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MindMap Gallery Medical Immunology—Innate immune system and its mediated responses mind map

Medical Immunology—Innate immune system and its mediated responses mind map

This is a mind map about medical immunology—the innate immune system and the responses it mediates, including innate immune cells and their main functions, solid immune molecules and their main functions, tissue barriers, etc.

Edited at 2023-11-09 12:21:50

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Medical Immunology—Innate immune system and its mediated responses mind map

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Outline

The innate immune system and its mediated responses

tissue barrier

skin mucosal barrier

chemical barrier

Sebaceous gland secretions: unsaturated fatty acids

Sweat: lactic acid

Gastric juice: stomach acid

Various secretions: lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides, lactoferrin

physical barrier

microbial barrier

body barrier

blood brain barrier

Leptomeninges, choroid plexus capillary walls, astrocytes

Block pathogens and other macromolecular substances in the blood from entering the brain tissue and ventricles, and protect the central nervous system

blood-fetal barrier

Maternal endometrium decidua basalis and fetal chorionic trophoblast cells

Prevent maternal pathogens from entering the fetus

Types of innate immune cells

Pattern recognition receptors expressed by innate immune cells and the related ligands they recognize and bind to

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

Causes rapid immune response mainly through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

membrane PRR

Mannose receptor MR

scavenger receptor SR

membrane toll-like receptor

endosomal membrane PRR

Cytoplasmic PRR

secreted PRR

Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

The composition is relatively simple

Necessary for microbial survival and pathogenicity, less variable

Molecular structures that are completely different from those of the host's own components

Solid immune molecules and their main functions

complement system

C3b, C4b—opsonization and immune adhesion, promoting phagocytosis by phagocytes

Anaphylatoxin C3a/C5a—binds to C3aR/C5aR of mast cells/basophils—allergic inflammation

C5a—Chemottracts neutrophils to the site of infection and activates them

C5b6789—Membrane attack complex MAC

Cytokines

Other antibacterial substances

Antimicrobial peptides

Lysozyme

betalysin

Innate immune cells and their main functions

classic innate immune cells

Mononuclear-macrophages

monocytes

Differentiated from granulocyte/macrophage precursors in bone marrow

Migrate to tissues and organs throughout the body under the action of chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), differentiate and develop into macrophages.

differentiated species

M1 (usually most)

Macrophages

surface receptor/molecule

pattern recognition receptor

Mannose receptor, scavenger receptor, Toll-like receptor

opsonic receptors

Corresponding opsonic antibody Fc segment and complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis

IgG Fc receptor (FcyR)

C3bR/C4bR

Chemokine/Cytokine Receptor

Antigen presenting costimulatory molecule

CD80/86

CD40

Function

Phagocytosis and killing of pathogens

Kill target cells such as intracellular parasites and tumors

Resting macrophages cannot be effectively killed → can be effectively killed after being activated by Th/bacterial lipopolysaccharide/IFN-y, GM-CSF

ADCC pathway—IgG Fc receptor

Participate in inflammatory response

Infectious local inflammation → macrophages

Chemokines CCL3, CCL4

Activating cytokine IFNy, GM-CSF

Macrophages → further promote inflammation

TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1=CCL2, 3)

Processing and presentation of antigens initiates adaptive immune responses

Immunomodulatory effect

Synthesize and secrete IL-12

Induces Th1 cell differentiation

Induces NK cell activation

M2 type synthesizes and secretes IL-10

Suppress adaptive immune response

dendritic cells (DC)

Granulocytes

neutrophils

Chemotaxis and antigen presentation functions without activation

Contains myeloperoxidase

eosinophils

Fights parasitic infections

Anti-allergic inflammation

basophils

High-affinity IgE Fc receptor, which binds to IgE to induce sensitization

cause inflammatory response

Mast cells

source

mast cell precursor cells

distributed

Skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract submucosal connective tissue, tissue around blood vessel walls

Express

PRR, C3a/C5a receptor, high affinity IgE Fc receptor

Function

Degranulation after activation: release of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

distributed

Peripheral blood and spleen

Express

non-specific antigen recognition receptor

surface markings

TCR-, mlg, CD56, CD16

Directly kills tumors and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization to antigens

Can mediate ADCC

Anti-infection, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory effects

Regulation of NK cell killing activity

killer activated receptor

Binding to target cell surface ligand activates NK cell killing

killer inhibitory receptor

Inhibits NK cell killing after binding to target cell surface ligands

under physiological conditions

Activating and inhibitory receptors simultaneously bind to target cell surface ligands (MHC-I) → inhibitory signals dominate → no killing

In case of infection or tumor

MHC-I molecules are missing or down-regulated, non-MHC-I molecules are abnormally expressed or up-regulated → the inhibitory signal is missing, and the activation signal dominates → kills target cells

Function

Recruitment and activation in response to multiple chemokines and activating cytokines

Expresses Fc receptors in response to ADCC effects

A lethal blow to target cells

Toxic killing of perforin/granzyme

death receptor induced apoptosis

Secrete CCL3, CCL4, GM-CSF to recruit monocytes/macrophages

ILC1 subpopulation

ILC2 subpopulation

ILC3 subpopulation

Innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs)

y8T cells

TCR consists of y and 8 chains

distributed

Mucosa, epithelium, peripheral blood

identify

Less receptor diversity and more localized response

Recognizes intact peptide antigens in a non-MHC restricted manner

Recognition of non-peptide antigens presented by CD1

NKT cells

CD56, TCR

Function

Secrete perforin/granzymes

Fas/FasL

Secretion of IL-4 and IFN-γ induces differentiation of naive T cells into Th2/Th1 cells

B1 cells

CD5 B cells, produced by fetal liver and bone marrow in adulthood

No somatic mutation occurs, no affinity maturation, only low-affinity antibodies (low antigen specificity) are produced, and no memory cells are produced.

Function

Produce natural IgM

Mediates mucosal immunity

Involved in response to TI type antigens

The action phase and action characteristics of innate immune response

Characteristics of innate and adaptive immune responses

The relationship between innate immune response and adaptive immune response

Initiate adaptive immune response

APC/target cells present antigen and provide the first signal for T cell activation

APC/target cells provide the second signal for T cell activation

Modulates the type and intensity of adaptive immune responses

Macrophages induce Th1 differentiation and generate cellular immunity

NKT induces Th2 and produces humoral immunity

Assist adaptive immune response products to exert immune effects

Humoral immunity: Antibodies eliminate pathogens with the participation of innate immune cells or molecules

Cellular immunity: Th cells activate various types of innate immune cells by producing various cytokines