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MindMap Gallery Mind map of epithelial and connective tissue in the medical Histoembryology

Mind map of epithelial and connective tissue in the medical Histoembryology

This is a mind map about epithelial and connective tissue in the medical "Histoembryology", which mainly includes characteristics, classification, composition, origin, function, etc.

Edited at 2024-03-12 15:46:06

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Mind map of epithelial and connective tissue in the medical Histoembryology

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Outline

human tissue

Chapter 2 Epithelial Tissue

Features

Regular shape, dense arrangement Contains very small amounts of extracellular matrix

With obvious polarity

free surface

Basal surface: toward the deep connective tissue

Polarity is most typically expressed in a single layer of epithelial cells

Mostly avascular

Abundant sensory nerve endings

Classification

Covering epithelium (requires mastery)

Function: Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion

single layer epithelium

single layer squamous epithelium

Features

Irregular or polygonal, oval nucleus, located in the center of the cell

The edges are jagged and fit into each other

The cells are flat, with less cytoplasm and thicker nuclei.

distributed

Endothelium: distributed in the lumen of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Mesothelium: Surface of the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium

single layer cuboidal epithelium

On vertical section, it is cubic, with a round core, centered.

Distribution: renal tubules, thyroid follicles

simple columnar epithelium

Distribution: gastrointestinal, gallbladder, uterus and other cavity surfaces

Goblet cells, mucin granules

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Only distributed in respiratory tract

There are a lot of cilia on the surface

Composed of a variety of cells, of which columnar cells are the most common

stratified epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified columnar epithelium

metastatic epithelium

glandular epithelium

specialized epithelium

sensory epithelium

myoepithelial

Chapter 3 Connective Tissue

composition

cell

extracellular matrix

fiber

amorphous matrix

organization night

source

Connective tissue evolves from embryonic mesenchyme

Mesenchyme is derived from mesoderm and consists of:

mesenchymal cells

amorphous matrix

Function

Connect, support, protect, store nutrients, transport materials

Classification

intrinsic connective tissue

loose connective tissue

Features

Distributed between organs and tissues

Many cell types, few fibers and sparse

Rich in blood vessels and nerves

Function: connect, support, defend, repair

Classification

cell

Fibroblasts

The most numerous and important cell in loose connective tissue

Features

The cell nucleus is large, lightly colored, and has obvious nucleoli.

continuous protein secreting cells

The cytoplasm is rich and weakly basophilic

Under the electron microscope, it contains rich rough endoplasmic reticulum and developed Golgi complex.

Ultrastructural Characteristics of Protein-Secreting Cells

Function

Secretes fiber, various growth factors

Synthesize collagen, elastin

Form collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

Synthesis and secretion of proteoglycans and fibronectin

form matrix

functional resting state

fiber cells

Features

Cells are small, long spindle-shaped

Nuclei are small and darkly pigmented

Cytoplasm is sparse and eosinophilic

Under the electron microscope, there is less rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex is underdeveloped.

Function: During trauma, fibroblasts can reversely differentiate into fibroblasts, divide and proliferate, form scar tissue, and participate in wound repair.

Macrophages

Features

Widely present in the body, derived from monocytes in the blood

Various forms, changing with functional status

There are pseudopods

There are more microfilaments and microtubules in the pseudopods Participate in cell movement and phagocytosis

Nuclei are small and darkly pigmented The cytoplasm is rich and eosinophilic Contains foreign particles and vacuoles

The cytoplasm contains a large number of lysosomes, phagocytic/body vesicles, and residual bodies

functional resting state

tissue cells

After being stimulated by bacterial products, inflammatory denatured proteins, etc., Cells extend pseudopods and move and aggregate toward areas with high concentrations of these chemicals, so they are called "wandering activated cells."

Chemotaxis Chemokines

Perform multiple functions Participate in immune response

Phagocytosis

Classification

specific phagocytosis

Premise: Recognition factors recognize and adhere to phagocytosed objects (Bacteria, viruses, allogeneic cells)

Macrophages specifically bind to it through surface receptors

Indirect adhesion, initiating the phagocytosis process

non-specific phagocytosis

Macrophages directly adhere to carbon particles, dust, aging and dead autologous cells, and certain bacteria

When swallowing larger foreign objects

Multiple fusions form multinucleated giant cells

process

After macrophages adhere to the phagocytosed object, they extend pseudopods to surround it.

Ingested into the cytoplasm, forming phagosomes, swallowing the vesicles, and then fused with lysosomes and broken down by lysosomal enzymes

Indecomposable substances constitute residues

Antigen presentation

Antigens: proteins, polypeptides, polysaccharides and other biological macromolecules

Each individual's immune system is able to recognize self-antigens and foreign antigens Mainly attacks foreign antigens (bacteria, viruses), tumor cells, and virus-infected cells

After macrophages phagocytose the antigen, the epitope combines with its own major histocompatibility complex and is presented to the cell surface.

After contact, T lymphocytes initiate an immune response

Macrophages are the body’s main antigen-presenting cells

Secretory function

Macrophages have active secretory functions and synthesize and secrete large amounts of biologically active substances.

