The original form of an adjective or adverb must be used in the middle. For example:

This classroom is as big as that one.

This classroom is as big as that one.

He runs as fast as Tom. He runs as fast as Tom.

Negative structure: not as/so…as, “not as good as…”. The two sentences above can be changed to:

This classroom is not as/so large as that one.

This classroom is not as big as that one.

He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom.

He can't run as fast as Tom.

Used to introduce time adverbial clauses. If the main clause is in the future tense, the subordinate clause must be in the present tense. For example:

I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him.

I told him the plan as soon as I saw him.

He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work.

As soon as he finishes his work, he goes home.

After words such as enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy, etc., the -ing form of the verb is generally used as the object. For example:

Lin Tao is busy making a model plane.

Lin Tao is busy making airplane models.

My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper.

My mother likes to take a walk after dinner.

I hate watching Channel Five.

I hate watching Channel 5.

When someone asked him to have a rest, he just went on working.

When someone asked him to take a break, he continued working.

I have finished writing the story.

I've finished writing the story.

①be filled with indicates this state caused by external things, indicating passivity. For example:

The box is filled with food.

The box is full of food.

②be full of indicates the state of the subject. In addition, it can also express degree, meaning "very". For example:

The patient’s room is full of flowers.

The patient's room was filled with flowers.

The young man is full of pride.

The young man was very proud.

③These two structures can also be rewritten each other. For example:

I fill the box with food.The box is full of food.

This sentence pattern is: be adj. for n. structure. For example:

Doing morning exercises is good for your health.

Doing morning exercises is good for your health.

Always playing computer games is bad for your study.

Playing computer games all the time is bad for your studies.

It must be followed by a noun or gerund, which can be used in various tenses such as present, past, and future. be can be replaced by get and become. For example:

He is used to life in the country.(He is used to living in the country.)

He was used to country life.

He will get used to getting up early.

He will get used to getting up early.

Note: be used to do means "to be used to do...". For example:

Wood is used to make paper.

Wood is used to make paper.

Used to connect two parallel components; when connecting two parallel subjects, the subsequent predicate verb should be plural. For example:

Both the students and the teachers will go to the History Museum tomorrow.

Both teachers and students will go to the history museum tomorrow.

Help here means "to suppress, endure", followed by the -ing form of the verb. For example:

His joke is too funny.We can’t help laughing.

His jokes were so funny we couldn't help but laugh.

The subject of this sentence pattern is things. The word cost takes a double object, and its past tense and past participle are the same as the prototype.

This book costs me five Yuan.

This book cost me five yuan.

Used to connect two coordinating elements. When connecting coordinating subjects, the predicate verb agrees with the adjacent subject.

You may either stay here or go home.

You can stay here or go home.

Either she or I am right.= Either I or she is right.

Either she is right or I am right.

In this structure, for is used to introduce the logical subject of the infinitive. For example:

The ice isn’t thick enough for you to walk on.

The ice is not thick enough for you to walk on it.

Here like is a preposition, followed by the -ing form of the verb. This sentence pattern is synonymous with would like to do sth. For example:

I feel like drinking a cup of milk.

I want to drink a glass of milk.

In this structure it is the formal object, and the infinitive phrase is the real object. For example:

I find it very interesting to play football.

I find playing football fun.

She thinks it her duty to help us.

She felt it was her duty to help us.

get ready for sth. means "to prepare for something"; get ready to do sth. means "to prepare for something". For example:

We are getting ready for the meeting.

We are preparing for the meeting.

They were getting ready to have a sports meet at that moment.

They were preparing for a sports meeting.

Equivalent to hear from For example:

Did you receive a letter from John?

Have you heard from John?

I got a letter from my brother yesterday.

I received a letter from my brother yesterday.

Had better is a modal verb, and must be followed by the verb base form. The common abbreviation of had better is 'd better, and its negative form is to add not directly after it. For example:

We had better go now.= We’d better go now.

We'd better go now.

You’d better not go out because it is windy.

It's windy today. You'd better not go out.

sth. is the object, and done is the past participle as the complement. For example:

We had the machine repaired.

We had someone fix the machine.

Note the distinction: We have repaired the machine. We (ourselves) have repaired the machine.

The "to" can be omitted. For example:

I often help my mother with housework.

I often help my mother with housework.

Would you please help me (to)look up these words?

Could you please help me look up these words?

Synonymous with what do you think of…?. For example:

How do you like the weather in Beijing?

What do you think of the weather in Beijing? What do you think of this new movie?

The not in it negates the object clause rather than the main clause (negation moves forward). that can be omitted. For example:

I don’t think it will rain.

I don't think it will rain.

I don’t believe the girl will come.

I believe the girl will not come.

Equivalent to happen to do. For example:

It happened that I heard their secret.

Can be rewritten as: I happened to hear their secret.

I happened to hear their secret.

In this sentence pattern, the time adverbial clause introduced by since is usually in the past tense. For example:

It’s twenty years since he came here.

He has been here for 20 years.

It has been six years since he married Mary.

He and Mary have been married for six years.

It is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive to do sth. For example:

It’s not easy for us to study English well.

It is not easy for us to learn English well.

It’s a good idea for us to travel to the south.

It would be a good idea for us to travel to the South.

It is the formal subject, and to do sth. is the real subject. When the predicate (that is, the adjective) can describe the logical subject, the preposition of is often used instead of for. For example:

It’s very polite of you to give your seat to old people.

