: The pointing and concentration of mental activities on a certain object
Features
Directivity: the selected object
Concentration: Focus on the chosen object
pay attention intentionally
After entering kindergarten after 3 years old, it appears unstable.
Fifth grade intentional attention dominates
unintentionally paying attention
The fifth graders are at the same level as the second graders and are quite mature.
Second grade unintentional attention dominates
Emotional color: Children in higher grades have more stable emotions than children in lower grades
quality
Breadth
Attention to black spots
4-6 for 4-7 years old
6-8 for 7-11 years old
11-14 years old are basically close to adults
8-9 adults
No gender differences
stability
Pay attention to the duration
About 10 minutes for 2-3 years old
About 15 minutes for 5-7 years old
About 20 minutes for ages 7-10
10-12 years old 25 minutes
13+ 30 minutes
There are differences between men and women. Girls pay attention to stability.
Influencing factors
Difficulty of the concept: intuitive
Richness of activity forms: lively and interesting
Novelty of learning content: nature, popular science, geography
distribute
definition
dividing attention between two or more objects or activities
Primary school students focus on one object, while middle and high school students focus on multiple objects.
With the deepening of learning activities and the development of knowledge and skills, the ability to allocate attention gradually improves.
Slow development of abilities throughout primary school
transfer
Definition: To shift attention from one object or activity to another according to a certain purpose
Influencing factors
The younger you are, the slower your attention shifts.
Developed with the improvement of language skills and activity purpose
Fast or difficult: depends on the interest of the subject of attention
Interest turns to disinterest, reluctant to leave
It is easy to change from not interested to interested.
It is difficult to transfer from recess games to classroom learning. Children should pay attention to staying in games.
nourish
Cultivate good study habits in children
1. Develop a scientific and reasonable work and rest time
Cultivate education with typical characters and deeds
There are plans to propose various tasks that children can complete
Enrich the form of teaching activities
Educational and entertaining
Games: competitive homework and labor
Cultivate children's ability to concentrate
Convert unintentional attention into intentional attention
Listen to the ticking of the clock
Recall screen content
Create a good learning environment
Quiet and simple
Avoid television, radio and interesting toys
observe
Definition: A purposeful, planned, and relatively lasting perception, which is an advanced form of perception.
develop
2 years old with preliminary observation ability
There has been some improvement in grades three to five, but not much.
Observation characteristics of primary school students
Extremely careless, general, vague
Messy, unsystematic, and unsequential
Only focus on the surface or general outline
Observe things you like for a long time
Picture cognitive ability
individual object stage of recognition
Fragmented awareness of various things
No organic connection
spatial stage of awareness
relationship in appearance space position
Can't see inner connections
Early childhood stage
Causal stage of cognition: inability to perceive causal connections
third grade
The overall stage of understanding the object: grasping the theme of the picture
Upper elementary school
nourish
Specific and clear observation purposes and tasks
Cultivation in activities
Seeking differences in similarities, seeking common ground in differences
order of observation
thinking
Thinking Overview
feature
Generalization: It is to extract the common characteristics and laws of the same type of things and summarize them
Indirectness: refers to people’s indirect understanding of objective things with the help of certain media and knowledge and experience.
Thinking is the reorganization of experience
type
Action thinking, image thinking and abstract thinking
Economic thinking and theoretical thinking
Intuitive thinking and analytical thinking
Convergent thinking and divergent thinking
Conventional thinking and creative thinking
process
Analysis: refers to the cognitive decomposition of the whole thing into its various parts, individual characteristics or individual aspects.
Synthesis: refers to the cognitive combination of various parts or different characteristics or aspects of things.
Comparison: refers to the cognitive comparison of individual parts, aspects or characteristics of objects and phenomena to determine the commonalities, differences and connections between the objects being compared.
Concrete: It is to return the concepts, principles and theories obtained through abstract generalization to reality in order to deepen and broaden the understanding of various things.
Abstraction: It is a thinking process that cognitively extracts the essential characteristics of similar things and discards non-essential characteristics.
Generalization: It is the thinking process of cognitively synthesizing the essential characteristics of similar things and extending them to other similar things.
problem solved
Concept: It is a goal-oriented cognitive activity
Resources and skills for children's problem-solving development: information processing capacity, strategies, mental representation of problem space, scientific reasoning, and professional knowledge
basic unit of thinking
Representation: A mental feature with picture-like characteristics that has the effect of seeming to see real objects
Concept: It is an idea that represents a type of thing and is an important tool for thinking.
