Low band tolerance and high band tolerance

B cell tolerance and T cell tolerance

Protein monomers are not easily taken up by APC and presented to T cells → T cells cannot assist B cells in producing corresponding antibodies.

Protein monomer adjuvant → easily absorbed by APC to induce normal immune response

Tolerance level: oral administration > intravenous injection > intraperitoneal injection > intramuscular injection > subcutaneous and intradermal injection

Oral—separation tolerated

T cells that are simply repeatedly stimulated by self-antigens without costimulatory signals provided by activated APC → prone to apoptosis

Tolerogenic epitope

Embryonic stage>Neonatal stage>Adult animals

Antigen induction immunosuppressant

The TCR expressed by SP binds with high affinity to the self-antigen peptide-MHC expressed by TEC (thymic epithelial cells) or thymic DC → apoptosis

Some autoreactive T cells bind to the corresponding self-antigen → develop into Tregs

Autoantigens commonly found in cells of various tissues in the body

Tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) expressed by specific tissues

nTreg naturally arises in thymocyte development

Peripherally induced iTreg