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immune system

Histology and Embryology - The immune system, its functions include: immune defense, immune surveillance, and immune homeostasis. It introduces knowledge about immune cells, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs. If you are interested, you can take a look.

Edited at 2023-09-17 15:13:30

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Outline

immune system

Immune Cells

Lymphocytes

Thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells) originate from bone marrow, mature in the thymus, and migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs or lymphoid tissues.

Helper T cells (Th cells)

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

Regulatory T cells (Tr cells)

Bone marrow relies on lymphocytes (B cells) produced by the bone marrow, which enter the periphery and remain in a resting state

Effector B cells (plasma cells): secrete antibodies and drive humoral immunity

Memory B cells: restore resting state, maintain immune memory for a long time, and maintain the ability to respond quickly again

Natural killer cells (NK cells)/(large granular lymphocytes)

Mononuclear-phagocytic cell system

Collectively referred to as monocytes and cells with phagocytic function differentiated from them

composition

Monocytes (blood)

Macrophages (connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, liver, lung)

Osteoclasts (bone tissue)

Microglia (nervous tissue)

Langerhans cells (skin)

Function: Phagocytosis; presentation of antigens, synthesis and secretion of immunoactive molecules

antigen presenting cells

Lymphoid tissue

Lymphoid tissue uses mesh tissue as a scaffold, and the mesh is filled with a large number of lymphoid tissue and other immune cells, which is the site of immune response.

Classification

diffuse lymphoid tissue

1. No clear boundaries, containing a large number of lymphocytes, mainly T cells

2. There are high endothelial venules (postcapillary venules), which are important channels for lymphocytes in the blood to enter lymphoid tissues.

lymph nodes

Also known as lymphoid follicles, they are spherical or oval bodies with clear boundaries, containing a large number of B cells and some TH cells, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages.

Classification

Primary lymph nodes (no germinal centers)

Secondary lymph nodes (with germinal centers)

Under antigen stimulation, lymph nodes produce germinal centers and increase in size, which is an important sign of humoral immune response.

lymphoid organs

central lymphoid organ

Occurred early

composition

Thymus

Located in the anterior mediastinum, above the pericardium, divided into left and right lobes

organizational structure

Thymic lobules

membrane

interlobular septa

medulla

Thymic epithelial cells (multiple)

medullary epithelial cells

thymic corpuscle epithelial cells

Mature thymocytes (few)

cortex

Thymic epithelial cells (few)

subcapsular epithelial cells

stellate epithelial cells

Thymocytes (many)

Function

1. Generate, cultivate initial T cells, and deliver them to peripheral lymphoid organs

2. Secrete a variety of thymus hormones (thymosin, thymopoietin) to participate in forming a microenvironment for T cell proliferation and differentiation.

blood-thymus barrier

Located between the blood and thymic cortex

Composition: continuous capillary endothelium and basement membrane, perivascular space, thymic epithelial cell basement membrane, continuous thymic epithelial cells

Function: It can prevent macromolecular substances in the blood from entering the cortex, maintain the stability of the thymus internal environment, and ensure the normal development of thymocytes.

marrow

Influencing factors: hormones and microenvironment

Function: Cultivate T and B cells

peripheral lymphoid organs

Occurred late

composition

Lymph nodes

Interstitium: capsule and trabeculae

substance

cortex

superficial cortex

paracortical area

cortical lymphatic sinus

medulla

Medullary cord (also called lymphatic cord, cord-shaped lymphoid tissue, dominated by B cells and plasma cells, postcapillary venules can be seen)

Medullary sinus (similar in structure to cortical lymphatic sinus, but the sinus cavity is wider, has more macrophages, and has strong filtration effect)

The significance of lymphocyte recycling: making the regional distribution of lymphocytes more reasonable, promoting cooperation between immune cells, making immune cells throughout the body a unified body, facilitating the recognition of antigens, and generating a more effective immune response.

Function: filtering lymph fluid, immune response

spleen

Located on the blood circulation pathway, it is the largest peripheral lymphoid organ in the human body.

organizational structure

membrane

trabeculae

Red pith

Occupies 2/3 of the spleen parenchyma

Splenic sinuses (sinuses)

splenic cord

white marrow

periarterial lymphatic sheath

Splenic nodules (lymph nodes)

Function: blood filtration, immunity, hematopoiesis, blood storage

tonsil

Located beneath the epithelium around the base of tongue and pharynx

Composition: palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils and lingual tonsils

structure:

Mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium + lamina propria

Capsule: connective tissue

Function: A place where T and B cells proliferate, where lymphocytes directly participate in the body’s immune defense.

Influencing factors: Antigen

Function: immune response

Function: immune defense, immune surveillance, immune self-stabilization