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MindMap Gallery Medical Immunology—T Lymphocyte-Mediated Adaptive Immune Response Mind Map

Medical Immunology—T Lymphocyte-Mediated Adaptive Immune Response Mind Map

About medical immunology - T lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response mind map, including the immune effect and outcome of T cells in three stages, T cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, T cell recognition of antigens, etc.

Edited at 2023-11-09 12:20:48

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Medical Immunology—T Lymphocyte-Mediated Adaptive Immune Response Mind Map

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Outline

T lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response

three phases

Recognition of antigens by T cells

MHC restrictive

MHC restriction determines that any T cell only recognizes pMHC presented by the APC of the same individual

Non-specific binding of T cells to APC

T cells use surface adhesion molecules (LFA-1, CD2) to bind to the corresponding ligands (ICAM-1, LFA-3) on the APC surface

Promote and enhance the ability of TCR on T cell surface to specifically recognize and bind antigen peptides

This binding is reversible and transient (T cells that fail to specifically recognize the corresponding antigen peptide are separated from the APC)

Specific binding of T cells to APC

T cells that can specifically recognize pMHC in the non-specific binding stage APC → immune synapse

Further enhance the binding of T cells to APC

Promote T cell activation and biological effects

Activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells

T cell activation signals

The first signal (antigen stimulation signal)—initial activation

TCR recognizes pMHC presented by APC→CD3 transduces signal CDA4/CD8 plays an auxiliary role

Second signal (costimulatory signal)—full activation

Positive costimulatory molecule

CD28

Ligand

CD80/86 (B7)

Promote IL-2 gene transcription

negative costimulatory molecule

CTLA-4

Ligand

CD80/86 (B7)

Cytokine signaling

IL-1,IL-2

Promote T cell proliferation and differentiation

Signal transduction pathways for T cell activation

Antigen-specific T cell proliferation and differentiation

Differentiation of CD4 T cells

Different cytokines act on Th0 (initial CD4 T cells) and activate different transcription factors to participate in T cell proliferation and differentiation.

Differentiation of CD8 T cells

Th cell dependence

The target cells express low/no costimulatory molecules → the antigen is taken up by APC in the form of soluble antigen, binds to MHC-I and MHC-II in the cell, and is expressed on the surface of APC

pMHCII binds TCR → activates Th

pMHCI binds to TCR → activates CD8 T cells → under the action of cytokines released by Th → proliferate and differentiate into CTL

Th cell independent

Virus-infected DCs that highly express costimulatory molecules → stimulate CD8 T cells to produce IL-2 → CD8 T cells proliferate and differentiate into CTLs

Immune effects and outcomes of T cells

Immune effects of Th and Treg

Th1

Direct contact induces CTL differentiation

Recruitment and activation of: monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes through released cytokines, inducing cellular immune response

to macrophages

activated macrophages

Th1 expresses CD40L, IFN-y → provides activation signals to macrophages

Activated macrophages upregulate CD80, CD86, MHCII, IL-12 → further enhance Th-1

Induces and recruits macrophages

Th1 produces IL-3, and GM-CSF induces HSC differentiation into monocytes.

Th1 produces TNF-a and MCP-1, and recruits monocytes and lymphocytes to chemotaxis to the inflammation site.

to lymphocytes

Produce IL-2 → Promote the activation and proliferation of Th1, Th2, CTL, NK and other cells to amplify immune effects

Produce IFN-y → Promote B cells to produce opsonic antibodies, thereby further enhancing macrophage phagocytosis of pathogens

to neutrophils

Produce TNFa to activate neutrophils, thereby killing pathogens

Th2

Assists humoral immune response

Through direct contact → provide B cell second signal to assist B cell activation

Produce cytokines such as IL4, IL5, IL10 and IL13 → promote B cell proliferation and plasma cell differentiation, and produce antibodies

Involved in hypersensitivity inflammation

Secrete IL5 → activate mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, participate in hypersensitivity reactions and resist parasitic infections

Th17

Produce IL-17

Stimulate local cells to produce chemokines and recruit neutrophils and monocytes

Stimulate local tissue cells to secrete defensins and other antimicrobial peptides

Produce IL-21

Stimulate and amplify Th17 function through autocrine means

Stimulate Tc cells and NK cells to proliferate, differentiate and exert effects

Participate in B cell immune response

Produce IL-22

Stimulate local tissue cells to secrete antimicrobial peptides

Improve the immune barrier function of epithelial tissue and promote immune barrier repair

Plays a role in germinal center development and plasma cell formation

Secretes IL-21 and interacts with CD40 and ICOSL on the surface of B cells through expression of CD40L and ICOS

Abnormalities in Tfh lead to antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases

Tregs

Negative immune regulation through multiple mechanisms

Secretes soluble negative immune factors such as IL10 and TGF-B

Highly expressed IL2 receptor, competitively plundering IL2 from T cells

Directly kill CTL and NK cells through granzyme and perforin

Expression of co-inhibitory molecules such as CTLA-4 inhibits DC maturation and weakens DC function

Immune effects of CTL

Tc (CTL) mainly kills host cells containing intracellular parasitic pathogens

The effect process includes

Effect - target cell binding

TCR recognizes specific antigens presented by MHC class I molecules

Polarization of CTL

Cell membrane molecules or intracellular components gather at one end of the cell

fatal assault

Cytotoxic killing by perforin/granzymes

death receptor induced apoptosis

The biological significance of T cell-mediated immune responses

Anti-infective

Antitumor

Immunopathology

Immunomodulatory

The fate of activated T cells

Suppression or elimination of effector T cells

Immunosuppressive effect of Tregs

Activation-induced cell death (AICD)

The formation and role of memory T cells (Tm)

Ability to remember specific antigens and have a longer lifespan

The surface mark is CD45RA-CD45RO+

Functional characteristics

Lower requirements for antigen concentration (first signal)

Less dependent on costimulatory signals (secondary signals)

Greater sensitivity to the effects of cytokines

Secrete more cytokines and exert stronger immune function