Sodium chloride, sucrose solution

Protein and nucleic acid solutions

Iron hydroxide, arsenic sulfide solution

milk, mud

Color, conductivity and acidity of solution

Vapor pressure decreases, boiling point increases, freezing point decreases, osmotic pressure

The vapor pressure of the same liquid increases as the temperature increases

At the same temperature, the vapor pressure of a dilute solution is always lower than the vapor pressure of pure solvent water

The greater the concentration of the solution, the greater the vapor pressure decreases.

premise

At a certain temperature, the vapor pressure of a dilute solution of a non-volatile non-electrolyte is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution

At a certain temperature, the vapor pressure drop Δp of a dilute solution of a non-volatile non-electrolyte is proportional to the mole fraction of the solute xB

At a certain temperature, the vapor pressure drop of a dilute solution of a non-volatile non-electrolyte is proportional to the molar concentration of the solution, regardless of the type of solute.

The greater the concentration of the solution, the lower the vapor pressure and the higher the boiling point rises.

Proportional to the molar concentration of the solute, regardless of the nature of the solute

The freezing point of the solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent

The lower the vapor pressure, the greater the freezing point decrease

The degree of depression of the freezing point of a solution is proportional to the molar concentration of the solute in the solution and has nothing to do with the nature of the solute.

There is a semipermeable membrane

The number of solvent molecules per unit volume on both sides of a semipermeable membrane is different

The number of solvent molecules in a pure solvent per unit volume is greater than that entering the pure solvent from the solution, and solute molecules cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane, forming a height difference until the penetration rates are equal and equilibrium is reached.

Water molecules diffuse from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution

Seedlings burn, cells lose water and swell

reason

application

Surface particles have more energy than internal particles

The greater the surface energy, the more unstable the system is.

is an effective way to reduce surface energy

Definition, an adsorbent adsorbs adsorbate in the form of molecules to its surface in a non-electrolyte or weak electrolyte solution.

law

definition

Ion selective adsorption

Ion exchange adsorption

Tyndall effect

Brownian motion

electrophoresis

The sol particles are fixed and the dispersion medium moves directionally under the action of external electric field.

i.e. electrodynamic phenomenon

Sol particles have a large surface area, that is, a large surface energy, and show strong adsorption.

The phenomenon that sol particles become charged through the ionization of surface molecules

It is a solid phase and has a large surface area and surface energy.

kinetic stability

Coalescence stability

definition

coagulation method

A substance that can significantly reduce the surface tension of a liquid by adding a small amount

With hydrophilic polar groups

Has lipophilic non-polar groups

A coarse dispersion of one liquid into another liquid in the form of small droplets

water

organic liquid i.e. oil

type

Often emulsifiers, i.e. surfactants, are used

Pesticide preparation