You are very polite to give up your seat to the old man.

It in this sentence is the subject, and that introduces the predicative clause. For example:

It seems that he is lying. It seems that he is lying.

It appears to me that he never smiles.

Used to express the length (width, height) of an object. If the numeral is greater than one, the noun must be plural. For example:

It is 20 meters long from this end to that end.

it is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive of the verb to do sth. For example:

It’s time for the child to go to bed.

It's time for the child to sleep.

Compare the following two structures:

① It’s time for n. For example:

It’s time for school.

②It’s time to do sth. For example:

It’s time to go to school.

it is the formal subject, and the real subject is the infinitive of the verb to do sth. For example:

It takes her fifteen minutes to walk to the bus stop from here.

It will take her 15 minutes to walk from here to the bus stop.

It took the old man three days to finish the work.

The old man spent three days completing the work.

keep doing sth. Generally used for static verbs. keep on doing sth. means "continue to do something non-stop" and is generally used in dynamic verbs, but the difference between the two is not very strict and sometimes they can be interchanged. For example:

Don’t keep on doing such foolish things.

Don't do such stupid things again.

He kept sitting there all day.

He sat there all day.

Equivalent to stop…from doing sth., prevent…from doing sth. In active sentences, from after stop and prevent can be omitted, but in passive structures, from cannot be omitted. For example:

Please keep the children from swimming in the sea.

Please don't let your children swim in the sea.

The big noise outside my room stopped me from doing my homework.

The loud noise outside the house prevented me from doing my homework.

Not to be confused with the keep sb.from doing sth. structure.

For example: Why do you keep me waiting for a long time? Why do you keep me waiting for a long time?

When make means "to make", it must be followed by the infinitive of the verb without to.

For example: He made me work ten hours a day. He made me work ten hours a day.

Note: If the above sentence is changed to passive voice, the to before work cannot be omitted. For example:

I was made to work ten hours a day.

When connecting two coordinating subjects, the predicate verb agrees with the adjacent subject (the principle of progressive agreement). For example:

Neither we nor Jack knows him. Neither we nor Jack knows him.

He neither knows nor cares what happened. He neither knows nor cares what happened.

Until can be followed by a noun or clause to express time. For example:

He didn’t come until late in the evening. He didn’t come until late in the evening.

He didn’t arrive until the game began. He didn’t arrive until the game began.

The subject of this sentence pattern is people. For example:

I’ve already paid 2,000 Yuan for the motor bike. I’ve already paid 2,000 Yuan for the motor bike.

Among them, in can be omitted, and usually the subject is "person". For example:

I spent five Yuan on this book. I spent five Yuan on this book.

I spent two hours (in)doing my homework yesterday. I spent two hours (in)doing my homework yesterday.

Used in compound sentences, that introduces the result adverbial clause. So is an adverb and should be followed by an adjective or adverb. If it is followed by a noun, such should be used. For example:

The ice is so thin that you can’t walk on it. The ice is so thin that you can’t walk on it.

He is such a kind man that we all like him. He is such a kind man that we all like him.

stop to do sth. means "stop and do another thing", stop doing sth. means "stop what you are doing". For example:

You’re too tired. You’d better stop to have a rest. You’re too tired. You’d better stop to have a rest.

The teacher is coming. Let’s stop talking. The teacher is coming, let’s stop talking.

After for, in addition to the gerund doing, you can also add a noun. For example:

Thank you for giving me the present.Thank you for giving me the present.

Thank you for your help.=Thank you for helping me.Thank you for your help.

The s after thanks cannot be omitted, and to is a preposition. For example:

Thanks to my friend Jim, I’ve worked out this problem. Thanks to my friend Jim, I’ve worked out this problem.

①In this structure, there is the introductory word, which cannot serve as any component in the sentence and does not need to be translated. The subject in the sentence is someone or something, and the predicate verb be must be consistent with the number of the subject. For example:

There is a man at the door. There is a man at the door.

When the subject is served by two or more nouns, the predicate verb be must agree with the number of the adjacent noun (nearest agreement). For example:

There are two dogs and a cat under the table. There are two dogs and a cat under the table.

Compare: There is a cat and two dogs under the table.

②There be The be in the sentence pattern cannot be replaced by have, but it can be replaced by words such as lie (located, lying), stand (standing), exist (survival), live (life) and other words. For example:

There stand a lot of tall buildings on both sides of the street.

There lies lake in front of our school. There is a lake in front of our school.

Once there lived a king here.

There is going to be a sports meeting next week. There is going to be a sports meeting next week.

Extended structure of there be: there seem(s)/happen(s)to be…

There seems to be one mistake in spelling.

There seems to be a spelling error.

There happened to be a ruler here.

There seemed to be a lot of people there.

This sentence pattern indicates that one party changes as the other party changes. For example:

The harder he works, the happier he feels. The harder he works, the happier he feels.

The more, the better. The more, the better.

This sentence pattern is a simple sentence, and the "to" behind it expresses a negative meaning. For example:

The ice is too thin for you to walk on. The ice is too thin for you to walk on.

The bag is too heavy to carry. The bag is too heavy to carry.

Used to is a modal verb that expresses a habitual action or state in the past that no longer exists, so it is only used in the past tense. For example:

He used to get up early. He used to get up early.

When I was young,I used to play tennis very often.

There are two negative forms: didnt use to; used not to, for example:

He didnt use to come.= He used not to come. He didn't use to come.

