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MindMap Gallery Introduction to Philosophy (1) Mind Map

Introduction to Philosophy (1) Mind Map

This is a mind map about Introduction to Philosophy (1), including how to understand the educational role of labor? What is the difference between philosophy and science? How do you view the progress of philosophy? etc.

Edited at 2023-12-03 22:39:36

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Introduction to Philosophy (1) Mind Map

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Outline

Introduction to Philosophy

Chapter 1

1.Philosophy (noun)

2. What is the difference between philosophy and science?

3. How to understand “the attainment of spiritual self-consciousness”?

4. What are the basic forms for the human spirit to achieve self-consciousness?/The differences and connections between philosophy, religion, and art

5. Why is it said that nature only half created man before pushing him on the road?

6. How to understand the educational role of labor?

7. How do you view the progress of philosophy?

8. Three views

9. The difference and connection between common sense and philosophy

10. Pure thoughts

Chapter two

1. Why is Thales said to be the first philosopher in ancient Greece?

2. What preparations did ancient Greek religion and mythology make for the birth of philosophy?

3 Thinking questions: Does the national characteristics of philosophical thought exclude the universality of truth?

third chapter

1.Ontology (noun)

2. Thinking question: What is the fundamental purpose of asking existential questions?

3. What is the basic contradiction contained in Thales's proposition? How did its successors solve it?

4. Logos (noun)

5. Why is Parmenides said to be the founder of Western ontology?

6. The relationship between thinking and existence (basic issue in philosophy)

7. Thinking question: What is the difference between old materialism and objective idealism in terms of "logical isomorphism"?

8.Ultimate care

9. Question: How to understand the philosophical significance of death

10. Thinking question: Why is respect for moral laws premised on the limited nature of human sensibility?

11. Why is death not a fact in the self-world?

12. Metaphysics (noun)

13. The relationship between empirical science and metaphysics

14. According to the principle of determinism, is there any contingency that escapes necessity?

15. Physical and mental problems

16. What is the basic difficulty of mind-body dualism? What is the fundamental way to solve this difficulty?

Chapter Four

1. Truth (noun)

2. How to view Descartes’ “I think, therefore I am” and its philosophical status as a human being

3. What are the basic difficulties in epistemology?

4. Hume’s problem

5. How did Kant solve Hume's problem? What are its key points?

6. Rational secret judgment (noun)

Introduction to Philosophy

Section 1

1. Definition of philosophy

(1) Source: The Western Zhou Dynasty used philosophy to translate the word philosophy

(2) Original meaning: love of wisdom; what does love mean? What does wisdom mean?

Love - pursuit, inquiry, rather than thinking about original and ultimate questions

Wisdom - different from common sense, is a kind of truth. As a reflective activity, philosophy is aimed at knowledge about the spirit itself and the foundation of civilization. Wisdom is the realization of the spirit.

2. The relationship between philosophy and science

connect

(1) They are all transcendences of common sense, not extensions of common sense. This transcendence is manifested in:

transcendence

Conceptual

infinity

criticality

(2) They all use conceptual thinking to grasp and understand the world.

(3) They are all applications of rationality, but their products are different;

the difference:

science

(1) It is related to experience, has certainty and verifiability, and can provide effective and practical knowledge.

(2) Reason applies itself to specific objects of experience in order to obtain universally valid knowledge.

philosophy

Reflections on Wisdom/Thoughts

Foundation: Based on speculation/reflection

The fundamental difference is that philosophy studies the relationship between thinking and existence as a problem, while science takes existence in thinking as an unconditional premise.

Different objects

Philosophy—the whole world; science—centered on nature

Products are different

Philosophy - ideas; science - scientific knowledge (truths about objects)

different research methods

Philosophy - speculative activities; science - rational reasoning, an empirical method;

3. How do you understand "the attainment of spiritual self-consciousness"?

(1) Philosophy is about reflection on thought/spirit, that is, letting the spirit that is active in human cultural creation know itself, that is, the spirit reaches self-consciousness.

(2) As such a speculative activity, the product of philosophy is not empirical, but knowledge about the spirit itself, the foundation of civilization, and the driving force behind human cultural creation, that is, wisdom. Wisdom is about the realization of spiritual consciousness.

(3) Basic forms of achieving self-consciousness: philosophy, religion and art

4. What are the basic forms for the human spirit to achieve self-consciousness?/The differences and connections between philosophy, religion, and art

(1) Difference:

Art

Pay attention to the inherent human nature of the civilization system in a perceptual and intuitive way;

religion

Representing the essence of human nature as a transcendent divinity;

philosophy

Taking human nature as the basis of meaning of human civilization and elucidating it as "pure thinking"

(2) Contact

They are all basic forms for the human spirit to achieve self-consciousness.

philosophy and religion

From a vertical perspective, philosophy is born out of religion

From a horizontal perspective, both are worldviews of the interrelationship between man and the world.

philosophy and art

Both question the aesthetic world

5. Pure thoughts

(1) Pure thinking is philosophical thinking, which is relative to empirical thinking, which is the perception and understanding of specific things;

(2) The re-reflection of philosophical thinking on empirical thinking is thinking itself; the result of pure thinking is that the spirit reaches self-consciousness.