Language: includes words, symbols, and rules for connecting words or symbols for thinking and communicating
The origin and development of thinking
The four stages of children’s thinking development
Sensory motor stage (birth-2 years old)
Preoperational stage (2-7 years old)
Concrete operational stage (7-11 years old)
Formal operation stage (after 11 years old)
Piaget's theory
Basic characteristics of children’s thinking development
Characteristics: Gradually transition from thinking based on concrete images to thinking based on abstract logical thinking
Performance
There is a process of transition from concrete image thinking to abstract logical thinking.
There is a critical age for the development of primary school children’s thinking, which is the age when qualitative changes occur in thinking development.
Primary school children gradually possess the complete structure of human thinking
Purpose: According to the task of thinking, plan and foresee the development of things and guide thinking to approach until the goal is achieved
Self-monitoring: self-awareness of thinking activities
Materials: objects they rely on in their thought processes
Process: the process by which they perform operational activities on thinking materials in their minds
Unbalanced thinking development of primary school children
Characteristics of the development of thinking quality in primary school children
Profundity
Expression: grasp the essence and laws of things through phenomena and external forms, and foresee the development of things
For example: When it comes to understanding the concept of water, lower grade students tend to understand intuitively and externally. Senior students can appreciate the essential characteristics
flexibility
Performance
Flexible thinking starting point
Flexible thinking process
Strong ability to generalize and migrate
Good at combination analysis
Thinking performance of primary school children
The number of solutions to one problem with multiple solutions is increasing
The sophistication of flexible problem solving is increasing
Children's combinatorial analysis skills continue to improve
Agility
Concept: Refers to the speed of the thinking process
Performance: As the computing speed continues to increase, the differentiation of correct and rapid levels becomes more and more obvious.
originality
Concept: refers to the expression of independence, divergence and novelty of thinking activities
Performance
The processing of concrete image materials has evolved to the processing of abstract materials of words.
Primary school children’s transition from imitation to semi-independence and then to originality
memory
basic process
Memorization: the beginning of the memory process, directly affects the effect of memory
Maintenance: the process of strengthening and consolidating the memorized content
Recognition or recall: the reproduction of memorized content and the methods and means of testing the memory effect
interconnected, mutually restrictive
Reduction means forgetting
Pattern: The time is fast at first and then slow, the quantity is first more and then less, and gradually becomes gentle.
reason
Amnesia theory: memories fade over time
Interference theory: mutual interference between memory traces
Proactive inhibition: Reading in the morning is more effective, without the influence of proactive inhibition
Retrophotographic suppression: The effect of reading before going to bed at night is good without the influence of retrophotographic suppression.
Suppression theory: caused by the suppression of emotions or motivations
I was nervous about the exam and couldn’t remember the familiar content, but I remembered it after the exam.
Appearance
Definition: An image of something that has been experienced in the past that is stored in the mind
Features
Imageability: There is a certain degree of ambiguity, clarity, and lack of completeness
Generality: the common characteristics of a class of things
Classification
According to the content of memory
Image memory: the image of the perceived thing is the content, which is highly intuitive.
Emotional memory: memory with experienced emotions as content
Action memory: Taking the operational behaviors experienced in the past as the content, maintaining the coherence and accuracy of actions
Verbal-logical memory: content in the form of concepts, propositions, theorems, etc.
According to the memory retention time
Instantaneous memory: the short-term retention of human stimulation in the sensory channel, usually only a few seconds, with infinite capacity
Short-term memory: memory held within one minute, limited capacity
Long-term memory: memory that can be retained for more than one minute and has a large retention capacity. Someone who has a good memory refers to long-term memory.
According to whether there is conscious control
explicit memory
implicit memory
Features
Children's meaning memory is getting stronger and stronger, gradually surpassing mechanical memory
Lower grade primary school students mainly adopt mechanical memory
Primary school students in middle and high grades mostly use meaning memory methods
Children's intentional memory gradually develops and becomes more and more dominant
The ability of unintentional memory and intentional memory increases with age, and intentional memory grows faster.
Unintentional memory is dominant in preschool, and intentional memory is dominant in elementary school.
Concrete image memory is better than verbal memory, and verbal memory is also developing
Lower grade primary school students have better concrete image memory than verbal memory
The development of verbal memory is closely linked to the development of thinking
strategy development
Rehearsal: Repeating information so many times that it is retained
No memory strategies in preschool
Gradually learn to use effectively during the primary semester
Hands-on
The poor memory effect is related to the fact that he does not move his eyes or move his hands.
effect material
Skill operation category
Experimental operations
Drawing operation class
Copying operation class
source
Try: Take apart the toy instrument and assemble it
School training: Listen to what the teacher says, change it, copy it, and copy it repeatedly to memorize new words to deepen your impression.
Organization: sort out the new information learned and build its internal connections
Rework and organize material into meaningful connections
Summarize and organize materials when extracting information