It can be followed by nouns, pronouns, gerunds, etc. Synonymous with "how about...?" For example:

We have been to Hainan.What about you? We have been to Hainan, what about you?

What about going to the park on Sunday? What about going to the park on Sunday?

—What day is it today?

—Sunday.

—What date is it today?

—June 24th.

What’s wrong with you, Madam? Madam, what’s wrong with you?

You look worried. What’s wrong with you? You look worried. What’s wrong with you?

Use the base form of predicate verbs. Synonymous with Why don’t you do…?. For example:

Why not go to see the film with us? = Why don’t you go to see the film with us? Why don’t you go to see the film with us?

Use the infinitive of the verb as the object. For example:

I would like to drink a cup of tea. I would like to drink a cup of tea.

Interrogative sentence: Would you like (to drink) a cup of tea? Would you like (to drink) a cup of tea?

If the adjective/adverb is a disyllabic word or a multi-syllable word, this structure becomes "more and more adjective/adverb". For example:

It’s getting warmer and warmer. The weather is getting warmer.

The little girl becomes more and more beautiful. The little girl becomes more and more beautiful.

than introduces a typical comparative sentence pattern, which means "one is better than the other...". It is preceded by the comparative form of an adjective or adverb. The than clause can be omitted. For example:

I know you better than she does. I know you better than she does.

This house is bigger than that one. This house is bigger than that one.

Though introduces the concession adverbial clause, which means "although...but...". But it cannot be used together with but. When expressing "although..., but..." in English, only one of though and but can be used. For example:

Though it was snowing, it was not very cold. Although it was snowing, it was not very cold.

I was late for the last bus though I hurried. Although I rushed hard, I still didn't catch the last bus.

We didn’t feel tired though we walked a long way. Although we walked a long way, we didn’t feel tired.

If introduces the conditional adverbial clause, "if; if". If the main clause uses the future tense, the if clause must use the present tense (the subject will be present). For example:

If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow, would you like to come along? If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow, would you like to come along?

If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go. If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go.

Introduce the adverbial clause of reason, "because". For example:

He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio. He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio.

"So be/auxiliary verb/modal verb subject" means that the previous content also applies to another person or thing. The choice of be, auxiliary verb or modal verb depends on the tense form of the predicate verb in the previous declarative sentence. example:

He likes football and so do I. He likes football and so do I.

Jim was playing football just now and so was Tom. Jim was playing football just now and so was Tom.

Compare: "So subject be/auxiliary verb/modal verb." The structure is used to confirm the content expressed in the previous sentence (for emphasis). The choice of be, auxiliary verb or modal verb depends on the tense form of the predicate verb in the previous declarative sentence.

A: It is very hot today. The weather is very hot today.

B: So it is. Indeed.

Often used to connect words, phrases or sentences with the same grammatical function. When connecting two subjects, the predicate verb must agree in person and number with the subject immediately adjacent to it. For example:

She likes not only singing but also dancing. She not only likes singing, but also likes dancing.

He is not only a good doctor but also a good father. He is not only a good doctor but also a good father.

Not only I but also he is hoping to go there. Not only I but also he is hoping to go there.

prefer (doing)sth.to (doing)sth. means "prefer (do) one of the two". In this structure, to is a preposition, followed by a noun or gerund, and the following components in the structure are the same. For example:

He prefers tea to coffee. He prefers tea to coffee.

He prefers doing shopping to going fishing. He prefers shopping to fishing.

What (a/an) adj. n. Subject Predicate! How adj./adv. Subject Predicate! For example:

What a clever boy (he is)! =How clever the boy is! How clever this boy is!

What a wonderful film we saw last night! What a wonderful film we saw last night!

How lovely the weather is! How lovely the weather is!

How hard he works! How hard he works!

The imperative sentence pattern expresses commands, requests, advice, etc. The person speaking is usually in the second person and is customarily omitted. Use a period or exclamation point at the end of the sentence. The affirmative imperative sentence is: the predicate verb is expressed in the base form of the verb. The negative imperative is: add do not (don’t) before the predicate verb. For example:

Be here on time tomorrow. Be here on time tomorrow.

Say it in English! Say it in English!

Don’t be afraid! Don’t be afraid!

Don’t look out of the window! Don’t look out of the window!

Two or more simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction are called parallel sentences. Commonly used conjunctions to connect parallel sentences are: and, but, or, so, however, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, either…or…, etc. For example:

I help her and she helps me. I help her and she helps me.

He is very old but he is in good health. He is very old but he is in good health.

We must hurry, or we’ll be late. We must hurry, or we’ll be late.

Kate does her work carefully, so she never makes any mistakes. Kate does her work carefully, so she never makes any mistakes.

There’s a boat in the river. There’s a boat in the river.

What’s wrong with your watch? What's wrong with your watch?

How do you like China? what do you think about China?

What do you like about China? What do you like about China?

You’d better ask that policeman over there.

How cold it is today! How cold it is today! What a fine picture it is! What a beautiful picture!

Thank you for coming to see me. Thank you for coming to see me.

He is a student.So am I. He is a student, so am I.

He didn’t have supper until his parents came back.

The baby cried harder and harder. The baby cried harder and harder.

The more one has, the more one wants. The more one has, the more greedy.

…not as(so)＋adj./ adv.＋as ...Do you think that art is as important as music? Do you think art is as important as music? Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today. Last Sunday the weather was not as wet as it is today.

