Features
Features:

Product Tour >

Edraw AI >

Paid Plans:

Individuals >

Business >

Eduaction >
Resources
Blog

History

How-tos & Tips

Discovery

Biography

Business Analysis

Examples

AI concept Map

Free AI Mind Map Generator

Onenote Mind Map

Bcg Matrix Examples

Nike Marketing Strategy

Unilever SWOT Analysis

Make Mind Maps in Google Docs

Guide

FAQs

What's New

Resource Center
Templates
All Templates

Brain Storming Templates

Strategy and Planning Templates

Project Management Templates

Product Management Templates

Human Resources Templates

Agile Workflow Templates

Marketing Templates

Education Templates

Fun and Games Templates

User Gallery
Download
Pricing
Enterprise

MindMap Gallery Pharmacological local anesthetics

Pharmacological local anesthetics

This is a mind map about pharmacological local anesthetics, which are used in clinical perioperative periods and various examination operations. They have accurate analgesic effects and few systemic adverse reactions.

Edited at 2023-11-24 18:59:12

PlotWizard

Recent works View more works>>

Pharmacological local anesthetics

PlotWizard

Recent works View more works>>

Recommended to you
Outline

local anesthetic

Overview

A type of drug that reversibly blocks nerve impulse conduction and temporarily eliminates pain in the relevant nerve-supplied parts.

Under conscious conditions, block spinal nerves, nerve plexuses, nerve trunks or nerve endings to block noxious stimuli from being uploaded to the central nervous system.

It is used in clinical perioperative period and various examination operations, with accurate analgesic effect and few systemic adverse reactions.

Classification

According to chemical structure

Ester local anesthetics (the middle bond is an ester bond)

Procaine

Short-acting local anesthetic; weak local anesthetic effect, weak penetration into skin and mucous membranes, and low toxicity

It is used for infiltration anesthesia, conduction anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and compound anesthesia. It is generally not used for surface anesthesia; it can also be used for

partial closure

Procaine is quickly hydrolyzed by pseudocholinesterase in plasma to produce p-aminobenzoic acid and diethylaminoethanol.

Allergy testing should be done before use

Tetracaine

Long-acting local anesthetic; strong penetration into skin and mucous membranes, high intensity and toxicity of local anesthesia (10 times that of procaine)

Mainly used for topical anesthesia

It is also used for conductive anesthesia and spinal anesthesia, but the dosage must be strictly controlled.

Not used for infiltration anesthesia to avoid absorption poisoning

Amide local anesthetics (the middle bond is an amide bond)

lidocaine

Moderately effective local anesthetic, with fast onset and strong penetrating power; the strength, duration and toxicity of local anesthesia are between procaine and tetracaine, and can be used for various local anesthesia methods.

Strong diffusion in tissues, use with caution under spinal anesthesia

There is no cross-allergy with ester local anesthetics. People who are allergic to esters can use this drug.

Mepivacaine

Local injection has a rapid onset of action and is stronger than lidocaine

Infiltration or conduction anesthesia can be performed, but the penetration performance is poor, so it is not suitable for topical anesthesia.

Commonly used in dental pulp and soft tissue anesthesia

Articaine

Easy to spread within tissues and has strong local anesthesia effect

Less toxic than lidocaine, allergic reactions are rare

Infiltration anesthesia suitable for tooth extraction, endodontic and periodontal treatment

Bupivacaine

Long-acting local anesthetic, severe cardiotoxicity, its L-body is now commonly used

Ropivacaine

Suitable for obstetric anesthesia, has obvious vasoconstrictor effect, no need to add AD

Depending on the duration of local anesthesia

short acting

Procaine

Medium effect

lidocaine

Long lasting

Tetracaine

Bupivacaine

Pharmacological effects

local anesthesia

Increase nerve cell membrane threshold potential → Reduce the speed and amplitude of depolarization and extend the refractory period→ Loss of ability to generate and conduct nerve impulses

① Block any nerves, and high concentrations also block smooth muscles and skeletal muscles

② Various nerves and tissues have different sensitivity orders to local anesthetics. The order of effects on mixed nerves is: pain, cold, temperature, touch, pressure, and movement.

Absorption

When local anesthetics are absorbed into the blood and reach a sufficient concentration, they can affect neuromuscular functions throughout the body. This is actually a toxic reaction of local anesthetics.

Anesthesia sequence

Sensory nerve fibers > central neurons (inhibitory neurons first, then excitatory neurons) > efferent nerves

(vegetative nerves first, then motor nerves)>cardiac muscle>smooth muscle>skeletal muscle

Pain, cold, temperature, touch, pressure

Factors affecting local anesthesia

①Dose: dose ↑, latent period of local anesthesia ↓, intensity ↑, duration ↑

② Vasoconstrictor: Adding AD to the local anesthetic solution can increase the absorption of the local anesthetic ↓, the local anesthetic effect ↑, and the absorption poisoning ↓ (except for the peripheral parts)

③Local pH value: local pH↑ when administered, local anesthetic effect↑

④ Combined use of drugs: Combined application of different local anesthetics to meet the needs of clinical local anesthesia

⑤ Injection site: The anatomical structure of the administration site can affect the diffusion rate and transvascular absorption rate of local anesthetics, affecting the local anesthetic effect.

Adverse reactions

toxic reactions

Central nervous system: excitation first and then inhibition (most common)

Cardiovascular system: inhibition of myocardium, decrease in blood pressure, arrhythmia, etc.

Precaution

① Choose drugs rationally; ② Strictly control the dosage; ③ Add epinephrine; ④ Avoid injecting into blood vessels

allergic reaction

other

Spinal anesthesia is often accompanied by a drop in blood pressure (which can be prevented with ephedrine)

Epidural anesthesia can cause postoperative headaches

The level of neuraxial anesthesia is too high, which can lead to respiratory muscle paralysis, nerve damage, etc.

prevention

local anesthesia method

1. Topical anesthesia: commonly used tetracaine, lidocaine, etc.

2. Infiltration anesthesia: commonly used are procaine, lidocaine, articaine, etc.

3. Block anesthesia: commonly used are procaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, etc.

4. Subarachnoid anesthesia (spinal anesthesia, spinal anesthesia): commonly used procaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine, etc.

5. Epidural anesthesia (epidural anesthesia): commonly used lidocaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, etc.

6. Regional analgesia: commonly used ropivacaine, bupivacaine, etc.