Lysozyme complement Cytokines (Interleukin-1)

Plasma cell

Also called effector B lymphocytes, derived from B lymphocytes

Distribution: spleen, lymph nodes Connective tissue of mucous membranes such as digestive tract and respiratory tract within lymphoid tissue site of chronic inflammation

Generally there is very little in connective tissue

Features

The nucleus is round and skewed to one side

Heterochromosomes are distributed radially/wheel-shaped

The cytoplasm is rich and basophilic, with a lightly stained area next to the nucleus.

Under the electron microscope, a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and developed Golgi apparatus

effect

Plasma cells synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins, i.e. secrete antibodies Antigen-antibody highly specific binding

Mast cells

Hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from bone marrow migrate into connective tissues throughout the body through blood circulation.

Features: The cytoplasm is filled with thick basophilic secretory granules.

Can be dyed purple by aldehyde-fuchsin

Distribution: often distributed along small blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, mostly in the dermis of the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and digestive tract.

Releases a variety of active substances to initiate inflammatory responses against pathogens

active substance

Histamine, leukotrienes

Dilate skin venules and capillaries - urticaria

Spasms the smooth muscles of bronchioles in the lungs and increases mucus secretion - asthma

Dilates small arteries throughout the body, causing a sharp drop in blood pressure - shock

allergic reaction

eotaxin

Chemotactic eosinophils migrate to the site of allergic reaction,

neutrophil chemoattractant

Heparin: anticoagulant effect

Degranulation: When the body comes into contact with an antigen for the second time, mast cells are stimulated and release a large amount of granule contents, triggering an allergic reaction.

fat cells

The cytoplasm contains a large lipid droplet occupying most of the

In HE staining, lipid droplets are dissolved and cells appear vacuolated.

The nucleus is squeezed into a meniscus and is located on one side of the cell

Function: Synthesize and store fat, participate in lipid metabolism

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Stem cells in adult connective tissue

Retains the multi-directional differentiation potential of mesenchymal cells, proliferates during inflammation and wound repair, can differentiate into fibroblasts, etc., and participates in the repair of connective tissue and small blood vessels

leukocyte

Deformation movement, penetrating capillaries and venules

immune defense function

Intrinsic cells within connective tissue: Fibroblasts fat cells undifferentiated mesenchymal cells Derived from blood or lymphoid tissue: Macrophages (mononuclear cells in the blood) Plasma cells (B lymphocytes) Mast cells (hematopoietic progenitor cells of bone marrow) white blood cells (blood)

fiber

Collagen fibers

The largest number, fresh specimens are white - white fiber

Eosinophilic

Often present in bundles

Composed of type I collagen (secreted by fibroblasts) polymerize into collagen fibrils

Under the electron microscope, there are periodic horizontal stripes of alternating light and dark

spandex

Widely distributed, yellow fiber

In HE stained sections, elastic fibers are light red. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish from collagen fibers.

Elastic fibers are thinner

Under the electron microscope, the core part: elastin Periphery: Microfibrils

Flexible Can be curled at will

Strong sunlight breaks elastic fibers, causing the skin to lose elasticity and produce wrinkles.

Elastic fibers and collagen fibers are intertwined —Make loose connective tissue both elastic and tough

mesh fiber

Composed of type 3 collagen and coated with glycoprotein

In HE stained sections, it is as light red as collagen fibers and difficult to distinguish.

However, the silver stained sections appear black - argyrophilic fibers.

Mainly found in reticular tissue

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers They all appear light red in HE-stained sections, so it is difficult to distinguish

matrix

Amorphous gel composed of biological macromolecules Filled with tissue night, filling between connective tissue cells and fibers

The composition of biological macromolecules

Proteoglycans (Proteoglycans)

Main components of matrix

A polymer composed of covalently bonded aminoglycans and proteins

Aminoglycan

Sulfated: Chondroitin Sulfate Keratan sulfate Dermatan sulfate Heparan sulfate

Non-sulfated: hyaluronic acid, long chain macromolecule

Constituting the backbone of proteoglycans

core protein

Aminoglycans are covalently bonded to core proteins to form proteoglycan subunits. The binding protein is then connected to the hyaluronic acid backbone to form a proteoglycan polymer.

Large amounts of proteoglycan aggregates form molecular sieves —Make the matrix a defensive barrier against harmful substances

fibronectin

The main adhesive glycoprotein in the connective tissue matrix

Has multiple binding sites, affecting cell adhesion, migration, tumor metastasis, embryonic development, growth and differentiation

tissue fluid

The arterial end of the capillary penetrates into the matrix through the capillary wall and becomes tissue fluid

At the venous end of capillaries, tissue fluid returns to the blood

A small part enters the lymphatic capillaries to become lymph, and finally returns to the blood

Features: Dynamic update, conducive to material exchange between blood and cells in tissues, forming a body fluid environment

tissue edema

Electrolyte and protein metabolism disorders ➡️The production and return of tissue fluid are out of balance ➡️The content of tissue fluid in the matrix increases or decreases ➡️Tissue edema or dehydration

dense connective tissue

regular dense connective tissue

Irregular dense connective tissue

elastic tissue

Features: Fiber as the main component fewer cells

Adipose tissue

yellow adipose tissue

brown adipose tissue

reticular tissue

Distribution: Hematopoietic tissues such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, etc.

blood, lymph

bone