I think art is less important than music. I think art is less important than music.

The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.

Both you and I are students. Both you and I are students.

Either you or he is wrong. Either you or he is wrong.

Neither he nor I am a student. Neither he nor I am a student.

As soon as I see him, I’ll give him the message. As soon as I see him, I’ll give him your message.

I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak. I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak.

Though I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time. Although I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time.

There’s a boat in the river.

What’s wrong with your watch? What's wrong with your watch?

How do you like China? what do you think about China?

What do you like about China? What do you like about China?

You’d better ask that policeman over there.

What a/ an＋adj. +n. + subject + predicate!

How cold it is today! How cold it is today!

What a fine picture it is! What a beautiful picture!

Thank you for coming to see me. Thank you for coming to see me.

He is a student. So am I. He is a student, so am I.

He didn’t have supper until his parents came back. He didn’t have supper until his parents came back.

The baby cried harder and harder. The baby cried harder and harder.

The more one has, the more one wants. The more one has, the more greedy.

Do you think that art is as important as music? Do you think art is as important as music?

Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today. Last Sunday the weather was not as wet as it is today.

I think art is less important than music. I think art is less important than music.

The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.

Both you and I are students. Both you and I are students.

Either you or he is wrong. Either you or he is wrong.

Neither he nor I am a student. Neither he nor I am a student.

As soon as I see him, I’ll give him the message. As soon as I see him, I’ll give him your message.

I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak.

Though I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time.

This afternoon I’m going to buy a Qisu English book. This afternoon I’m going to buy a Qisu English book.

I think this is different from Chinese names.

Welcome back to school! Welcome back to school!

We’re going to have fun learning and speaking English this term.

I don’t know all your names because this is our first lesson.

Why don’t you come to school a little earlier? Why don’t you come to school a little earlier?

Let’s make it half past nine. Let’s make it half past nine.

They have nothing to do every day. They have nothing to do every day.

I think so, but I’m not sure. I think so, but I’m not sure.

I was not sure of / about the way, so I asked someone. I was not sure of / about the way, so I asked someone.

There is a shop between the hospital and the school. There is a shop between the hospital and the school.

You must keep your classroom clean. You must keep your classroom clean.

Sorry to have kept you waiting. Sorry to have kept you waiting.

Can you keep him in the room? Can you let him in this room? Keep them here. Keep them here.

He finds it very hard to travel around the big city. He finds it very hard to travel around the big city.

The old man doesn’t travel any more. The old man doesn’t travel any more.

He isn’t a thief any longer.

What’s the weather like in spring in your hometown? How is the weather in spring in your hometown?

There was no time to think.

I have no time to go home for lunch. I have no time to go home for lunch.

Help yourself to some fish. Eat fish!

I used to read this kind of story books. I used to read this kind of story books.

I borrowed a Qisu English book from him.

He lent me a story book / He lent a story book to me. He lent me a story book.

Have you ever been to Haw aii? Have you ever been to Hawaii?

Where’s he? He’s gone to Washington. Where is he? He went to Washington.

Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches. Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches.

No matter when you come, you are welcomed.

I’m afraid not. I’m afraid not.

Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English.

Can I hope to see him as soon as possible. I hope to see him as soon as possible.

He ran here as fast as he could. He ran here as fast as he could.

A young man practiced speaking English with Mr Green. A young man practiced speaking English with Mr Green.

Tom enjoys playing football very much. Tom enjoys playing football very much.

He finished reading the story book. He finished reading the story book.

It’s said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the Great White Shark.

Not all sharks are alike. Not all sharks are alike.

Not everyone likes dumplings. Not everyone likes dumplings.

His argument is based on facts. His argument is based on facts.

Put the tree in the hole so that it is straight.

book book

pen pen

pencil box pencil box

ruler ruler

pencil pencil

eraser eraser

crayon crayon

bag bag

schoolbag schoolbag

word word

word book word book

dictionary dictionary

lesson lesson

problem problem

notebook notebook

homework homework

blackboard blackboard

teacher's desk podium

studies (*

*Third person singular form of *study) study**

English class English class

music class music class

PE class physical education class

science science

maths book maths book

English book English book

Chinese book Chinese book

school school

class class; class

classroom classroom

playground playground

teachers'office teachers' office

library library

art room art classroom

music room music classroom

computer room computer room

gym gymnasium

sport sports

race race

ice-skate skating

hiking

fish fishing; fishing

boating

cycling sport (or activity)

