MindMap Gallery Medical Immunology—Tumor Immunity Mind Map
About Medical Immunology - Tumor Immunity Mind Map, including the body's anti-tumor immune effector mechanism, tumor antigen classification, tumor immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy, etc.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
tumor immunity
Tumor antigen classification
According to tumor antigen specificity
Tumor Specific Antigen (TSA)
Tumor associated antigen (TAA)
Depending on the triggering factors
Antigens expressed by genetic mutations or oncogenes
chemical or physical factors
High specificity but weak antigenicity
Have obvious individual differences
Cross-reactivity between tumor antigens is rare
spontaneous tumor antigen
Most human tumors fall into this category
May be related to susceptibility gene mutations
Ras gene mutation-intestinal cancer
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
virus-induced tumor antigens
Hepatitis virus (HBV)—liver cancer
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma
Human T-lymphovirus—acute T-cell leukemia
Papillomavirus (HPV) – Cervical Cancer
Abnormally expressed cellular antigens
embryonic or differentiation antigen
Degree of differentiation/maturity of tumor tissue
Well differentiated tumors
Low malignancy and good prognosis
poorly differentiated tumors
High degree of malignancy and poor prognosis
undifferentiated tumors
The lowest degree of malignancy and the worst prognosis
include
Liver cancer cells produce alpha-fetoprotein AFP
Colon cancer cells—carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Abnormal cellular proteins and their products caused by glycosylation modifications
The immune effector mechanism of the body against tumors
Characteristics of host immune response to tumors
tumor immunogenicity
host immune function
Low → Increased incidence of tumors → Lower immune function
mechanism
Anti-tumor effects of immune effector cells
Strong immunogenicity → Mainly innate immunity → Mainly NK cells
NK cells
Features
The first line of defense against cancer
Broad spectrum anti-tumor effect, no MHC restriction
effect
Direct killing (perforin, granzyme)
Fas/FasL
ADCC
Cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IFN-y) expand tumor killing effect
Macrophages (must be activated)
effect
Devour
ADCC, opsonization
as APC
Secrete TNF, IFN, proteolytic enzymes
Tumor-promoting role of macrophages—tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)
Weak immunogenicity → Mainly adaptive immunity → Mainly T cells
CTL (primary effector cells)
direct activation
Tumor cells highly express costimulatory molecules and directly present antigen peptides to CD8 T cells, stimulating them to synthesize IL-2 and proliferate and differentiate into CTLs.
indirect activation
Tumor cells have low or no expression of costimulatory molecules, and activated Th1 cells secrete IL-2 to help CTL activation.
Killing mechanism
perforin, granzyme
Fas-FasL
Th—releases a variety of cytokines
IFN-y
Activate monocytes-macrophages and NK cells
Promote tumor cells to express MHC-I to activate CTL
IL-2
activated CTL
TNF
Directly kill tumor cells
Antibody
Kill tumors
ADCC, opsonophagocytosis
activate complement
blocked growth receptor
promote tumors
Binds adhesion molecules to promote tumor cell metastasis
Interfering with the killing effect of NK and CTL
Tumor immune escape mechanism
Tumor immunoediting theory: three stages of tumor development
Clearance phase—the immune surveillance function eliminates mutated cells
Equilibrium phase—the immune system and tumor cells are evenly matched
Some tumor cells are selectively eliminated by the immune system
Remodeling of epitopes partly through mutation—immunoediting
Escape phase—tumor cells acquire the ability to resist the immune system and develop into tumors
mechanism
tumor cells themselves
Tumor antigen loss and antigen modulation
Tumor cells have low expression of MHC class I molecules
Abnormal costimulatory signaling of tumor cells
Tumor cells secrete immunosuppressive molecules
TGF-B,IL-10
Tumor cells actively induce the generation of Treg and MDSC
Anti-apoptotic effect of tumor cells
tumor microenvironment
interdependent, mutually antagonistic
host immune system
A weakened immune system
Growing older
Taking immunosuppressants or having an immune deficiency
Low or missing antigen presenting function
Pathogen infection
The presence of enhancing antibodies or blocking factors in the body
Immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of tumors
diagnosis
Tumor marker detection
treat
Remove large amounts of tumor cells—surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy
active immunotherapy
Injection of immunogenic tumor vaccines
Requires host immune status to be good
passive immunotherapy
Injection of exogenous immune effector substances (antibodies, cytokines, immune effector cells)
CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell)
Independent of host immune status
immune checkpoint