6. Why is it said that nature only half-created man before pushing him on the road?

(1) From the perspective of biological evolution

Highly specialized organ structures and their ability to adapt to certain environmental conditions and life are signs of the perfection of a species. Compared with animals, human organs have not reached a high degree of specialization, and their instinctive equipment is relatively poor. Therefore, as a species, humans are incomplete;

(2) From the perspective of human spirituality

The other half that nature allows people to complete by themselves is to form and change their own life style according to external conditions in order to adapt to external conditions. This work is culture - the creative activity of civilization.

(3)Hence.

7. How to understand the educational role of labor? And how does natural consciousness rise to spirit in this role?

(1) Enlightenment (word meaning)

The original meaning is to constitute and shape, as well as to cultivate and culture;

(2) Features:

Education is not a means, but an end in itself. Education is not the development of something that is given, but something created out of nothing; the results of education are autonomous.

(3) Education through labor:

Labor constitutes its own lasting form through the negation of the object, enabling consciousness to perceive itself and become a consciousness for itself. Therefore, consciousness can freely treat objects and discover its own subjective status in the process of caring. The meaning of this result is education.

(4) Ascend to spirit:

In the educational role of labor, consciousness passes through; labor negates the object of labor, and then reaches self-awareness and becomes self-consciousness, which is distinguished from natural consciousness and rises to the level of spirit.

8. The difference between labor and instinctive activities (combined with Hegel’s material)

Connection: Both constitute the negation of the ready-made object.

Instinct activity: The negation of the object is to directly eliminate the object to satisfy natural desires;

The object disappears as the desire is satisfied

Labor: The negation of objects is the restraint or restriction of desire, which is the postponement of the satisfaction of desire. Labor is to cultivate and shape things, rather than simply consuming things.

The object forms its own lasting form in the process of cultivation

9. How do you view the progress of philosophy?

(1) Compared with the progress of science, the progress of philosophy is a different type of progress

(2) The progress of philosophy does not lie in the solution of the problems raised, but in the change in the formulation of the problems, which directly leads to the improvement of the realm of understanding philosophical problems. This means taking a new look at the existing standards of civilization and questioning the standards and ultimate norms of civilization.

10. Three views

world view

It is people’s fundamental view of the world and their understanding of the relationship between people and the world; the worldview determines the outlook on life and values. The worldview is not the knowledge about the world formed by people caring about the world outside the world;

outlook on life

It is a person's fundamental view of life, including the view and understanding of the purpose and meaning of life. It is an important part of the worldview and is restricted by the worldview. The content includes views on happiness, life and death, etc.

values

It refers to people’s evaluation and views on the meaning, value and importance of objective things, and is part of the worldview; values determine people’s behavior and are the standards that determine the quality of people.

view of history

It is people’s fundamental and general view of social history. The basic issue of the historical outlook is the relationship between social existence and social consciousness. This is an extension of the basic issues of philosophy and the field of social history.

11. What is the relationship between philosophy and common sense?

(1) Common sense and philosophy

philosophy

common sense

Definition: It is the most basic and universal way for human beings to grasp the world. Common sense is knowledge that is universal, common, but lasting and often effective. It is the basic means of human survival.

Characteristics: It has the function of describing and explaining the world, and it also has the value norm function of constraining and regulating people's thoughts and actions.

(2) Difference

The experience of common sense and the transcendence of philosophy

Common sense comes from experience and is applicable to experience, but it cannot transcend experience; and one of the essential characteristics of philosophy lies in its transcendence.

The representational nature of common sense and the conceptual nature of philosophy

The dependence of common sense on experience is concentrated in the representational nature of thinking, while philosophy - conceptual

The Finitude of Experience and the Infinity of Philosophy

Common sense - facing limited experience; philosophy - facing transcendence, looking at limited experience with transcendent infinity.

The non-criticality of experience and the criticality of philosophy

(3) How to understand “common sense philosophy and common sense philosophy”

Common sense of philosophy: using philosophy and science to transform and update common sense, making philosophy become common sense that people generally recognize and follow.

Philosophizing common sense: using empirical common sense to view, understand and apply philosophy.

The fundamental difference between the two is:

Philosophy is the transcendence of common sense, rather than the extension and deformation of common sense. Transcendence mainly refers to the change of nature and function.

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