MindMap Gallery High school biological immune regulation thought map
High School Biology New Shanghai Curriculum Standards Elective 1 Homeostasis and Regulation, including the immune system, specific immunity, Abnormalities in the three major functions and immune function can cause diseases.
Edited at 2024-03-01 06:28:06This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Immunomodulatory
immune system
immune organ
marrow
1. The birthplace of various immune cells 2. B lymphocyte differentiation, development, and maturation
Thymus
T lymphocyte differentiation, development, and maturation
central immune organ
Lymph nodes
T lymphocyte settlement, proliferation, response
spleen
B lymphocyte settlement, proliferation, response
1. Make new blood cells 2. Remove aging blood cells
Tonsils (can be removed)
1. Various types of immune cells colonize, proliferate, and respond 2. Resist infections caused by airborne pathogenic microorganisms
peripheral immune organs
immune tissue
Intact skin and mucous membranes
Block pathogen invasion
Secrete a variety of bactericidal and bacteriostatic substances e.g. Sweat glands—acidic secretions; sebaceous glands—unsaturated fatty acids; gastric mucosa—gastric acid | Normal flora—antagonism/inhibition
Immune Cells (leukocyte)
Source - bone marrow multipotent hematopoietic stem cells
Classification
phagocyte- produce cytokines
Macrophages
1. Phagocytosis (activation-pseudopodia movement-phagophore-fusion hydrolysis-release of fragments) 2. Antigen processing and presentation
Granulocytes
neutrophils
Phagocytosis, early immune response
eosinophils
Parasite
Basophils (few)
Mast cells (many, widespread)
Production of histamine (allergic reaction)
Dendritic Cells
1. Devour 2. Antigen presentation (strongest)
Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Initial T
Memory T-lymph circulation
Cytotoxic T (Tc)
Dual signal: Cytokines and antigens released by Th
Auxiliary T (Th)
secrete cytokines 1. Enhance phagocytosis of phagocytes 2. Promote the production of antibodies (plasma cells) 3. Promote T lymphocyte differentiation
B lymphocytes
Initial B
Dual signal: Cytokines released by Th (after presentation) antigen
Plasma cells (not proliferating, the only ones that cannot recognize antigens) - antibodies -> antibody-antigen complex (IC)
memory B cells
Plasma cells new memory B
Produce antibodies and cytokines
Specific (recognizes only one antigen - determined by receptor) ——Cells that are not proliferating yet
NK cells (natural killer cells) - non-specific immunity
*Antigen presenting cells (APC): B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages
Lysosome: lysozyme—antigenic peptide | proteolytic enzyme (protease, peptidase)
Ribosomes: MHC gene expression
Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, etc.: Processing exposure
Antigenic peptide-MHC molecule complex
Immunoactive substances - proteins (produced by immune cells/other cells)
Lysozyme
Hydrolyzed peptidoglycan-bacterial cell wall
Cytokines
Signaling molecules emitted after being stimulated by "alien" promote the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells e.g. interferon, interleukin
Antibody
A type of immunoglobulin secreted by plasma cells formed by proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes after being stimulated by antigens. Mainly distributed in body fluids
Lymph circulation, blood circulation (Humoral immunity)
specific immunity
Cellular immunity (the target can be ordinary aging cells) - direct contact, immune response occurs e.g. Tc cleaves target cells
Humoral immunity - indirect contact, immune response occurs through immune active substances in body fluids, e.g. B lymphocytes release antibodies
Process: 1. Antigen-APC-Th-B lymphocyte 2. Antigen—B lymphocytes
vaccine
Inactivated vaccine: dead body of virus – multiple vaccinations
Live attenuated vaccine: has certain viral activity
Enter the pathogen
Recombinant protein vaccine: the protein remains unchanged, but the nucleic acid changes
Viral vector vaccine: The antigen gene is constructed on an expression vector - non-human cells - induced expression - injected into the antigen protein
Inject nucleic acid
Nucleic acid vaccine: DNA/mRNA
Three major functions
Immune Defense - Foreign Pathogens
Immune surveillance - identifying and eliminating mutated malignant cells (cancer)
Immune homeostasis—removal of aging/damaged cells
Disease caused by abnormal immune function
*Inflammation
Redness and swelling: release of immunoactive substances, capillary dilation-increased permeability-extravasation of contents
Fever: blood circulation and metabolism increase
Repair: blood-clot-blood scab
Allergic reaction - physiological dysfunction/tissue cell damage caused by alloantigen stimulation
Characteristics: 1. Heredity and individual differences 2. It is fast and generally does not damage tissue cells.
Autoimmune disease - immune response to one's own normal tissues/organs Causes: environmental changes, genetic mutations
E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis
Immunodeficiency diseases - 1. Congenital: genetic factors/underdeveloped immune system 2. Acquired: infection/autologous lesions
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome)-AIDS
Target cells: infected cells
Increased cell membrane permeability leads to lysis and death
antigen
Mostly proteins, a few polysaccharides and lipids (macromolecules)
Foreign body properties, remove aging and cancerous cells
Specificity - (human) MHC molecules Major histocompatibility antigens/HLA (viral) epitopes