badminton badminton

basketball basketball

goal

football player football player

computer computer

Internet Internet

email email

robot robot

storybook storybook

comic book (children's) comic book

cartoon comics

magazine magazine

song song

dancing dancing; dance

picture picture

kung fu kung fu; martial arts

play drama; script

part role

film movie

trip travel

exhibition exhibition

party party; party

meet gathering; meeting

contest contest; contest

exercise activity; exercise

vacation vacation

game game

camp camping

hobby hobby

gift gift

postcard postcard

poem poem

dream dream

shadow shadow; shadow

noise sound; sound; noise

thing thing

idea idea; idea

puzzle puzzle

attention attention

feature feature

diary diary

letter letter

Dear (used before the name or title on the letterhead) Dear

Love (warm greeting at the end of a letter) Love you*

*of**

RSVP (especially used on invitations) please reply

door door

window window

wall wall

floor floor

bed bed

table table

sofa couch

light electric light

lamp table lamp

phone phone

clock clock; clock

fridge refrigerator

TV television

fan fan

basket basket; basket

bottle bottle

water bottle water bottle

photo photo; photo

bike bicycle; bicycle

key key

toys toys

umbrella umbrella; umbrella

bedroom bedroom

living room living room; living room

study study

kitchen kitchen

bathroom bathroom; toilet

park park

garden garden; vegetable garden

farm farm

zoo zoo

museum museum

post office post office

bookstore bookstore

cinema cinema

hospital hospital

restaurant restaurant

hotel hotel

supermarket supermarket

club club

factory factory

countryside countryside

university university

dining hall dining room

hall hall

bridge bridge

building building; house; building

village village; village or town

house house; house; residence

street street; street

crossing crossroads

first floor first floor

second floor second floor

nature nature; nature

space space

moon moon

star star

sea ​​sea

river river; river

lake lake; lake

mountain high mountain; mountain

hill hill; hill

cave cave; cave

island island

beach beach; sandy beach

mud mud

forest forest; forest area

plant plant

tree tree; tree; tree

bamboo bamboo

jasmine jasmine

grass lawn

flower flower; flower

leaf leaves (plural leaves)

weather weather

snow snow

snowman snowman

Grandparent grandfather; grandmother; maternal grandfather; maternal grandmother

grandmother(maternal)grandmother

grandma (colloquial) (maternal) grandmother

grandfather (maternal) grandfather

grandpa (colloquial) (maternal) grandfather

parents parents

father father; father

dad (colloquial) father; daddy

mother mother; mother

mum mother (American English: mom)

uncle uncle; uncle; uncle; uncle; uncle

aunt aunt; aunt

sister; younger sister

brother; brother

baby brother baby brother

cousin cousin of the same generation (or cousin)

people people

*

family home; family *

friend friend *

man man *

woman woman *

girl girl *

boy boy*

children (plural of child) children *

kid child *

Sir (a polite term for a man) Sir *

Mrs*

Ms (used before a woman’s surname or given name, without specifying whether she is married) Ms. *

