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MindMap Gallery Anesthesia for dogs and cats

Anesthesia for dogs and cats

This is a mind map about anesthesia for dogs and cats, including clinical drugs: butorphanol (partial m-agonist and m-antagonist); tebuzocine (partial m-agonist); cyclobutane (partial m-agonist and m-antagonist); Weak partial m agonist).

Edited at 2022-12-26 17:00:45

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Anesthesia for dogs and cats

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Outline

anaesthetization

sedative

benzodiazepines

Features

Acts on GABA receptors (related to fear, anxiety, and convulsions). The sedative effect is unstable and may cause excitement in young healthy animals. It has a muscle relaxant effect.

Contraindications

Hepatic encephalopathy, especially in animals with portal short circuits

Indications

Old, relatively frail animals; animals in early pregnancy

other

Small doses can be used as cat appetite enhancers (diazepam 0.005-0.4mg/kg iv q24h or 1mg PO q24h)

Representative medicine

Dixiban

Pharmacological properties

Fat soluble, cannot be stored in plastic containers

calm

IV:0.2-0.6mg/kg. CRI:0.1-1mg/kg/h (central vein)

Anti-syncope treatment

IV, nasal: 0.5-1mg/kg can be repeated 2-3 times. Rectally administered 2 mg/kg. CRI:0.5-1mg/kg/h (central vein)

Remark

Lasting effect for 2-3 hours may cause vasculitis, and the intravenous catheter needs to be flushed. Rapid injection will cause hypotension, and it needs to be injected slowly for 1-3 minutes. Use with caution in cats. Oral administration may cause liver necrosis.

midazolam

Pharmacological properties

Water-soluble, can be mixed with a variety of drugs

calm

IV, IM: 0.1-0.4mg/kg. CRI:0.1-0.5mg/kg/h

Anti-syncope treatment

IV, IM: 0.2-0.5mg/kg can be repeated 2-3 times. CRI: 0.1-0.5mg/kg/h

Remark

Lasts for 1.5-2 hours, may induce blind angle glaucoma, avoid jugular vein injection

Phenothiazines

Representative medicine

acetypropazine

Features

Acts on dopamine receptors (central sedative effect) and a1 receptors (sedative and relaxing blood vessels)

Contraindications

Contraindicated groups: dehydration and shock cases, history of epilepsy

medicine interactions

30% reduction in inhaled anesthetics

Avoid use with epinephrine

May aggravate organophosphorus toxicity

Use with caution (avoid use or reduce dose)

Abnormal liver function, abnormal heart function, young, old, seriously ill animals, short-headed breeds, especially boxers, giant dogs and sighthounds

Indications

Young, healthy, non-irritable animals

dose

IV, IM, SC: 0.01-0.1mg/kg (usually 0.02-0.05mg/kg); 1-3mg/kg PO (low oral bioavailability)

other

The onset of effect is 15-20 minutes and the maintenance time is 4-8 hours.

side effect

Central Nervous System

High dose: extravertebral symptoms

lower epilepsy threshold

thermoregulatory center

Cardiovascular System

peripheral vasodilation

Fear of animals with severe hypotension

If hypotension occurs, fluid therapy or the use of a1 agonists can be used to avoid the use of a2 agonists (which have the effect of dilating blood vessels); dopamine and norepinephrine can be used to manage hypotension caused by vasodilation caused by acepromazine;

Boxer dogs and others may develop vasovagal syncope, resulting in severe hypotension and bradycardia.

respiratory system

Little impact on breathing

Recommended for mild to moderate upper respiratory tract obstruction, tracheal collapse, and pharyngeal paralysis (appropriate reduction)

digestive system

Visceral antispasmodic effect, can reduce gastrointestinal motility (anticholinergic activity)

other

Reduce HCT (related to liver and spleen depletion of potassium)

Transiently reduce platelet count and coagulation function

a2 agonist

Receptor: a2 agonist

In veterinary clinical practice, a2 agonists are not pure a2, but mostly contain a1; the effect depends on a2: a1

The effects of a2 agonists are central sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation, and peripheral vasodilation.

