MindMap Gallery Medical Immunology—Infection Immunity Mind Map
This is a mind map about medical immunology-infection immunity, including anti-virus, anti-parasitic, anti-intracellular bacteria, anti-extracellular bacteria, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-09 12:23:00This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
infection immunity
Common features of immune responses against pathogens
Based on innate and acquired immunity
Different antipathogen responses to different pathogens
The survival and pathogenicity of pathogens in the host depend on their invasiveness and ability to resist immune effects.
In most infections, it is not the pathogen itself but the immune response against the pathogen and its products that causes damage and disease
Anti-extracellular bacteria
Innate immunity against extracellular bacteria
complement activation
Bypass pathway MBL pathway
opsonization phagocytosis
pattern recognition receptor
complement receptor
Inflammation
Activated phagocytes secrete cytokines and recruit leukocytes to the infected site
Systemic manifestations - fever, acute phase protein synthesis
Adaptive immunity against extracellular bacteria
Humoral immunity is the main mechanism
Th2 cell formation
Antibody production
IgG and IgM—activate complement
IgG—opsonization
IgG and IgA—clear pathogens or neutralize toxins
Extracellular bacterial immune evasion mechanism
Anti-intracellular bacteria
Cellular immunity mainly
innate immunity
NK cells
Activated with the cooperation of macrophages, directly killing target cells
Secrete large amounts of IFN-y, promote macrophage activation, and promote Th1 cell differentiation
y8T cells
Recognize small phosphorylated molecules, proliferate and kill target cells
Secrete large amounts of IFN-y, promote macrophage activation, and promote Th1 cell differentiation
The role of neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection and secrete defensins to destroy intracellular bacteria before they enter host cells.
After intracellular bacteria enter the host—phagocytic cells need to be highly activated and rely on IFN-y
If highly activated macrophages cannot clear the infection - granulomas form
adaptive immunity
CD4 T cell response
Differentiate into Th1, release IFN-y to activate macrophages, and can activate CTL
CD8 T cell response
Antibody response (small amount)
Granuloma formation
immune escape mechanism
Antiviral
Cellular immunity mainly
innate immunity
NK cells
Host cell MHC-I is downregulated, recognized by NK and initiated killing
Start ADCC
Secrete pro-inflammatory factors
Interferon
Macrophages
Begins to activate in the early stages of viral infection and generates a large amount of pro-inflammatory mediators
adaptive immunity
CD4 T cells
Free virus particles are taken up by APC and presented to Th cells via MHC-II.
Th1 cells provide IL-2 to CTL, and Th2 cells provide CD40L to B cells
CD8 T cells
Virus-specific CTL are key to antiviral immunity
Antibody
immune escape mechanism
Antiparasitic
Anti-protozoa
Humoral immunity
Similar to extracellular bacteria
Antiparasitic antibodies mediate neutralization, opsonophagocytosis, and activation of the classical complement pathway
Th1 response—the key to immunity against protozoan parasites
produces IFN-y
→DC→NK/NKT activation
→NO production by macrophages →digestion and decomposition of protozoa
Upregulates digestive enzyme expression
Upregulate Fas expression
CTLs and y8T cells
If the protozoa escapes from macrophage endosomes and enters the cytoplasm → MHC-I activates CTL
Secrete IFN-y to eliminate protozoa
Kill pathogens through cytotoxicity
Anti-worm
Th2-IgE
Th2 responses key to defense against large, multicellular worms
Activation of B cells via CD40L-CD40
Induction and secretion of IgE via IL-4
Mast cell and basophil activation
Activation of eosinophils
Production of SIgA
immune escape mechanism