pen pal pen pal *

fool; fool *

glove (fingered) gloves

*

scarf scarf; shawl *

clothes clothes; clothing *

pants pants *

hat (often refers to a hat with a brim) *

dress dress *

skirt women's skirt *

coat coat; coat *

sweater sweater*

sock socks *

shorts shorts *

jacket jacket*

shirt (especially men's) shirt *

sunglasses sunglasses *

hat (often refers to a hat with a brim) *

helmet helmet *

glasses glasses *

shoe shoes *

red red; red

*

green green; green *

yellow yellow; yellow *

blue blue; blue *

black black; black *

brown brown; brown *

white white; white *

orange orange; orange *

pink pink; pink *

face face

*

ear ear *

eye eye *

nose nose *

mouth mouth *

arm arm*

hand *

head head *

body body *

leg leg *

foot foot *

tail tail *

hair hair*

fur (some animals) thick soft hair *

animal beast; animal

*

duck duck *

pig pig *

cat cat *

kitten kitten *

dog dog *

puppy puppy *

elephant elephant *

monkey monkey *

bird bird *

tiger tiger *

cheetah cheetah*

bear bear *

panda giant panda *

dinosaur dinosaur *

giraffe giraffe *

horse horse *

cow cow; cow *

mule mule *

sheep sheep; sheep *

goat goat *

hen hen *

mouse mouse *

mice (plural of mouse) mouse *

rabbit rabbit; hare *

bunny (used as baby talk) rabbit*

ant ant*

food food

*

egg egg *

cake cake*

hamburger hamburger *

sandwich sandwich *

sushi sushi *

bread bread *

juice juice *

milk milk *

tea tea; tea*

water water *

pizza pizza*

mooncake mooncake *

rice rice *

noodles noodles *

soup soup *

fish fish meat; fish *

beef beef *

chicken chicken *

vegetable vegetables *

tomato tomato *

potato potato; potato *

green beans; green beans*

carrot carrot *

salad vegetable salad; mixed salad *

onion onion; onion *

candy candy *

chocolate chocolate *

ice cream ice cream *

bowl bowl *

plate plate *

chopsticks chopsticks *

spoon spoon *

knife knife *

fork fork *

breakfast breakfast; breakfast *

lunch lunch; lunch *

dinner (lunch or dinner) meal *

picnic picnic *

traffic traffic

*

traffic lights traffic lights *

bus bus *

plane aircraft *

taxi taxi *

ship (big) ship *

ferry ferry *

subway subway *

train train *

sled sled*

China China

*

Turpan Turpan *

world world *

country country *

UK United Kingdom *

Canada Canada *

USA United States *

Germany Germany *

Scotland Scotland *

Spain Spain *

New York New York *

Singapore Singapore (city) *

London London *

Moscow Moscow *

Sydney Sydney *

Canberra Canberra (Australia’s capital) *

Munich Munich (German city) *

Alaska Alaska (US state name) *

Papa Westray Papa Westray Island *

national *

American American *

Canadian *

Spanish Spanish *

Italian Italian *

job work

*

doctor doctor *

cook chef*

driver driver *

farmer farmer *

nurse nurse *

teacher teacher *

student student *

pupil student; (especially) primary school student *

worker worker *

postman postman *

businessman businessman; entrepreneur *

police officer police *

fisherman fisherman *

scientist scientist *

pilot pilot *

coach coach *

head teacher principal *

reporter reporter *

secretary secretary *

one one

*

two two *

three three *

four four *

five five*

six six *

seven seven *

eight eight *

nine nine *

ten ten *

thirty thirty *

forty *

eighty eighty*

first (1st) first (of) *

second (2nd) second *

third (3rd) third *

fourth (4th) fourth (of) *

fifth (5th) fifth (of) *

twelfth (12th) twelfth *

twentieth (20th) twentieth (of) *

twenty-first (21st) twenty-first *

twenty-third (23rd) twenty-third *

thirtieth (30th) Thirtieth *

Monday Monday

Tuesday Tuesday *

Wednesday Wednesday *

Thursday Thursday *

Friday Friday *

Saturday Saturday *

Sunday Sunday *

day day; one day *

today today *

tonight tonight *

yesterday yesterday *

tomorrow tomorrow *

weekend weekend *

next week next week *

now now; currently *

a.m. before noon; morning *

p.m. afternoon; afternoon *

evening evening; evening *

spring spring *

summer summer *

autumn autumn *

winter winter *

season season *

year year *

January January *

February February*

March March*

April April*

May May*

June June*

July July*

August August*

September September *

October October*

November November *

December December *

holiday holiday; festival *

National Day National Day *

Labor Day Labor Day*

Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival *

Thanksgiving Thanksgiving *

* Easter Easter * * * *

Christmas Christmas *

new new

*

thin *

fat fat; fat *

tall *

short short; short *

long long *

little small *

small small *

big big *

windy windy; windy *

cloudy cloudy; cloudy *

snowy snowy (a lot) *

rainy rainy; rainy *

funny funny; funny *

cute cute *

strong strong *

friendly friendly *

quiet quiet *

right correct; right *

cold cold; cold *

cool cool; cool *

warm warm; warm *

hot hot; hot *

sunny sunny *

pretty beautiful; exquisite *

expensive expensive; spending a lot of money *

cheap costs less; cheap *

nice good *

tired tired *

fresh; freshly picked *

healthy healthy *

well health; good health *

ill sick; uncomfortable *

delicious delicious; delicious *

hot spicy; spicy *

sweet sugary; sweet *

old old; older *

young young; young *

funny funny; ridiculous *

kind considerate; kind; tolerant *

strict demanding; severe *

polite polite; polite *

hard-working; hard-working *

helpful useful; willing to help *

clever clever; intelligent *

shy; shy; shy *

thirsty; thirsty *

favorite *

wonderful excellent; remarkable *

dirty dirty *

high high *

lovely lovely; beautiful *

special special; special *

open *

excited; excited *

angry angry *

afraid *

sad sad *

worried; worried *

happy happy *

more more *

deep deep *

bad evil; bad *

wrong There is something wrong *

early arrive early *

late late; late *

busy busy *

interesting interesting *

far far *

comic funny *

amazing amazing *

fast fast *

slow (to make) slow down; slow *

broken broken *

loud noisy; loud *

easy easy *

different different *

active active; active *

last The most recent; the previous *

next next; immediately following; next *

any any; any *

ready ready *

quickly quickly *

usually; customarily *

straight *

down reduce; lower *

there (meaning existence or occurrence) *

younger (comparative form of young) younger *

older (comparative form of old) older *

taller (comparative form of tall) higher *

shorter (comparative form of short) shorter; shorter *

longer (comparative form of long) longer *

thinner (comparative form of thin) thinner*

heavier (comparative form of heavy) heavier *

bigger (comparative form of big) bigger *

smaller (comparative form of small) smaller *

stronger (comparative form of strong) stronger *

lower (comparative form of low) lower *

smarter (comparative form of smart) smarter *

better (comparative form of well) better *

faster (comparative form of fast) faster *

best most; to the highest extent *

mine my

*

us we *

our our *

your your *

yours yours; yours *

she she *

her her *

he he *

him (used as object or predicate) he *

his his *

them him (her, it) *

their their; their; their *

hers her *

