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MindMap Gallery High school biological immune regulation thought map

High school biological immune regulation thought map

High School Biology New Shanghai Curriculum Standards Elective 1 Homeostasis and Regulation, including the immune system, specific immunity, Abnormalities in the three major functions and immune function can cause diseases.

Edited at 2024-03-01 06:28:06

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High school biological immune regulation thought map

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Outline

Immunomodulatory

immune system

immune organ

marrow

1. The birthplace of various immune cells 2. B lymphocyte differentiation, development, and maturation

Thymus

T lymphocyte differentiation, development, and maturation

central immune organ

Lymph nodes

T lymphocyte settlement, proliferation, response

spleen

B lymphocyte settlement, proliferation, response

1. Make new blood cells 2. Remove aging blood cells

Tonsils (can be removed)

1. Various types of immune cells colonize, proliferate, and respond 2. Resist infections caused by airborne pathogenic microorganisms

peripheral immune organs

immune tissue

Intact skin and mucous membranes

Block pathogen invasion

Secrete a variety of bactericidal and bacteriostatic substances e.g. Sweat glands—acidic secretions; sebaceous glands—unsaturated fatty acids; gastric mucosa—gastric acid | Normal flora—antagonism/inhibition

Immune Cells (leukocyte)

Source - bone marrow multipotent hematopoietic stem cells

Classification

phagocyte- produce cytokines

Macrophages

1. Phagocytosis (activation-pseudopodia movement-phagophore-fusion hydrolysis-release of fragments) 2. Antigen processing and presentation

Granulocytes

neutrophils

Phagocytosis, early immune response

eosinophils

Parasite

Basophils (few)

Mast cells (many, widespread)

Production of histamine (allergic reaction)

Dendritic Cells

1. Devour 2. Antigen presentation (strongest)

Lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Initial T

Memory T-lymph circulation

Cytotoxic T (Tc)

Dual signal: Cytokines and antigens released by Th

Auxiliary T (Th)

secrete cytokines 1. Enhance phagocytosis of phagocytes 2. Promote the production of antibodies (plasma cells) 3. Promote T lymphocyte differentiation

B lymphocytes

Initial B

Dual signal: Cytokines released by Th (after presentation) antigen

Plasma cells (not proliferating, the only ones that cannot recognize antigens) - antibodies -> antibody-antigen complex (IC)

memory B cells

Plasma cells new memory B

Produce antibodies and cytokines

Specific (recognizes only one antigen - determined by receptor) ——Cells that are not proliferating yet

NK cells (natural killer cells) - non-specific immunity

*Antigen presenting cells (APC): B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

Lysosome: lysozyme—antigenic peptide | proteolytic enzyme (protease, peptidase)

Ribosomes: MHC gene expression

Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, etc.: Processing exposure

Antigenic peptide-MHC molecule complex

Immunoactive substances - proteins (produced by immune cells/other cells)

Lysozyme

Hydrolyzed peptidoglycan-bacterial cell wall

Cytokines

Signaling molecules emitted after being stimulated by "alien" promote the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells e.g. interferon, interleukin

Antibody

A type of immunoglobulin secreted by plasma cells formed by proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes after being stimulated by antigens. Mainly distributed in body fluids

Lymph circulation, blood circulation (Humoral immunity)

specific immunity

Cellular immunity (the target can be ordinary aging cells) - direct contact, immune response occurs e.g. Tc cleaves target cells

Humoral immunity - indirect contact, immune response occurs through immune active substances in body fluids, e.g. B lymphocytes release antibodies

Process: 1. Antigen-APC-Th-B lymphocyte 2. Antigen—B lymphocytes

vaccine

Inactivated vaccine: dead body of virus – multiple vaccinations

Live attenuated vaccine: has certain viral activity

Enter the pathogen

Recombinant protein vaccine: the protein remains unchanged, but the nucleic acid changes

Viral vector vaccine: The antigen gene is constructed on an expression vector - non-human cells - induced expression - injected into the antigen protein

Inject nucleic acid

Nucleic acid vaccine: DNA/mRNA

Three major functions

Immune Defense - Foreign Pathogens

Immune surveillance - identifying and eliminating mutated malignant cells (cancer)

Immune homeostasis—removal of aging/damaged cells

Disease caused by abnormal immune function

*Inflammation

Redness and swelling: release of immunoactive substances, capillary dilation-increased permeability-extravasation of contents

Fever: blood circulation and metabolism increase

Repair: blood-clot-blood scab

Allergic reaction - physiological dysfunction/tissue cell damage caused by alloantigen stimulation

Characteristics: 1. Heredity and individual differences 2. It is fast and generally does not damage tissue cells.

Autoimmune disease - immune response to one's own normal tissues/organs Causes: environmental changes, genetic mutations

E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis

Immunodeficiency diseases - 1. Congenital: genetic factors/underdeveloped immune system 2. Acquired: infection/autologous lesions

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome)-AIDS

Target cells: infected cells

Increased cell membrane permeability leads to lysis and death

antigen

Mostly proteins, a few polysaccharides and lipids (macromolecules)

Foreign body properties, remove aging and cancerous cells

Specificity - (human) MHC molecules Major histocompatibility antigens/HLA (viral) epitopes