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MindMap Gallery Biology - Evolution and Diversification of Oak Leaf Butterflies

Biology - Evolution and Diversification of Oak Leaf Butterflies

This is a mind map about the evolution and diversification of oak leaf butterflies, which introduces the genetic basis of leaf wing polymorphism, The evolution of leaf wing polymorphism and other contents.

Edited at 2023-12-03 23:27:26

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Biology - Evolution and Diversification of Oak Leaf Butterflies

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Outline

The evolution and diversification of oak leaf butterflies

Evolution and population dynamics of butterflies of the genus A.

Using SNPs to construct a phylogenetic tree (105 butterfly samples from 21 genera of Nymphalidae)

Species of the genus Dryleaf form a monophyletic group

The genus Erythropus forms a polyphyletic group with the other pseudophylloid species we sampled

Conclusion: Leaf camouflage imitation in Nymphalidae has multiple origins

PCA and population structure analysis

It is now recognized that the species of the genus Nymphalata have a clear genetic structure

population genetic analysis

The Fst value shows that as the levels of populations, subspecies, and species increase, the Fst value shows an increasing trend.

Historical population size: K. knyvettii (Medog) has a small effective size

K. limborgii amplirufa (Malaysia) and K. paralekta (Java) have less nucleotide diversity

There is little gene flow between K. incognita (Medog) and K. inachus chinensis (Leshan)

K. incognita-->K. paralekta K. inachus--> K. i. formosana

Evaluate climate suitability

The Eastern Himalayas have always been a climatically suitable area for the genus Butterfly (since LIG)

The land bridge formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) promoted secondary contact and gene flow between species/subspecies of the genus

Conclusion: The butterflies of the genus Dryleaf may have diverged in the eastern Himalayas and subsequently dispersed to present-day island areas

Genetic basis of leaf wing polymorphism

Identifying the ventral wing morphology of K. i. chinensis

Ten discrete leaf wing forms

GWAS analysis reveals loci controlling inheritance of leaf mimicry (78 K. i. chinensis samples)

The main peak of GWAS is on chromosome 26, and cortex is located in the top region in various phenotype comparisons.

The cortex is important for the morphology of lepidopteran wings, and variants of this gene have experienced natural selection many times.

Analysis of the structural genetic mechanism of cortex genes

Different phenotypes in the cortex region have different linkage disequilibrium patterns

Genome assembly of 5 cortex haplotypes

Haplotypes V and R have obvious inversions. Among them, the inversion in V only includes cortex, proximal promoter, and exon region; the inversion in R includes cortex and multiple flanking genes.

Phylogenetic analysis reveals that chromosomal rearrangement events in the cortex region occur independently

The SS genotype has a topologically related domain containing the cortex gene, but this structure is not observed in P, S, and R haplotype species.

Calculate the proportion of transposable elements to analyze the reason for the low recombination rate of cortex gene

Compared to the original haplotype P, the derived haplotype in 4 has more LINEs and LTRs

TEs may help reduce recombination between cortex haplotypes

Functional verification of cortex

Loss of cortex function: The scale pigments on the dorsal and ventral wings fade around the lateral vein area, the pattern elements simulating the midrib of the leaf are blurred, and the color deepens

The function of cortex in regulating butterfly scale cell development is conserved

Expression patterns of cortex genes

Compared with individuals with P phenotype, individuals with V phenotype have increased expression of the cortex gene, mainly expressed in the wing.

Evolution of leaf-wing polymorphism

Genetic manifestation of leaf wing polymorphism

Intron lengths are more variable in cortex than in neighboring genes

The HKA test revealed that among the four haplotypes M, P, S and V, their nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly overrepresented compared to other neighboring genes, which means that the cortex gene has experienced balancing selection.

Haplotypes M and S may have originated from the original, recessive haplotype P, and independent chromosomal inversion events resulted in the generation of haplotypes V and R, thus inferring trans-specific polymorphisms. Lasts longer than other mimetic polymorphisms

Analyze types of balancing options

P, V, and S haplotypes have a large proportion, while R and M haplotypes have a small proportion.

Negative frequency-dependent selection and homozygous disadvantage play important roles in maintaining cortex haplotype polymorphism