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MindMap Gallery Medical Immunology—Tumor Immunity Mind Map

Medical Immunology—Tumor Immunity Mind Map

About Medical Immunology - Tumor Immunity Mind Map, including the body's anti-tumor immune effector mechanism, tumor antigen classification, tumor immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy, etc.

Edited at 2023-11-09 12:22:34

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Medical Immunology—Tumor Immunity Mind Map

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Outline

tumor immunity

Tumor antigen classification

According to tumor antigen specificity

Tumor Specific Antigen (TSA)

Tumor associated antigen (TAA)

Depending on the triggering factors

Antigens expressed by genetic mutations or oncogenes

chemical or physical factors

High specificity but weak antigenicity

Have obvious individual differences

Cross-reactivity between tumor antigens is rare

spontaneous tumor antigen

Most human tumors fall into this category

May be related to susceptibility gene mutations

Ras gene mutation-intestinal cancer

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer

virus-induced tumor antigens

Hepatitis virus (HBV)—liver cancer

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma

Human T-lymphovirus—acute T-cell leukemia

Papillomavirus (HPV) – Cervical Cancer

Abnormally expressed cellular antigens

embryonic or differentiation antigen

Degree of differentiation/maturity of tumor tissue

Well differentiated tumors

Low malignancy and good prognosis

poorly differentiated tumors

High degree of malignancy and poor prognosis

undifferentiated tumors

The lowest degree of malignancy and the worst prognosis

include

Liver cancer cells produce alpha-fetoprotein AFP

Colon cancer cells—carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Abnormal cellular proteins and their products caused by glycosylation modifications

The immune effector mechanism of the body against tumors

Characteristics of host immune response to tumors

tumor immunogenicity

host immune function

Low → Increased incidence of tumors → Lower immune function

mechanism

Anti-tumor effects of immune effector cells

Strong immunogenicity → Mainly innate immunity → Mainly NK cells

NK cells

Features

The first line of defense against cancer

Broad spectrum anti-tumor effect, no MHC restriction

effect

Direct killing (perforin, granzyme)

Fas/FasL

ADCC

Cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IFN-y) expand tumor killing effect

Macrophages (must be activated)

effect

Devour

ADCC, opsonization

as APC

Secrete TNF, IFN, proteolytic enzymes

Tumor-promoting role of macrophages—tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)

Weak immunogenicity → Mainly adaptive immunity → Mainly T cells

CTL (primary effector cells)

direct activation

Tumor cells highly express costimulatory molecules and directly present antigen peptides to CD8 T cells, stimulating them to synthesize IL-2 and proliferate and differentiate into CTLs.

indirect activation

Tumor cells have low or no expression of costimulatory molecules, and activated Th1 cells secrete IL-2 to help CTL activation.

Killing mechanism

perforin, granzyme

Fas-FasL

Th—releases a variety of cytokines

IFN-y

Activate monocytes-macrophages and NK cells

Promote tumor cells to express MHC-I to activate CTL

IL-2

activated CTL

TNF

Directly kill tumor cells

Antibody

Kill tumors

ADCC, opsonophagocytosis

activate complement

blocked growth receptor

promote tumors

Binds adhesion molecules to promote tumor cell metastasis

Interfering with the killing effect of NK and CTL

Tumor immune escape mechanism

Tumor immunoediting theory: three stages of tumor development

Clearance phase—the immune surveillance function eliminates mutated cells

Equilibrium phase—the immune system and tumor cells are evenly matched

Some tumor cells are selectively eliminated by the immune system

Remodeling of epitopes partly through mutation—immunoediting

Escape phase—tumor cells acquire the ability to resist the immune system and develop into tumors

mechanism

tumor cells themselves

Tumor antigen loss and antigen modulation

Tumor cells have low expression of MHC class I molecules

Abnormal costimulatory signaling of tumor cells

Tumor cells secrete immunosuppressive molecules

TGF-B,IL-10

Tumor cells actively induce the generation of Treg and MDSC

Anti-apoptotic effect of tumor cells

tumor microenvironment

interdependent, mutually antagonistic

host immune system

A weakened immune system

Growing older

Taking immunosuppressants or having an immune deficiency

Low or missing antigen presenting function

Pathogen infection

The presence of enhancing antibodies or blocking factors in the body

Immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of tumors

diagnosis

Tumor marker detection

treat

Remove large amounts of tumor cells—surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

active immunotherapy

Injection of immunogenic tumor vaccines

Requires host immune status to be good

passive immunotherapy

Injection of exogenous immune effector substances (antibodies, cytokines, immune effector cells)

CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell)

Independent of host immune status

immune checkpoint