A1 agonists cause peripheral vasoconstriction

Medetomidine/dexmedetomidine a2:a1=1620:1; xylazine (846)=160:1

Features

Good sedative, muscle relaxant, analgesic

The analgesic effect is predictable and dose-dependent, but there is a plateau (for example, its analgesic effect will not be better when >40u/kg)

There is an antagonist (atipamezole)

Representative medicine

Dexmedetomidine

Applicable animals

Dexmedetomidine can basically be used for Level 1 and Level 2 body conditions; cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;

Contraindications

Cardiovascular diseases

systemic disease

Liver dysfunction

Vomiting contraindications

Vomiting can lead to increased intracranial pressure and tear pressure.

Elderly animals (>10Y)

Young animals (dogs <6M; cats <5M)

a2 agonist

Sedation onset time: IV2-3min, reaching peak efficacy in 10-20min

Lasting time: 1-2h, complete recovery 2-4h (related to dose)

Sedation dose: 2-10ug/kg IV can be combined with opioids for effective sedation; 10-40ug/kg IM SC

Intravenous administration of more than 10ug is not recommended

Analgesic dosage: 5-10ug/kg for dogs; 10-20ug/kg for cats

Antagonist: Atipamazole

Antagonist dexmedetomidine: 5-10 times the dexmedetomidine dose for dogs; 2.5-5 times the dose for cats (antagonism multiple of ug number)

side effect

Central Nervous System

Antispasmodic and prospasmodic; thermoregulation; skin hypersensitivity; (???)

Cardiovascular System

Bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia; vasoconstriction first, then relaxation Hypertension-Hypotension

Consider using atropine when you have low blood pressure and low heart rate to improve heart rate and low blood pressure.

respiratory system

Decreased minute ventilation, mucosal cyanosis or hypoxemia

digestive system

Vomiting 50%; severely reduced liver blood flow;

Endocrine System

Decreased release of insulin and antidiuretic hormone

pregnant animals

Causes uterine contractions, which may increase complications of miscarriage

Optimize calming effect

Seize the opportunity to induce and record during the peak period of sedation. Missing the peak of drug effect, consider re-dosing (especially opioids);

Dosing is based on net body weight, with small animals requiring greater amounts than medium and large animals.

For intramuscular injection, it is recommended to mix the mixable drugs in one syringe;

Choose the appropriate syringe according to your body size, intramuscular injection is better than subcutaneous injection;

When there is indwelling, intravenous injection, the dose is lower than the intramuscular injection dose;

Pre-oxygenation (3L/min)

Keep quiet, reduce stress, and try not to disturb the animals, but you need to maintain supervision (short-headed breeds are prone to respiratory obstruction)

Keep calm animals warm;

A few thoughts when sedation isn’t working

Is the medication dose correct?

Is there enough waiting time?

Are sedatives working?

Increase the original sedative dose

Combined with other sedatives

analgesics

Opioids

Receptor type

clinical drugs

Fentanyl, morphine, methadone

site of action

Brain; spinal cord; intestinal basal plexus (visceral movement)

Functional performance

Analgesic (strong), antitussive, respiratory depression (death in case of overdose), constipation, vomiting, hypotension, sedation, exercise excitement (tolerance and dependence of some breeds)

clinical drugs

Butorphanol (partial m-agonist and m-antagonist); tebuzocine (partial m-agonist); tetramorphine (weak partial m-agonist)

site of action

Brain; spinal cord; intestinal basal plexus (visceral movement)

Functional performance

Analgesia (from spinal cord, moderate), diuretic sedation, restlessness, hallucinations

Ren Zaifeng

Butorphanol

m antagonist-k agonist

IV, SC, IM0.2-0.4mg/kg;CRI:0.2-0.4mg/kg/h

Onset time: 5-15min, lasting 1-4h

Mild respiratory depression, good sedation

Good visceral analgesia, weak somatic analgesia, not suitable for controlling chronic pain

