MindMap Gallery Neural anesthesia mind map
Spinal anesthesia is one of the commonly used anesthesia methods, also known as semi-anesthesia. Anesthetic drugs are injected into the subarachnoid space or epidural space of the spinal canal, that is, the nerve roots are blocked, causing anesthesia to occur in the corresponding areas innervated by the nerve roots. This is collectively called intraspinal anesthesia.
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This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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neuraxial anesthesia
subarachnoid space block
Has cerebrospinal fluid outflow and has a rapid onset of action
Suitable for surgery on the lower abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs, anus and perineum within 2 to 3 hours
Contraindications: intracranial hypertension infection, spinal deformity, coagulation disorder, mental illness
Anesthesia method
lumbar puncture
3 to 4 or 4 to 5 lumbar spinous process space
The dura mater and arachnoid membrane were punctured, and cerebrospinal fluid dripped out when the needle core was pulled out.
Adjustment of anesthesia level
It is the most important link in subarachnoid space block.
Important factors: puncture gap height, patient position and injection speed
intraoperative complications
A drop in blood pressure or a slowdown in heart rate
Respiratory depression
feel sick and vomit
Postoperative complications
Headache after spinal anesthesia
Common postoperative 2-7 days
Throbbing pain, headache worsens when raising head or sitting up, pain reduces or disappears when lying down
Prevention: fine needles, fluid replenishment, pillow removal, lying on your back for 4-6 days
Treatment: rest, rehydration 2500-4000, sedation, tighten the abdomen, inject normal saline glucose dextran into the extraarachnoid space
urinary retention
epidural anesthesia
No cerebrospinal fluid outflow, slow onset of action
Commonly used for various abdominal, waist, and lower limb surgeries below the diaphragm
Classification
High block c5-t6 thyroid upper limb and chest wall surgery
Median Block T6-T12 Abdominal Surgery
Low block lower limb and pelvic surgery
Sacral canal block anal perineal surgery
Anesthesia method
Ligamentum flavum, negative pressure, no cerebrospinal fluid
Anesthesia level adjustment
Puncture gap, anesthetic volume, catheter position and direction, concentration of solution, injection method, injection speed, patient condition and position
intraoperative complications
total spinal anesthesia
most serious complication
Inject all or part of the local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space
Symptoms include difficulty breathing, decreased blood pressure, confusion or loss of consciousness
Postoperative complications
spinal nerve root injury
Electric shock-like sensation radiating to the limbs
Stop needle insertion and adjust needle insertion direction
epidural hematoma
Epidural puncture to extract blood as soon as possible
The catheter is difficult to pull out or is broken
Anesthesia
Classification
inhalation anesthesia
Nitrous oxide, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane
intravenous anesthesia
Thiopental, ketamine, etomidate, propofol
drug
Muscle relaxants
Narcotic analgesics: morphine, pethidine, fentanyl
complication
Reflux and aspiration
Reduce gastric content retention and promote gastric emptying
airway obstruction
Insufficient ventilation
Hypoxemia, hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, convulsions and convulsions
Extubation conditions for tracheal extubation
Restoration of consciousness and muscle strength
Recovery of spontaneous breathing
Restoration of throat reflex
No secretions in the nose, mouth and trachea