theirs theirs; theirs; theirs *

ours our *

its (referring to things, animals or children) its; his; her *

eat eat

*

fly (kite, etc.) *

pack pack (luggage) *

wait wait *

know know; understand *

wash wash *

watch watch *

do do; do *

read see; read *

play kick; play; participate in (sports) *

drink drink; drink *

sing sing; sing *

paint paint with paint *

cook cooking; cooking *

swim swimming *

ping-pong table tennis *

learn learn; study; learn *

want; want *

send mail; send *

speak can speak; speak (a certain language); speak in (a certain language) *

finish complete; do a good job *

dance dance *

draw draw *

move move *

live live; live *

clean clean *

help help *

find find *

pass to; hand over *

try try; try *

walk walk *

keep maintain a certain state *

show to show to others; guide *

say; talk *

teach teach *

follow follow *

tell tell *

visit visit *

travel (especially long-distance) travel *

join join *

share share *

stay keep *

use use *

type typing *

wear wear *

breath breath *

count count *

chase chase *

hurt (make) hurt *

feel feel; feel *

sit sit *

hear hear *

pull pull; pull *

become Begin to become; become *

live live *

win win *

stop stop *

wear wear *

worry worry; worry *

stuck stuck; unable to move *

enjoy enjoy⋯⋯fun; love *

stay temporary stay; stay *

trip trip *

plant planting *

roll roll *

take study; take (class) *

start start *

shop to buy things; shopping *

work work *

sound sounds like *

pick pick; collect *

fall fall; [Beauty] autumn *

turn turn *

ask*

get arrive *

need need *

shall means soliciting opinions *

must must *

should should *

will (talking about the future) will *

should (often used to correct others) should, should *

cleaned (past tense of clean) cleaned

*

stayed (past tense of stay) stay; stay *

washed (past tense of wash) wash *

watched (past tense of watch) watch *

had (past tense of have) to be sick; to get sick *

slept (past tense of sleep) sleep *

fixed (past tense of fix) repair *

rode (past tense of ride) ride (horse; bicycle) *

read (past tense of read) read *

saw (past tense of see) see *

drank (past tense of drink) drink *

went (past tense of go) went *

hurt (past tense of hurt) (to cause) injury *

ate (past tense of eat) eat *

took (past tense of take) took pictures *

bought (past tense of buy) bought *

fell (past tense of fall) fell *

could (past tense of can) can *

licked (past tense of lick) licked *

laughed (past tense of laugh) laugh*

thought (past tense of think) think*

felt (past tense of feel) feeling *

woke (past tense of wake) woke *

lost (past tense form of lose) lost *

gave (past tense of give) provide; hand over *

climbing (-ing form of climb) (being) climbing; climbing

*

eating (-ing form of eat) (being) eating *

playing (-ing form of play) (being) playing *

jumping (-ing form of jump) (being) jumping *

drinking (-ing form of drink) (being) drinking (water) *

sleeping (-ing form of sleep) (being) sleeping *

cooking cooking; cooking *

GPS global (satellite) positioning system

*

way direction *

turn order *

front front *

after after (time) *

near distance *

left left *

right right *

outside in the outdoors *

in front of in front of ⋯⋯ *

before before ⋯⋯ *

between in the middle of ⋯⋯ *

beside (nearby) *

behind in (or toward) ⋯⋯behind *

above on (or toward) ⋯⋯*

schedule work plan; schedule *

sometimes sometimes; occasionally *

often often; often *

always always; always *

together together *

over over *

lot a lot; many *

few not many; very few *

a few *

all completely; completely *

half half *

these (plural form of this) these *

those (plural form of that) those *

everyone *

everywhere everywhere; everywhere *

every every one, every *

anything anything *

each each; each *

both both *

other other *

nothing nothing *

which which *

whose *

when when; when *

why why *

OK OK; OK *

no *

sure (agree) of course *

really (expressing interest or surprise) really *

wow wow; ah *

yum (means tastes or smells very good) *

or or *

so so; then *

and and; with *

too too; too *

just exactly; just right *

but p.58 *

if if *

by (expression) multiply *

till *

ago ago *

than *

off falling from (somewhere) *

also *

by before ⋯⋯ *

still still; still; still *

like like ⋯⋯*

else else; other *

at (followed by email address) *

because because *

price price *

sale special sale; big sale *

dollar yuan (currency unit of the United States, Canada and other countries) *

size size; number *

degree degree; degree *

meter (American English: meter ) *

kilogram kilogram; kilogram *

aren’t = are not

*

we’ll = we will*

so much very *

next to next to; next to ⋯⋯*

get up get up *

go to school go to school *

go home go home *

go to bed go to bed *

just a minute wait a moment *

how about… ⋯⋯? ⋯⋯How is the situation? *

be careful be careful *

try on try on *

of course course *

how much how much *

hurry up hurry up *

come on quickly; come on *

help yourself use for (oneself) *

sing English songs sing English songs *

play the pipa play the pipa *

do kung fu practice martial arts *

draw cartoons draw cartoons *

play basketball play basketball *

play ping-pong play table tennis *

speak English speak English *

no problem no problem *

go boating go boating *

wash my clothes wash my clothes *

watch TV watch TV *

do homework do homework *

play football play football *

play sports do sports *

read books read books *

lots of lots; many *

each other mutual *

doing morning exercises (doing morning exercises *

having … class (being) taking ⋯⋯ class *

eating lunch (being) having lunch *

reading a book (currently) reading a book *

listening to music (listening to music *

keep to the right keep to the right *

keep your desk clean keep your desk clean *

talk quietly speak quietly *

take turns in order *

have a look take a look *

eat breakfast eat breakfast *

have … class take ⋯⋯ class *

play sports perform sports *

do morning exercises do morning exercises *

eat dinner eat dinner *

clean my room clean my room *

go for a walk take a walk *

go shopping go shopping; shopping *

take a dancing class take a dancing class *

go swimming go swimming *

go on a picnic go on a picnic *

pick apples pick apples *

make a snowman make a snowman *

good job well done *

sports meet sports meeting *

the Great Wall Great Wall *

look for *

on foot walking *

slow down slow down *

see a film watch a movie *

take a trip go on a trip *

get together party *

see a doctor see a doctor *

take a deep breath take a deep breath *

count to ten count to ten *

had a cold cold *

went camping (especially on holiday) *

went fishing went fishing *

took pictures *

go cycling go cycling *

look up (in a dictionary or on a computer) look up *

pay attention to pay attention *

o’clock (meaning the hour)⋯⋯clock *

①Indicate the current situation, status or characteristics.

Example: He is a student.

He is a student.

②Indicates regular and habitual actions.

Example: He always helps others.

He always helps others.

③Objective facts and universal truth.

Example: The earth moves the sun.