Suitable for mild to mild to moderate pain, not effective for moderate to severe pain

Tramadol

effect

side effect

Fentanyl

effect

side effect

other

lidocaine

Local anesthesia

1-6mg/kg; intraoral block, intratesticular block, linear block, epidural block, brachial plexus block.

side effect

CRI analgesia (for dogs only)

1-2mg/kg loading IV, 30-150ug/kg/min CRI

Antiventricular arrhythmias

Dogs 1-2mg/kg loading IV, 30-80ug/kg/minCRI

Cat 0.25-0.5mg/kgIV, 10-20ug/kg/minCRI

NSAIDS

carprofen

effect

side effect

Meloxicam

effect

side effect

firocoxib

effect

side effect

Anesthetic

Shutai

Tiratam (corresponds to ketamine) Zolazepam (corresponds to diazepam)

effect

Dissociative anesthesia: NMDA receptor blockers, which cause loss of consciousness

Cardiovascular effects: increased heart rate, cardiac output, arterial pressure, intracranial pressure;

Contraindications

Hypertension, heart failure, aneurysm, liver and kidney insufficiency, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Indications

Chemical restraint for aggressive animals

dose

2-4mg/kg IM or 1-2mg/kg IV

aging

The onset of action is 60-90 seconds, and the duration of anesthesia is short (about 45 minutes).

side effect

Long-lasting side effects (salivation, head shaking, increased muscle tone)

other

When used alone, the eyeballs will not rotate/blink, and the cornea is prone to dryness. Moisturize the cornea.

Propofol

Features

It is a fast-acting intravenous anesthetic with an onset time of 20-30 seconds. The solute can easily breed bacteria.

side effect

Respiratory depression (pushing too fast), vasodilation (hypotension), possible accumulation in cats, leading to the production of Hain's subtypes (>3 days)

Combination medication

Diazepam: muscle relaxants, fentanyl, dexmedetomidine, acepromazine

dose

2-6mg/kg IV; CRI:0.2-0.6mg/kg/min

afa salon

Features

Not combined with other anesthetics, it takes effect quickly and lasts for 30 minutes. Can be injected intramuscularly.

It will increase the heart rate, but the normal dose will not change the blood pressure much.

side effect

Respiratory depression (less severe than propofol)

Little cardiovascular inhibitory effect

dose

Dog 1-5mg/kg

Cat 2-5mg/kg

etomidate

Features

Little cardiovascular and respiratory depression;

Not effective in healthy animals and may cause ankylosis;

dose

0.5-2mg/kg IV (intravenous injection) to effect;

gas anesthetic

Isoflurane

effect

side effect

Anesthesia Recommendations for Different Animals

elderly animals

Even in the absence of associated cardiovascular disease before anesthesia, the function of the cardiovascular system may be reduced during stress

Avoid using dexmedetomidine

Choose acepromazine carefully

young animals

Animals under 12 weeks old (84 days) have immature liver function and prolonged anesthetic action time

Avoid using acepromazine

Dogs <6M; cats <5M avoid using dexmedetomidine

Optional benzodiazepine-opioid combinations

grumpy animal

cat

Provide a quiet, low-stress environment

After giving a sedative, wait for the sedative to take effect and avoid interruptions.

dog

Master Assistant

Short-headed variety

Avoid respiratory obstruction

continuous supervision

oxygen supply

Benzodiazepines Opioids

Young animals are generally stable. The waiting time after intramuscular anesthesia; the time after extubation after anesthesia;

Drugs such as acepromazine are also not recommended because the anesthesia time is too long

Anesthesia Physical Condition Scale (ASA)

Consider species, breed, age, temperament, reason for anesthesia or sedation, expected pain during the operation, and surgical pain status

Aged animal classification

I. Healthy aged animals - almost no changes in organ function

II. Elderly animals have subclinical organ dysfunction, with one or more organs declining in function, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, etc.

III. Elderly animals with severe disease, severe organ dysfunction (cardiac disease, endocrine disease, renal disease, tumors)