The Earth goes around the sun.

④ Indicates an action that is to occur according to regulations, plans or arrangements.

It is limited to certain verbs that express "come, go, move, stop, start, end, continue", etc., and can be used with adverbials expressing future time.

Common usages are: transportation modes that run regularly and at fixed points, such as airplanes, trains, ships, and automobiles.

Example: The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.

The next train leaves at 3pm today.

⑤ In time, condition and concession adverbial clauses, the present simple (sometimes also the present perfect tense) is often used to express future events. (i.e.: the principle of master-slave presentation)

Example: I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.

I'll call you as soon as I get to the airport.

When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.

By the time you finish this report, I have been waiting for nearly 3 hours.

①Indicates what is happening at this moment.

Example: He is listening to the music now.

He is listening to music now.

② Indicates something that has been done for a period of time, but not necessarily at this moment.

Example: I am studying computer this term.

I have been studying computers this semester.

③The present continuous tense can express the meaning of the future.

The progressive part of the instant verb must indicate the future.

Example: I am leaving.

I'm leaving.

The continuous verb can express the future only if it has a future time adverbial or a future context.

Example: I am traveling next month.

I'm going to travel next month.

④The present continuous tense is used with adverbs of frequency to express the speaker's emotional tone, whether it is positive or negative.

Example: He is always helping others.

He always helps others. (praise)

① Indicates that the action has been completed so far or has just been completed, emphasizing the impact on the present.

Example: I bought a new house, but I haven't sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.

I bought a new house but haven't sold the old one yet, so now I'm two houses down.

② Indicates an action or situation that started at a certain time in the past and has continued to the present, and may continue. Continuous verbs are often used here.

Time adverbials often use since plus a past time point, or for plus a period of time, or by plus a present time.

Example: Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.

Although Newton was a great man, many of his insights are still being challenged today and revised by the work of modern scientists

It means that an action started at a certain time in the past, has continued or repeated to the present, or will continue into the future.

Example: We have been working on this project for over a month now.

We've been working on that project for over a month now.

① Indicates an action or situation that occurred at a certain time in the past.

Example: I bought some fruits yesterday.

I bought some fruits yesterday.

② Indicates past habitual actions.

Example: When I was a boy, I often swam in that river.

would/used to do: expresses that in the past...

Example: The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.

The old man used to sit on a bench in a quiet park, watching other people, for hours, doing nothing or talking to anyone.

He used to visit his mother once a week.

He used to visit his mother once a week.

Indicates an action that has occurred or a state that has existed before a certain time or action in the past. It is what we often call "the past of the past".

Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.

By then the family had not heard from him for six months.

Denotes something that will happen from a certain time in the past.

Example: I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.

I said on Thursday that I would visit my friend the next day.

① Indicates an action that was taking place at a specific time in the past.

Example: Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.

10 minutes ago, Mary was listening to soft music.

② Indicates something that has been happening during a certain period of time in the past.

Example: I was traveling in London last summer vacation.

Last summer I traveled to London.

③The past continuous tense can express the past and future meaning.

The past continuous tense of the instant verb must express the meaning of the past and future.

Example: Then she said she was leaving.

Then she said she was leaving.

The past continuous tense of continuous verbs can express the past future only when there is a past-future time adverbial or a past-future context.

Example: She said that she was traveling the next day.

She said she was going on a trip the next day.

④The past continuous tense can be used with adverbs of frequency to express the speaker's emotional tone, whether it is positive or negative.

(1) will do

① Indicates the future of the subject’s subjective wishes.

Example: I will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.

I will give her a glass handicraft as a birthday gift to her.

②Indicates the objective future.

Example: Fish will die without water.

Out of water, fish will die.

③Indicates a temporary decision.

Example:——Mary has been ill for a week.

——Oh, I didn't know. I will go and see her.

(2) am/is/are going to do

①It means planning and intending to do something.

Example: This is just what I am going to say.

That's exactly what I want to say.

② Indicates that based on certain signs, something is likely to happen or is about to happen, indicating speculation.

Example: Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.

Look at the dark clouds in the sky, it's going to rain.

(3)

am/is/are about to do

It can be used when it means "about to, about to". Emphasize what needs to be done in the near future or immediately.

Example: Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.

Don't worry, I'll give you a careful check right away.

(4)

be to do

①It means "something is about to happen or plan to do something as planned or arranged".

Example: She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.

You'll see her in the lab on Monday.

②Things that should or should not be done (similar in tone to should, must, ought to, have to), expressing a commanding and persuasive tone.

Example: You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.

Children, you must go to bed and no noise is allowed. Our guests will be arriving in 5 minutes.

Emphasize an action or thing that is happening at a specific time in the future.

Example: Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.

Don't worry, you won't recognize her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt.

It represents an action or state that starts at a certain time in the future and continues to another future time, or an action or state that is completed at a certain future time but has an impact on another future time. It's like moving the present perfect tense to the future tense period of the timeline.

Example: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.

The conference will last a full week from start to finish.

Example: By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.

By the end of next month, the project will have been underway for three years.

Example: The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.

My 10-year-old son had disassembled and reassembled the old clock several times before I got home.

Example: The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.

The government promised that a new highway would be under construction by July of the following year.

Example: I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.

I firmly believe that by the end of that year, a new version of that software will be developed. But I was wrong.

Example: They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.

They said that by the end of the second month, this project

It has been going on non-stop for 3 years.